scholarly journals Free testosterone level in patients with homozygous beta thalassemia on regular transfusions regimen

2016 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 73
Author(s):  
Riadi Wirawan ◽  
Elly Santosa ◽  
Lyana Setiawan ◽  
Bulan Ginting Munthe ◽  
Dalima AW Astrawinata
Keyword(s):  
Testosterone Level ◽  
Reference Range ◽  
Transferrin Saturation ◽  
Free Testosterone ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Endocrine Function ◽  
Beta Thalassemia ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Free Testosterone Level

Background Patients with homozygous beta thalassemia requireregular transfusions which will lead to iron deposition in tissuesincluding testicles.Objective This study aimed to evaluate testicular function in syn-thesizing testosterone by measuring free testosterone level. Thecorrelation between free testosterone level and transferrin satura-tion was evaluated.Methods This was a cross sectional study. Sampling was doneconsecutively. Free testosterone level was measured by radioim-munoassay in 20 homozygous beta thalassemic patients receiv-ing regular transfusions and compared to 20 healthy subjects.Results Fourteen out of 20 patients showed free testosterone levelbelow the reference range. Out of 20 thalassemic patients, onepatient’s serum was not enough for transferrin saturation determi-nation. Among the 19 patients, 18 had transferrin saturation above55%, 1 less than 55%, while all healthy subjects had normal trans-ferrin saturation. A significant difference was found between thetwo groups, both in the free testosterone level (p=0.001) and trans-ferrin saturation (p<0.001). A very weak correlation was found be-tween free testosterone level and transferrin saturation (r=-0.215).Conclusion We concluded that there might be a relationship be-tween iron overload and testicular endocrine function in patientswith homozygous beta thalassemia receiving regular transfusions

scholarly journals Clinical, ultrasonographical and hormonal correlation in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (12) ◽  
pp. 5134
Author(s):  
Ashwini Sidhmalswamy G. ◽  
Jyoti S. Ghongdemath ◽  
Sreedhar Venkatesh
Keyword(s):  
Testosterone Level ◽  
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome ◽  
Free Testosterone ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Obese Women ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Ovarian Volume ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Free Testosterone Level ◽  
Ovarian Syndrome

Background: Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine disorder in women of fertile age. The prevalence, time of onset and severity of clinical presentation vary among different ethnic and racial groups. Though there is significant reproductive, endocrine and metabolic morbidity of PCOS, very little is known about its different modes of presentation in Indian population. A cross sectional observational study. The objective To study the correlation between the clinical, ultrasonographical and hormonal features in women diagnosed as PCOS based on the revised diagnostic criteria, 2003.Methods: A cross-sectional study of 74 PCOS women who had oligo ovulatory cycles and polycystic ovarian morphology on ultrasound was done. Data about menstrual history and anthropometric measurements were collected. Clinical observations of acne and hirsutism were made.  Transvaginal ultrasonography and biochemical analysis for free testosterone was done.Results: In all, 74 PCOS women were studied and analyzed. The mean age was 24.884.03, mean BMI was 25.48 ±3.75 and mean free testosterone was 3.81±4.05. Among the PCOS women 39.8% were hirsute, 10.1% were obese, 2.3% had acne and 38% were hyperandrogenemic. Of the hyperandrogenemic women 61.2% were hirsute, 53.22% were obese and 36.54% had acne.  The association between BMI and free testosterone level was statistically significant (p=0.0023). BMI was moderately correlated with hyperandrogenemia (r=0.446). The mean left ovarian volume was higher in obese than in non-obese women, which was statistically significant (p=0.003). The mean left ovarian volume was high in hyperandrogenemic women which was statistically significant (p=0.00034).Conclusions: In the present study it was found that there is association between obesity and free testosterone level which was significant. There was statistically significant association between ovarian volume and obesity. Similarly, there was association between ovarian volume and hyperandrogenemia which was significant. Hirsutism and acne had no association with hyperandrogenemia.

Sonographic Assessment of Renal Volume in Normotensive Pregnant Women and Women With Pregnancy-Induced Hypertension in Enugu Metropolis

2021 ◽  
pp. 875647932110210
Author(s):  
Idigo Felicitas Ugochinyere ◽  
Nwankwo Sylvia Chiamaka ◽  
Abonyi Everistus Obinna ◽  
Anakwue Angel-Mary Chukwunyelu ◽  
Agbo Julius Amechi
Keyword(s):  
Reference Range ◽  
Interobserver Variability ◽  
Correct Diagnosis ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Tertiary Hospital ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Renal Volume ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Induced Hypertension

