scholarly journals Initial multi-target approach shows importance of improved caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus control program in Russia for hobbyist goat farms

2021 ◽  
pp. 1718-1726
Author(s):  
Eduard A. Shuralev ◽  
Nail I. Khammadov ◽  
Konstantin A. Osyanin ◽  
Inna A. Elizarova ◽  
Gaysha R. Salmanova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Control Program ◽  
Encephalitis Virus ◽  
Polymerase Chain Reaction Test ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Serological Tests ◽  
Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis Virus ◽  
The Third ◽  
Molecular Tests

Background and Aim: Several reports described the detection of specific caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (CAEV) antibodies in Russian goat populations, which indicates the circulation of CAEV in Russian goat farms. The aim of this study was to use a multi-target approach to testing with both serological tests and an in-house real-time (RT) molecular test to investigate the prevalence of CAEV in goats from three hobbyist farms in the Republic of Tatarstan, Russia. Materials and Methods: We applied a multi-target approach to testing with both enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and an in-house RT polymerase chain reaction test to investigate the prevalence of CAEV in goats. Animals from the three hobbyist farms were used in this study. The animals from two farms (n=13 for F1 and n=8 for F2) had clinical signs of arthritis and mastitis. In the third farm (n=15 for F3), all goats were home-bred and had no contact with imported animals. Results: CAEV antibodies (ELISA targets TM env and gag genes) were detected in serum samples from two farms (F1 and F2), indicating seroprevalence of 87.50-92.31%. Specific CAEV antibodies were also detected in milk samples. CAEV proviral DNA was detected in 53.85-62.50%. The results from all tests performed in the third farm (F3) were negative, indicating that all tests were 100% specific. Conclusion: The results showed that CAEV is circulating and present in small hobbyist goat farms in Russia. Serological and molecular tests could be important for programs to control and eradicate CAEV in Russia for hobbyist goat farms.

scholarly journals Initial Multitarget Approach Shows Importance for Improved Caprine Arthritis-encephalitis Virus Control Program in Russia for Hobbyist Goat Farms

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eduard A. Shuralev ◽  
Nail I. Khammadov ◽  
Konstantin A. Osyanin ◽  
Inna A. Elizarova ◽  
Gaysha R. Salmanova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Control Program ◽  
Encephalitis Virus ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Serological Tests ◽  
Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis Virus ◽  
The Third ◽  
Molecular Tests ◽  
The Republic

Aim: The aim of this study was to use a multi target approach to testing with both serological tests and an in-house real-time molecular test to investigate the prevalence of the caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (CAEV) in goats from three hobbyist farms in the Republic of Tatarstan, Russia. Materials and Methods: We have approached the detection of using a multi target approach testing with both ELISA and an in-house real-time PCR test to investigate the prevalence of CAEV in goats. Animals from three hobbyist farms were used in this study. The animals from two farms (n=13 for F1 and n=8 for F2) had clinical signs of arthritis and mastitis. In the third farm (n=15 for F3), all goats were homebred and had no contact with imported animals. Results: CAEV antibodies (ELISA targets TM env and gag genes) were detected in serum samples from two farms (F1 and F2), indicating a seroprevalence 87.50-92.31%. Specific CAEV antibodies were also detected in milk samples. CAEV proviral DNA was detected in 53.85-62.50%. Results from all tests performed in the third farm (F3) were negative, indicting all tests were 100% specific.Conclusion: Results of this work show that CAEV is circulating and present in small hobbyist goat farms in Russia. Serological and molecular tests could be of importance for CAEV control and eradication programs in Russia for hobbyist goat farms.

scholarly journals Initial Multitarget Approach Shows Importance for Improved Caprine Arthritis-encephalitis Virus Control Program in Russia for Hobbyist Goat Farms

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eduard A. Shuralev ◽  
Nail I. Khammadov ◽  
Konstantin A. Osyanin ◽  
Inna A. Elizarova ◽  
Gaysha R. Lukmanova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Control Program ◽  
Encephalitis Virus ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis Virus ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
The Third ◽  
Molecular Tests ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Control And Eradication

