The Future of Special Education in the Low-income Countries

1972 ◽  
pp. 168-180
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Special Education ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
The Future

scholarly journals Three-dimensional structures in the design of therapeutics targeting parasitic protozoa: reflections on the past, present and future

2015 ◽  
Vol 71 (5) ◽  
pp. 485-499 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wim G. J. Hol
Keyword(s):  
Drug Development ◽  
Low Income ◽  
High Throughput Screening ◽  
Structural Information ◽  
Target Selection ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Parasitic Protozoa ◽  
The Future

Parasitic protozoa cause a range of diseases which threaten billions of human beings. They are responsible for tremendous mortality and morbidity in the least-developed areas of the world. Presented here is an overview of the evolution over the last three to four decades of structure-guided design of inhibitors, leads and drug candidates aiming at targets from parasitic protozoa. Target selection is a crucial and multi-faceted aspect of structure-guided drug design. The major impact of advances in molecular biology, genome sequencing and high-throughput screening is touched upon. The most advanced crystallographic techniques, including XFEL, have already been applied to structure determinations of drug targets from parasitic protozoa. Even cryo-electron microscopy is contributing to our understanding of the mode of binding of inhibitors to parasite ribosomes. A number of projects have been selected to illustrate how structural information has assisted in arriving at promising compounds that are currently being evaluated by pharmacological, pharmacodynamic and safety tests to assess their suitability as pharmaceutical agents. Structure-guided approaches are also applied to incorporate properties into compounds such that they are less likely to become the victim of resistance mechanisms. A great increase in the number of novel antiparasitic compounds will be needed in the future. These should then be combined into various multi-compound therapeutics to circumvent the diverse resistance mechanisms that render single-compound, or even multi-compound, drugs ineffective. The future should also see (i) an increase in the number of projects with a tight integration of structural biology, medicinal chemistry, parasitology and pharmaceutical sciences; (ii) the education of more `medicinal structural biologists' who are familiar with the properties that compounds need to have for a high probability of success in the later steps of the drug-development process; and (iii) the expansion of drug-development capabilities in middle- and low-income countries.

scholarly journals Climate Change and the Future Health of Children in Low-Income Countries

2020 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 111-113
Author(s):  
Sara Ajanovic ◽  
Marta Valente ◽  
Rosauro Varo ◽  
Quique Bassat
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Future Health ◽  
The Future

scholarly journals Etiology of intellectual disability in individuals from special education schools in the south of Brazil

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Luan Freitas Oliveira ◽  
Tiago Fernando Chaves ◽  
Nathacha Baretto ◽  
Gisele Rozone de Luca ◽  
Ingrid Tremel Barbato ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Special Education ◽  
Intellectual Disability ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
The South ◽  
Related Condition ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Adequate Treatment ◽  
Female Ratio ◽  
South Of Brazil

Abstract Background Intellectual Disability (ID) is characterized by significant limitations that affect intellectual functioning, adaptive behavior, and practical skills which directly interfere with interpersonal relationships and the environment. In Western countries, individuals with ID are overrepresented in the health system, often due to associated comorbidities, and its life-time cost places ID as one of the most expensive conditions of all diagnoses in the International Classification of Diseases. Most of the people affected (75%) live in low-income countries, suffer from malnutrition, lack health care, and do not have access to adequate treatment. The aim of this study was to obtain an estimate of the diagnostic status as well as the prevalence of familial ID among individuals with serious (moderate or severe) ID in a region of the State of Santa Catarina, investigating attendees of special education schools of the Florianópolis Macroregion. Methods This was a cross-sectional study conducted between August 2011 and August 2014, through a semi-structured screening questionnaire for the collection of relevant developmental, clinical, familial and educational data, applied in an interview to guardians of students of special education schools of the macroregion of Florianópolis. Results The participant special schools enrolled close to 1700 students during the study period and the questionnaire was applied to 849 (50.5%). The male to female ratio of the participants was 1.39:1. Clear etiologic explanations were relatively scarce (24%); most diagnoses referring only to the type and the degree of impairment and for the majority (61.4%) the cause was unknown. About half were sporadic cases within their families (considering three generations). For 44.2% at least one other case of an ID-related condition in the extended family was mentioned, with 293 (34.5%) representing potential familial cases. Conclusion Here we describe the epidemiological profile, the available diagnostics, etiology, family history and possible parental consanguinity of participants with ID of special education schools in the South of Brazil. The main results show the need for etiological diagnosis and uncover the relevance of potential hereditary cases in a population where consanguineous unions have a relatively low frequency (0,6%) and highlight the need for public health actions.

