scholarly journals Stone Raft: allegory on the spread of European urbanistics in Early Modern times

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Walter Rossa
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
New World ◽  
City Planning ◽  
Global Perspective ◽  
Transfer Of Knowledge ◽  
Urban Networks ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
Early Modern Times ◽  
New Research

Cities were the foundational cores of Western Civilization and, at least for westerners, civilization is still unthinkable without cities and urban networks. Inevitably cities have been one of the main tools used by Europeans to establish their colonial systems, starting with the first, the Portuguese and Spanish, in Early Modern times. This paper aims to highlight the role of Iberian colonizing processes as vehicles of European city planning culture.There are basically two large urbanistic pattern families for colonial towns: the orthogonal grid known since Ancient Greece, based on square blocks; and the sequences of long and narrow plots, systematically used in Europe since the beginning of the second millennium. The latter is more flexible and topographically more adaptable than the former. Both patterns are present in Europe, but also in the parts of the world that experienced European colonization.The Portuguese conveyed and developed the plot system in the remaining four continents, while the Spanish codified and carried the block one to the New World. That established a distinction that has been dissected for decades. However, when these two modes are regarded from a global perspective, they appear as two complementary and diverse aspects of the spread of European urbanistics rather than an opposition.The allegory taken from José Saramago’s famous novel The Stone Raft aims not only to give us an image of that European transfer of knowledge to the New World, but also to make us think about new research attitudes and goals around that extraordinary and long lasting legacy.

The Role of War in Modern Inflation

1977 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Earl J. Hamilton
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Social Welfare ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
World War ◽  
Price Inflation ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
Paper Currency ◽  
Deficit Financing ◽  
Early Modern Times

Wars in early modern times, although frequent, generated little price inflation because of their limited demands on real resources. The invention of paper currency and the resort to deficit financing to pay for wars changed that situation. In recent centuries wars have been the principal causes of inflation, although since World War II programs of social welfare unmatched by offsetting taxation have also fueled inflationary flames.

WAS MARTIN LUTHER AN APOLOGIST OF THE AUTOCRATIC STATE?

2019 ◽  
pp. 297-305
Author(s):  
Yuriy Ivonin
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Martin Luther ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
The People ◽  
Role Of The State ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
Early Modern Times ◽  
Two Kingdoms ◽  
Secular Power

In the History of Germany the role of Martin Luther as the prophet of autocratic State had already been prepared to the First World War. However, it became reality in the 1930-s. The development of territorial states was the main result of the Reformation. Luther’s Institution of the secular power was a part of his theory of two Kingdoms: the Kingdom of God and the Kingdom of the Earth. The discussion about the strengthening of the role of the state and its control in all spheres of the society took place in the 1720-s – 1740-s. This situation was connected with the conflict between the princes and estates or commons. Luther was afraid of civil commotions, he was deeply conservative in relation to secular powers and persistently supported the Idea that the people needed to be subordinate to the secular power. Luther’s movement was a decisive step on the way to the formation of the early Modern Times Statehood. Luther’s first activities supported the commons’ self-government or the idea of communalism, but later, especially after the Peasants’ War 1524–1526, he feared the situations when princes and magistrates could not support the Reformation and therefore, he led the concept of the territorial State of the Early Modern Times and he could not become an apologist of the autocratic state.

The Role of Governments in Economic Growth in Early Modern Times

1975 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 8-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederic C. Lane
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
Comparative Studies ◽  
Economic History ◽  
Max Weber ◽  
Economic Organization ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
Quantitative Studies ◽  
Early Modern Times

A discussion fifty years ago of comparative economic history would have taken a broader view and would probably have been concerned very largely with exploring along the trails blazed by Max Weber and Marc Bloch. They were interested in many other aspects of economic history besides economic growth and I hope that similar broader interests will shortly show signs of reanimation. In spite of the present popularity of quantitative studies of changes in production, I hope some discussions at this meeting will examine comparative studies of forms of economic organization and the human qualities those structures reflected or generated. But my remarks here accord with the present preoccupation with that kind of economic history in which the all-important questions relate to the causes of economic growth. And I limit myself to one aspect only, the influence of governments.

scholarly journals Honey revisited: a reappraisal of honey in pre-industrial diets

1996 ◽  
Vol 75 (4) ◽  
pp. 513-520 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen A. Allsop ◽  
Janette Brand Miller
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Ordinary People ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
Current Consumption ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Early Modern Times ◽  
Cash Economy ◽  
Per Capita Consumption

In pre-industrial times, honey was the main source of concentrated sweetness in the diets of many peoples. There are no precise figures for per capita consumption during most periods in history because honey was part of either a hunter-gatherer or subsistence economy. Until now, historians and food writers have proposed that it was a scarce commodity available only to a wealthy few. We do know, however, that in a cash economy honey was sold in large units (gallons and even barrels) and it was present in such abundance that mead, made from honey, was a common alcoholic drink. A reappraisal of the evidence from the Stone Age, Antiquity, the Middle Ages and early Modern times suggests that ordinary people ate much larger quantities of honey than has previously been acknowledged. Intakes at various times during history may well have rivalled our current consumption of refined sugar. There are implications therefore for the role of sugar in modern diets. Refined sugar may not have displaced more nutrient-rich items from our present-day diets but only the nutritionally comparable food, honey.