In this study we have approached the detection of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (CAEV) using a multi target approach testing with both ELISA and an in-house real-time PCR test to investigate the prevalence of CAEV in goats from hobbyist farms in the Republic of Tatarstan, Russia. Animals from three hobbyist farms were used in this study. The animals from two farms (n=13 for F1 and n=8 for F2) had clinical signs of arthritis and mastitis. In the third farm (n=15 for F3), all goats were homebred and had no contact with imported animals. CAEV antibodies (ELISA targets TM ENV and GaG genes) were detected in serum samples from two farms (F1 and F2), indicating a seroprevalence 87.50-92.31%. Specific CAEV antibodies were also detected in milk samples. CAEV proviral DNA was detected in 53.85-62.50%. Results from all tests performed in the third farm (F3) were negative, indicting all tests apparent specificity of 100%. The results of this work show that CAEV is circulating and present in small hobbyist goat farms in Russia. Serological and molecular tests could be of importance for CAEV control and eradication programs in Russia for hobbyist goat farms.

scholarly journals Competitive-Inhibition Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Detection of Serum Antibodies to Caprine Arthritis-Encephalitis Virus: Diagnostic Tool for Successful Eradication

2003 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 267-271 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lynn M. Herrmann ◽  
William P. Cheevers ◽  
Travis C. McGuire ◽  
D. Scott Adams ◽  
Melinda M. Hutton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Competitive Inhibition ◽  
False Negative ◽  
The United States ◽  
Encephalitis Virus ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Dairy Goats ◽  
Serum Antibodies ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis Virus

ABSTRACT A competitive-inhibition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA) was evaluated for the detection of serum antibodies to the surface envelope (SU) of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (CAEV) in goats. This assay utilized 96-well microtiter plates containing CAEV-63 SU captured by monoclonal antibody (MAb) F7-299 and measured the competitive displacement of horseradish peroxidase-conjugated MAb GPB 74A binding by undiluted goat sera (F. Özyörük, W. P. Cheevers, G. A. Hullinger, T. C. McGuire, M. Hutton, and D. P. Knowles, Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol. 8:44-51, 2001). Two hundred serum samples from goats in the United States were used to determine the sensitivity and specificity of cELISA based on the immunoprecipitation (IP) of [35S]methionine-labeled viral antigens as a standard of comparison. A positive cELISA was defined as >33.2% inhibition of MAb 74A binding based on 2 standard deviations above the mean percent inhibition of 140 IP-negative serum samples. At this cutoff value, there were 0 of 60 false-negative sera (100% sensitivity) and 5 of 140 false-positive sera (96.4% specificity). Additional studies utilized IP-monitored cELISA to establish a CAEV-free herd of 1,640 dairy goats.

scholarly journals Standardization of dot-ELISA for the serological diagnosis of toxocariasis and comparision of the assay with ELISA

1992 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eide Dias Camargo ◽  
Paulo Mutuko Nakamura ◽  
Adelaide José Vaz ◽  
Marcos Vinícius da Silva ◽  
Pedro Paulo Chieffi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Toxocara Canis ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Specific Antibodies ◽  
Normal Individuals ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Dot Elisa ◽  
Stability Time

The dot-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (dot-ELISA) was standardized using somatic (S) and excretory-secretory (ES) antigens of Toxocara-canis for the detection of specific antibodies in 22 serum samples from children aged 1 to 15 years, with clinical signs of toxocariasis. Fourteen serum samples from apparently normal individuals and 28 sera from patients with other pathologies were used as controls. All samples were used before and after absorption with Ascaris suum extract. When the results were evaluated in comparison with ELISA, the two tests were found to have similar sensitivity, but dot-ELISA was found to be more specific in the presence of the two antigens studied. Dot-ELISA proved to be effective for the diagnosis of human toxocariasis, presenting advantages in terms of yield, stability, time and ease of execution and low cost.

scholarly journals Serological Evaluation of Specific-Antibody Levels in Patients Treated for Chronic Chagas' Disease

2007 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 297-302 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olga Sánchez Negrette ◽  
Fernando J. Sánchez Valdéz ◽  
Carlos D. Lacunza ◽  
María Fernanda García Bustos ◽  
María Celia Mora ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chagas Disease ◽  
Treatment Effectiveness ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Serological Tests ◽  
Recombinant Antigens ◽  
Antibody Titers ◽  
Laboratory Procedures ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Antibody Levels