Objective: Renal volume (RV) assessment during obstetric sonography is rarely considered in our locality. Understanding the changes in RV in both normotensive pregnant (NP) and pregnancy-induced hypertensive (PIH) women is important in making correct diagnosis regarding pregnancy outcome. This study is aimed at determining the RV in NP and PIH women and correlating RV with fetal gestational age (FGA), body mass index (BMI), and parity in NP women. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study involved 450 patients recruited at a Tertiary Hospital. A pilot study was done to determine the interobserver variability in RV measurement. RV was calculated using the following formula: L × W × AP × 0.523. Parity, BMI, and blood pressure were documented, while FGA was calculated as an average of FGAs obtained from the measurements of fetal biometric parameters. Results: Mean RV of PIH women was significantly higher than that of NP women ( P < .05). RV shows a positive significant relationship with BMI and FGA, while it shows a negative relationship with parity in NP ( P < .05). Conclusion: Reference range values of RV were generated for clinical use in our locality, while there is statistically significant difference between RV in NP and PIH women.

scholarly journals Triglycerides, independent of Ferriman Gallwey Score, is a main determinant of free testosterone index in PCOS

F1000Research ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 94
Author(s):  
Andon Hestiantoro ◽  
Putri Deva Karimah ◽  
Amalia Shadrina ◽  
Budi Wiweko ◽  
R. Muharam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Free Testosterone ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Pcos Patient ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Bivariate Analysis ◽  
Sample Collection ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Shbg Level ◽  
Metabolic Dysfunctions

Background: Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrinopathy in women of reproductive age, affecting 5-20% of women worldwide. Hyperandrogenism, as the primary characteristic of PCOS, is not always present in every patient. The hyperandrogenic phenotype of PCOS patients is influenced by both hormonal and metabolic dysfunctions. Therefore, this study aims to determine the correlation between hormone profile, lipid profile, and clinical profile with free testosterone index in subjects with PCOS. Methods: This prospective cross-sectional study was conducted in the Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital between July 2014 and December 2016. The study involved 76 women with PCOS, who were classified into 2 subgroups: 39 subjects in the hyperandrogenism group and 37 subjects in the non-hyperandrogenism group. Each subject underwent physical examination, blood sample collection, and USG examination. Bivariate analysis was done using independent t-tests and Mann Whitney U-tests, while multivariate analysis was done using logistic regression. Results: Triglyceride and testosterone level showed weak (r = 0.232, p = 0.044) and moderate (r = 0.460, p ¡ 0.001) positive correlation with FTI, while SHBG level showed moderate negative correlation (r = -0.483, p ¡ 0.001). Triglyceride was also found to be determinant of hyperandrogenism condition in PCOS patient (OR 0.02, 95% CI 0.00–0.04, p = 0.013). However, there was no significant difference observed between FGS and hyperandrogenism (p = 0.43). Conclusions: Triglycerides, testosterone, and SHBG were associated with hyperandrogenism in PCOS patients, while FGS showed no such association.

scholarly journals Correlation between Pancreatic MRI T2* and Iron Overload in Adult Transfusion Dependent Beta Thalassemia Patients with Growth Retardation: A Single Centre Study in Indonesia

Blood ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 132 (Supplement 1) ◽  
pp. 4907-4907
Author(s):  
Faizal Drissa Hasibuan ◽  
Tubagus Djumhana Atmakusuma
Keyword(s):  
Iron Overload ◽  
Serum Ferritin ◽  
Growth Retardation ◽  
Transferrin Saturation ◽  
Endocrine Function ◽  
Beta Thalassemia ◽  
Endocrine Disorders ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Excess Iron ◽  
Iron Load