The Future of PPPs in Low-Income Countries

2020 ◽  
pp. 239-266
Author(s):  
James Leigland
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Risk Mitigation ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Stakeholder Expectations ◽  
Capital Costs ◽  
The Future ◽  
Market Distortion ◽  
Preparation Work

While PPPs have not been as successful as expected, the various kinds of hybrid PPP project forms that have emerged may suggest ways in which PPPs can sustainably generate some value and meet some stakeholder expectations. These hybrids may indeed be successful, but in what ways do they represent significantly reduced expectations regarding the benefits of PPPs, as these projects were conceived in the 1990s? This chapter discusses what is perhaps the most dramatic compromise, the dominating role now played in most of these projects by subsidized or “blended” finance. Governments and their development partners pay for and manage most basic project preparation work, contribute to the capital costs of projects, and provide guarantees and other risk-mitigation mechanisms insisted on by private partners. How should blended finance like this be justified and managed to ensure against market distortion and wasted resources that could be used more productively elsewhere?

scholarly journals Visions in a Crystal Ball: The Future of Peritoneal Dialysis

2018 ◽  
Vol 45 (1-3) ◽  
pp. 218-223 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanne M. Bargman ◽  
Michael Girsberger
Keyword(s):  
Peritoneal Dialysis ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Kidney Injury ◽  
Interdisciplinary Approach ◽  
Cardiorenal Syndrome ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
High Morbidity ◽  
Patients With Heart Failure ◽  
The Future ◽  
Osmotic Agent

Background: Peritoneal dialysis (PD) is one of the corner stones of renal replacement therapy and should be strongly considered if preemptive kidney transplantation is not available. Summary: There are several initiatives that may help the growth in the use of PD around the world. First, PD is an underused and valuable option in patients with heart failure and the chronic cardiorenal syndrome, especially in those with frequent hospitalizations despite optimal medical therapy. To identify these patients, an interdisciplinary approach of nephrologists and cardiologists is needed. These patients and other CKD patients with significant residual kidney function may do well with a regimen employing fewer than the usual number of bag exchanges, referred to as “incremental” dialysis. Second, acute kidney injury (AKI) is a worldwide burden with high morbidity and mortality, especially in low income countries. To reach the goal of zero preventable deaths caused by AKI by 2025 endorsed by the International Society of Nephrology, PD is the therapy of choice for treatment in this setting. Third, although dextrose has served well as the osmotic agent in PD solutions, there has been a continuous search for alternative agents. Hyperbranched polyglycerol might be such an osmole. Finally, to obviate the need for production and delivery of bags of PD solution, the development of home-generated dialysate is of interest. Key Message: The future of PD lies not only in accruing experience from the past decades, but also in staying open to other uses.

Initiative for Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) and Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative (MDRI)-Status of Implementation and Proposals for the Future of the HIPC Initiative

Policy Papers ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (59) ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Poor Country ◽  
Debt Relief ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Poor Countries ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Status ◽  
Heavily Indebted Poor Countries ◽  
Hipc Initiative

This report aims to accomplish three objectives: (a) it provides an update on the status of implementation, impact, and costs of the Heavily Indebted Poor Country (HIPC) Initiative and the Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative (MDRI); (b) it proposes a modification of the reporting of progress under the initiatives, including the discontinuation of the annual status of implementation reports, and the preparation of periodic reports on debt vulnerabilities in low income countries (LICs), including HIPCs; and (c) it proposes a further ring-fencing of the list of countries eligible or potentially eligible for debt relief under the HIPC Initiative based on end-2010 income and indebtedness criteria.

Three Cases of Joubert Syndrome in a Consanguineous Syrian Family and a Interesting Case of Multinational Collaboration

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Davor Petrović ◽  
Vida Čulić ◽  
Zofia Swinderek-Alsayed
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Autosomal Recessive ◽  
Autosomal Recessive Disorder ◽  
Joubert Syndrome ◽  
Interesting Case ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Ocular Motor ◽  
Quality Health Care ◽  
Quality Health ◽  
Motor Apraxia

AbstractJoubert syndrome (JS) is a rare congenital, autosomal recessive disorder characterized by a distinctive brain malformation, developmental delay, ocular motor apraxia, breathing abnormalities, and high clinical and genetic heterogeneity. We are reporting three siblings with JS from consanguineous parents in Syria. Two of them had the same homozygous c.2172delA (p.Trp725Glyfs*) AHI1 mutation and the third was diagnosed prenatally with magnetic resonance imaging. This pathogenic variant is very rare and described in only a few cases in the literature. Multinational collaboration could be of benefit for the patients from undeveloped, low-income countries that have a low-quality health care system, especially for the diagnosis of rare diseases.

Reviewing the Development of Rural Finance in Vietnam

2013 ◽  
pp. 121-136
Author(s):  
Duong Pham Bao
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Financial System ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Supply Side ◽  
New Paradigm ◽  
Rural Finance ◽  
Market Mechanisms ◽  
Rural Credit ◽  
Rural Organizations ◽  
Doi Moi

The objective of this article is to review the development of the rural financial system in Vietnam in recent years, especially, after Doi moi. There are two opposite schools of thought in the literature on rural credit policies in developing countries. One is the conventional supply-side (government-led) approach while the other is called “a new paradigm” that emphasizes the importance of the viability of financial providers and the well functioning of rural credit markets. Conventional theories of rural finance contend that rural finance in low-income countries is generally accompanied by many failures. Contrary to these theories, rural finance in Vietnam does not encounter the above-mentioned failures so far. Up to the present time, it is progressing well. Using a supply-side approach, methodologically, this study reviews the development of the rural financial system in Vietnam. The significance of this study is to challenge the extreme view of dichotomizing between the old and the new credit paradigms. Analysis in this study contends that a rural financial market that, (1) is initiated and spurred by government; (2) operates principally under market mechanisms; and (3) is strongly supported by rural organizations (semi-formal/informal institutions) can progress stably and well. Therefore, the extremely dichotomizing approach must be avoided.

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