ADVANCES IN THE HISTORY OF MAGIC, WITCHCRAFT, AND RELIGION

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Global Perspective ◽  
Religious Practices ◽  
Classical Period ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
Construction Of Identity ◽  
History Of ◽  
Early Modern Times

This series aims at advancing knowledge and the understanding of official and unofficial religious practices and their relationship with culture, society, and the construction of identity, from the Classical period through the Early modern times, with particular emphasis on beliefs, rites, institutions, emotions, cultural and social fractures, especially those revolving around the domains of magic, witchcraft, and religion. The series concentrates on Europe, although it welcomes a long-term global perspective and a comparative point of view.

scholarly journals Testament as a Source of Researching Urban Literacy in the Volynia Region of the 17th Century

2021 ◽  
pp. 39-67
Author(s):  
Natalia Bilous
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
East European ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
European Cities ◽  
City Hall ◽  
Early Modern Times ◽  
Culture Development ◽  
The City ◽  
Registry Record

Ukrainian historiography has not properly determined the problems of Volynian cities’ secretariats and development of burghers’ literacy in particular. The goal of the article is to research some aspects of these problems by the means of testaments; specifically, to highlight the role of city secretaries in the process of writing down citizens’ testaments and facts that testify about development of urban literacy in cities of Volynia of the 17th century.The municipal registry record analysis implies that executing posthumous inventories, settlement deeds, and especially testaments influenced the development of pragmatic urban literacy. Among the analyzed group of testators, several people wrote down their testaments by themselves. Then city clerks had no option but to accept prepared documents post factum for saving records in town council registers, which in some extent is evidence of the literacy culture development in the Volynian cities in the early modern times. However, the predominant majority of testators were illiterate and in order to approve their act of last will, they signed it with a criss-cross (“X”); the conclusion of the act required specialized assistance from municipal clerks.At those times, testaments were normally written down in the house of a dying person in the presence of municipal officers who provided the document according to an appropriate form and legal validity, and eye-witnesses; or it could be written down at the city hall before the court. City secretaries had a significant role in this procedure, but their level of proficiency was not always appropriate.As in the majority of Central-East European cities of that time, in Volynian cities substantial amounts of acts of last will were given by verbal directions and were not recorded in municipal registers. This fact explains such a small amount of saved documents in comparison with Western European cities. They were not set aside into a separate register series as in bigger crown cities, but the acts were recorded into the current municipal registers in response to citizens’ demand.

scholarly journals EVERYDAY FEARS OF THE ORTHODOX POPULATION ON UKRAINIAN LANDS AS A REFLECTION OF DAILY ROUTINE IN EARLY MODERN TIMES

Skhid ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 19-27
Author(s):  
Inna GONCHARENKO
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Everyday Life ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
Premature Death ◽  
Daily Routine ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
Last Judgment ◽  
Early Modern Times ◽  
Modern Orthodox

The article highlights a little-studied problem of role of fears in the everyday life of Orthodox believers in the Ukrainian lands of the second half of the 16th – 17th centuries. It is noted that in the early modern period, the society suffered from an outbreak of violence, and this influenced the formation of the atmosphere of fear among the population. The types of fears from which the society suffered the most are analyzed on an example of most typical cases: fear of war and violence, illness, mutilation, premature death, fear of armed people, foreign invaders and representatives of other denominations. In addition to these objective fears, Orthodox society felt irrational ones, the greatest of which was to sin. To a large extent, everyday life of the Orthodox was characterized by fear of the Last Judgment and Hell, Evil Spirits. Fears inherent in a modern man, manifested in everyday life of an orthodox man of the 16th - 17th centuries much stronger due to much more dangerous living conditions. Fear was a characteristic feature of everyday life in the early modern Orthodox society.

La otredad: ¿real o inventada? El caso de las brujas

1999 ◽  
pp. 21-33
Author(s):  
Elia Nathan Bravo
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Social Inequalities ◽  
Strict Sense ◽  
Empirical Content ◽  
Extreme Situation ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
The Witch ◽  
Early Modern Times ◽  
The One ◽  
In Virtue Of

The purpose of this paper is two-fold. On the one hand, it offers a general analysis of stigmas (a person has one when, in virtue of its belonging to a certain group, such as that of women, homosexuals, etc., he or she is subjugated or persecuted). On the other hand, I argue that stigmas are “invented”. More precisely, I claim that they are not descriptive of real inequalities. Rather, they are socially created, or invented in a lax sense, in so far as the real differences to which they refer are socially valued or construed as negative, and used to justify social inequalities (that is, the placing of a person in the lower positions within an economic, cultural, etc., hierarchy), or persecutions. Finally, I argue that in some cases, such as that of the witch persecution of the early modern times, we find the extreme situation in which a stigma was invented in the strict sense of the word, that is, it does not have any empirical content.

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