ABSTRACT Serological tests are the main laboratory procedures used for diagnosis during the indeterminate and chronic stages of Chagas' disease. A serological regression to negativity is the main criterion used to define parasitological cure in treated patients. The aim of this work was to monitor the individual specificities of antibody levels for 3 years posttreatment in 18 adult patients. Conventional serological techniques (hemagglutination assays and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay [ELISA]) were modified by using recombinant antigens to detect early markers of treatment effectiveness. For this purpose, serum samples were taken before and during treatment and every 6 months after treatment for at least 3 years. When hemagglutination assays were used, a decrease in antibody levels was observed in only one patient. When ELISA with serum dilutions was used, antibody clearance became much more apparent: in 77.7% (14/18) of the patients, antibody titers became negative with time. This was observed at serum dilutions of 1/320 and occurred between the 6th and the 30th months posttreatment. The immune response and the interval for a serological regression to negativity were different for each patient. For some of the recombinant antigens, only 50% (9/18) of the patients reached the serological regression to negativity. Recombinant antigen 13 might be a good marker of treatment effectiveness, since 66.6% (six of nine) of the patients presented with an early regression to negativity for specific antibodies to this antigen (P = 0.002).

scholarly journals Seroprevalence of major infectious causes of dairy cattle reproductive problems in central Ethiopia 

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yohannes Equar Messele ◽  
Gebrerufael Girmay ◽  
Bezina Arega Emeru ◽  
Shelema Kelbesa Bora ◽  
Workitu Firomsa Gudeta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Q Fever ◽  
Neospora Caninum ◽  
Control Program ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Central Ethiopia ◽  
History Of ◽  
Combined Infection ◽  
And Control

Abstract Background Reproductive problem is one of the main constraints of livestock genetic improvement efforts in tropical countries. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of major infectious causes of reproductive problems of dairy cattle in selected dairy farms in central Ethiopia. Overall 86 serum samples were collected from October 2018 to February 2019 from animals with history of reproductive problems. The collected serum was tested for antibody titer against Brucella species, Neospora caninum, Bovine Viral Diarrhea (BVD), Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR) and Q-fever using rose-bengal and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) tests. Result Among the animals with the history of reproductive disordered; abortion, still birth and repeat breeding cases were found in 61.6%, 19.8% and 18.6%, respectively. The prevalence of IBR, BVD, Neospora caninum and Coxiella brunetti was found to be 79.1%, 38.4%, 3.5% and 1.2%, respectively. The combined infection of both BVD and IBR were detected in 21% of animals. Out of the total animals examined in this study, 95.9% of Jersey breeds were found seropositive to IBR than Boran-Friesian crosses (57.7%). The incidence of BVD was significantly higher in Boran-Friesian crossbred cattle than in Jersey which was found to be 69.3% and 14.3, respectively. The prevalence of IBR and BVD was directly proportional with age of the animal and parity. Conclusion Vaccination against IBR and BVD is not practiced in Ethiopia, the rising level of those diseases in dairy sector needs regular surveillance and control program.

scholarly journals Mycoplasma agalactiae in Dairy Goat Flocks Bred in State of Ceará in Association with Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis Virus

2018 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 7
Author(s):  
Renato Mesquita Peixoto ◽  
Alice Andrioli ◽  
Raymundo Rizaldo Pinheiro ◽  
Francisco Selmo Fernandes Alves ◽  
Vanderlan Warlington Souza Dos Santos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
The State ◽  
Encephalitis Virus ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Dairy Goat ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis Virus ◽  
Mycoplasma Agalactiae

Background: Contagious agalactia is an infectious disease caused by Mycoplasma agalactiae (M. agalactiae) that occurs in small ruminants leading to productive and economic losses. Due to the similarity of clinical signs presented in Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis (CAE), which is a viral disease, a differential diagnosis is important. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the presence of anti-Mycoplasma agalactiae antibodies in dairy goat flocks in Ceará State and possible correlation with CAE.Materials, Methods & Results: The research was performed in four mesoregions in Ceará State (Metropolitan Region of Fortaleza-MRF; Northeast Ceará - NeC; North Ceará - NC; Sertões in Ceará - SC), from which 16 productions located in 10 cities with the highest representativeness for goat milk production within the State or mesoregion were sampled. A total of 417 females and 69 males (486 animals) of breeds with dairy production aptitude, pure or crossbreed, maintained in semi-intensive or intensive systems, were tested. Blood serum was obtained by venipuncture of the jugular vein with vacuum pressure syringe followed by centrifugation at 1,500 g for 10min. Antibodies against the caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (CAEV) were detected with micro technique of agarose gel immunodiffusion (AGID) and Western Blot (WB). The anti-Mycoplasma agalactiae antibodies were detected with commercial kit of enzymatic immunoassay (IDEXX Laboratories™). Seroprevalence of M. agalactiae in dairy goat flocks in Ceará State was 0.62% (3/486). From the total of 16 visited productions, 18.75% (3/16) had seropositive animals for M. agalactiae located in MRF, NC and SC mesoregions. CAE was diagnosed in 56.25% (9/16) of productions with AGID and in 81.25% (13/16) with WB. In addition, 5.2% (25/486) of animals were seropositive for CAE with AGID and 16.6% (80/486) with WB. Animals that reacted positive for M. agalactiae were all females of pure breed with milk production aptitude in distinct mesoregions submitted to intensive rearing system. None of these animals was positive in neither test (AGID or WB) for CAE. Therefore, no correlation of results obtained in diagnosis of M. agalactiae by ELISA and CAEV by AGID or WB (P < 0.05) was identified. However, two out of three productions that were positive for M. agalactiae presented positive results for CAEV with frequencies of 10% and 20%.Discussion: Seroprevalence of M. agalactiae in Ceará State was low in comparison with other Brazilian states and even other countries. However, the presence of the pathogen in more than one mesoregion indicates that the disease occurs in different locations within the State. Therefore, flocks in Ceará are susceptible to the infection, which may be favored by uncontrolled commerce that occurs with deficient surveillance, associated with the importation of animals to improve flock genetic quality. The presence of the pathogen in dairy goats may contribute to significant losses in the local production. On the other hand, CAE was diagnosedin nearly all productions proving the dissemination of this lentivirus infection among dairy goat flocks in Ceará State. Although an association between these diseases was not identified, the presence of a retrovirus in the organism may favor co-infection with another micro-organism, promoting the deficiency in the immune system of the host. In conclusion, M. agalactiae is present in different mesoregions of the Ceará State and control measures should be adopted in short term to prevent pathogen dissemination and, consequently reduce economic and productive losses in the local dairy goat production. No correlation was identified between the prevalence of infection by CAEV and M. agalactiae in this study.Keywords: correlation, diagnosis, caprine lentivirus, mycoplasmosis.

scholarly journals Serodiagnosis of Louse-Borne Relapsing Fever with Glycerophosphodiester Phosphodiesterase (GlpQ) fromBorrelia recurrentis

2000 ◽  
Vol 38 (10) ◽  
pp. 3561-3571 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen F. Porcella ◽  
Sandra J. Raffel ◽  
Merry E. Schrumpf ◽  
Martin E. Schriefer ◽  
David T. Dennis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Serological Test ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Eastern Africa ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Relapsing Fever ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Serological Tests ◽  
Whole Cell ◽  
Convalescent Phase ◽  
Glycerophosphodiester Phosphodiesterase

Human louse-borne relapsing fever occurs in sporadic outbreaks in central and eastern Africa that are characterized by significant morbidity and mortality. Isolates of the causative agent,Borrelia recurrentis, were obtained from the blood of four patients during a recent epidemic of the disease in southern Sudan. TheglpQ gene, encoding glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase, from these isolates was sequenced and compared with the glpQ sequences obtained from other relapsing-fever spirochetes. Previously we showed that GlpQ of Borrelia hermsii is an immunogenic protein with utility as a serological test antigen for discriminating tick-borne relapsing fever from Lyme disease. In the present work, we cloned and expressed theglpQ gene from B. recurrentis and used recombinant GlpQ in serological tests. Acute- and convalescent-phase serum samples obtained from 42 patients with louse-borne relapsing fever were tested with an indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) that used whole cells ofB. recurrentis and with immunoblotting to whole-cell lysates of the spirochete and Escherichia coli producing recombinant GlpQ. The geometric mean titers of the acute- and convalescent-phase serum samples measured by IFA were 1:83 and 1:575, respectively. The immunoblot analysis identified a high level of reactivity and seroconversion to GlpQ, and the assay was more sensitive than the whole-cell IFA and ELISA using purified, recombinant histidine-tagged GlpQ. Serum antibodies to GlpQ and other antigens persisted for 27 years in one patient. We conclude that assessment of anti-GlpQ antibodies will allow serological confirmation of louse-borne relapsing fever and determination of disease prevalence.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the Serologic Cross-Reactivity between Transmissible Gastroenteritis Coronavirus and Porcine Respiratory Coronavirus Using Commercial Blocking Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay Kits

mSphere ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronaldo Magtoto ◽  
Korakrit Poonsuk ◽  
David Baum ◽  
Jianqiang Zhang ◽  
Qi Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Culture Medium ◽  
Large Deletion ◽  
Cross Reactivity ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Transmissible Gastroenteritis Virus ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Serological Tests ◽  
Transmissible Gastroenteritis ◽  
Respiratory Coronavirus ◽  
Porcine Respiratory

ABSTRACTThis study compared the performances of three commercial transmissible gastroenteritis virus/porcine respiratory coronavirus (TGEV/PRCV) blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) using serum samples (n = 528) collected over a 49-day observation period from pigs inoculated with TGEV strain Purdue (n = 12), TGEV strain Miller (n = 12), PRCV (n= 12), or with virus-free culture medium (n = 12). ELISA results were evaluated both with “suspect” results interpreted as positive and then as negative. All commercial kits showed excellent diagnostic specificity (99 to 100%) when testing samples from pigs inoculated with virus-free culture medium. However, analyses revealed differences between the kits in diagnostic sensitivity (percent TGEV- or PRCV-seropositive pigs), and all kits showed significant (P < 0.05) cross-reactivity between TGEV and PRCV serum antibodies, particularly during early stages of the infections. Serologic cross-reactivity between TGEV and PRCV seemed to be TGEV strain dependent, with a higher percentage of PRCV-false-positive results for pigs inoculated with TGEV Purdue than for TGEV Miller. Moreover, the overall proportion of false positives was higher when suspect results were interpreted as positive, regardless of the ELISA kit evaluated.IMPORTANCECurrent measures to prevent TGEV from entering a naive herd include quarantine and testing for TGEV-seronegative animals. However, TGEV serology is complicated due to the cross-reactivity with PRCV, which circulates subclinically in most swine herds worldwide. Conventional serological tests cannot distinguish between TGEV and PRCV antibodies; however, blocking ELISAs using antigen containing a large deletion in the amino terminus of the PRCV S protein permit differentiation of PRCV and TGEV antibodies. Several commercial TGEV/PRCV blocking ELISAs are available, but performance comparisons have not been reported in recent research. This study demonstrates that the serologic cross-reactivity between TGEV and PRCV affects the accuracy of commercial blocking ELISAs. Individual test results must be interpreted with caution, particularly in the event of suspect results. Therefore, commercial TGEV/PRCV blocking ELISAs should only be applied on a herd basis.

scholarly journals Human herpes virus 8 antibodies in HIV-positive patients in Surabaya, Indonesia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Devi Oktafiani ◽  
Ni Luh Ayu Megasari ◽  
Elsa Fitriana ◽  
Nasronudin ◽  
Maria Inge Lusida ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Users ◽  
Sandwich Elisa ◽  
Human Herpesvirus ◽  
Intravenous Drug ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Intravenous Drug Users ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Serological Tests ◽  
Human Herpes Virus 8

Background: Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) infection is etiologically related to Kaposi’s sarcoma. Antibodies directed against HHV-8 can be detected in 80%–95% of HIV-seropositive patients with KS. HHV-8 serological tests have been done in several countries in Southeast Asia such as Malaysia, and Thailand however no serological data is available in Indonesia. This study was to examine the presence of HHV-8 antibodies in HIV-positive patients in Surabaya, Indonesia. Material and methods: Ninety-one serum samples were collected from HIV-positive patients in Surabaya, Indonesia. Human immunodeficiency virus-positive serum samples were collected from 10 homosexual men, 25 intravenous drug users (IVDUs) and 56 heterosexuals. Serums were then tested for the presence of HHV-8 antibody by using sandwich ELISA (Abbexa Ltd, Cambridge, UK). Results: The total of 91 HIV-infected were testing with antibodies to HHV-8 using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Antibodies of HHV-8 were detected in 7/91 (7.7%) of the samples. According to a gender, six men (85.7%) and a women (14.3%) were positive of HHV-8 antibodies. No correlation regarding the gender and age from this study. The antibodies of HHV-8 was detected among intravenous drug users (IVDUs) men 5/7 (42.8%) and 2/7 (28.6%) from homosexual and heterosexual, respectively. Conclusion: This study found the presence of HHV-8 antibodies in 7.7% of patients in Surabaya, Indonesia. This finding was higher more than Southeast Asian countries. The patients with a positive result could suggest measures to prevent HHV-8 infection.

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