Abstract Correlation Between Pancreatic MRI T2* And Iron Overload in Adult Transfusion Dependent Beta Thalassemia Patients With Growth Retardation : A Single Centre Study in Indonesia Faizal Drissa Hasibuan , MD 1,2 , Tb. Djumhana Atmakusuma , MD, PhD 3, 4 1Department of Internal Medicine, 2Faculty of Medicine Yarsi University Jakarta, Indonesia, 3Medical Hematology - Oncology Division of Internal Medicine Department Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, 4Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia Correspondence: [email protected] phone +6281533197733 The prevalence of thalassemia in Indonesia is one of the highest in the world. It is estimated that the prevalence of beta thalassemia carrier is around 3-10%. In 2016, thalassemia center in Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital (RSCM) Jakarta recorded 9031 patients suffering from major thalassemia in Indonesia. 441 are adult thalassemia patients (age 18 and above) recorded in Kiara thalassemia and hematology-oncology clinics in RSCM. Based on a survey from TIF, endocrine aspect of the thalassemia patients is often ignored by the clinicians. Growth retarded patients are commonly found in the thalassemia clinic in RSCM. Publication regarding the pancreas and its correlation with iron overload in adult beta TDT patients is currently not available in Indonesia. Therefore, the aim of this study was to describe iron overload condition based on the pancreatic MRI T2* and its correlation with beta TDT adult patients who suffer from growth retardation. A cross sectional study was conducted to determine the prevalence of endocrine disorders in adult TDT beta patients, followed by looking for correlation of excess iron load with endocrine function in adult TDT beta patients with growth retardation in adult Thalassemia clinic RSCM Jakarta on December 2017. Patients with HBsAg or Anti HCV positive were excluded. Excess iron is defined as Transferin Saturation (ST) greater than 50% regardless of serum ferritin or serum ferritin (FS) levels greater than 1000 ng/mL regardless of ST or both.The growth retardation is defined as the standing height of the research subject which is lower than the Mid Parental Height (MPH) value of both parents. Pancreatic MRI T2* used magneto avanto Siemens 1,5T with CMR software. We found from 58 patients who followed the study, 32 patients underwent the pancreatic MRI T2* examination with 13 female (40,6%) and 19 male (59,4%). Patients with homozygous beta thalassemia are 16 people (50%) and beta/HbE thalassemia 16 people (50%). The Proportion of low pancreatic MRI T2* values was found to be 87.5%, with moderate hemosiderosis in 13 patients (40.63%) and severe hemosiderosis not found (Table 2). The age range of the study subjects was relatively young with a median age of 21 years. Although the median body weight of study subjects was 42 kg, the median BMI still included in normal range. Excess iron content in this study was assessed with serum ferritin, obtained median 4982.5 ng/mL and transferin saturation with a median of 100%, indicates the subject of research are in a state of excess iron load. This is due to the possibility of inflammation, inadequate use of chelation, hemolysis in thalassemia, hypertransfusion to achieve the target of 12 g/dL for women and 13 g/dL for men. There was no significant correlation between serum ferritin and pancreatic MRI T2* value, nor did a significant correlation between transferrin saturation with pancreatic MRI T2* value (Table 3). In this study, there was a high proportion of subjects with low pancreatic MRI T2* value of 28 subjects (87,5%), divided into 15 mild hemosiderosis (46,87%), 13 moderate hemosiderosis (40,62%) and none of severe hemosiderosis. Our study is the first study which look for the correlation of the excess iron load (serum ferritin and transferrin saturation) with endocrine function in adult TDT beta patients with retardation of growth in Indonesia. This research has limitations. First, it was a cross sectional study so it is not known exactly the beginning of endocrine disorders in the subject . The second limitation, analysis of iron chelation therapy did not do in this study. Finally, we concluded that there was no correlation between pancreatic MRI T2* and iron overload based on serum ferritin and transferrin saturation. Further longitudinal studies in adult TDT patients with thalassemia who have not and have retarded growth were needed. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

Prevalence of Malocclusion in Patients with Thalassemia Major: A Cross-sectional Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Parastoo Namdar ◽  
Atena Shiva ◽  
Tahura Etezadi ◽  
Jamshid Yazdani Charati ◽  
Hossein Karami ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thalassemia Major ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Iranian Population ◽  
Beta Thalassemia ◽  
Practical Training ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Adolescents And Adults ◽  
And Gender

Background: Iran lies in the world's thalassemia belt; accordingly, the beta‐thalassemia gene is carried by 4% of the Iranian population. Due to the dearth of research and literature available on the prevalence of malocclusions in the Iranian population with beta-thalassemia major, this study was conducted to determine the prevalence and severity of facial abnormalities among patients who were referred to Bu-Ali Sina Hospital, Sari, Iran. Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on 200 patients with thalassemia major who were referred to the care unit of Bu-Ali Sina teaching and therapeutic Hospital, Sari, Iran, in 2018. The patients were then visited by a trained dentist who had been given the necessary theoretical and practical training. Malocclusion was classified based on Angle's classification. Spacing, overcrowding, overjet, and overbite were measured, and the distances were recorded based on a checklist. Results: The prevalence of malocclusions obtained was 87.5%, which included malocclusions of Class I (34%), Class II (31%), and Classes III (22%) amongst patients. There was no significant relationship between the type of malocclusion and gender (P = 0.77). Moreover, no significant difference was observed among patients with thalassemia major and different classes of malocclusions in terms of age both in males (P = 0.49) and females (P = 0.58). Conclusions: Malocclusions are common among adolescents and adults with thalassemia, which is not associated with age or gender. Therefore, patients should be regularly visited and followed up by a dentist to manage and control their dental problems. In addition, effective and preventive measures, as well as health education should be seriously considered in these patients.

scholarly journals Serum Leptin Levels in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome and Its Relationship with Metabolic and Hormonal Profile in Pakistani Females

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mukhtiar Baig ◽  
Rehana Rehman ◽  
Saba Tariq ◽  
Syeda Sadia Fatima
Keyword(s):  
Polycystic Ovary ◽  
Free Testosterone ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Ovary Syndrome ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Serum Leptin ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Substantial Correlation ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Thyroid Profile

The study aimed to investigate the levels of serum leptin in PCOS females and to correlate it with metabolic and hormonal parameters. Sixty-two PCOS and ninety normal cycling (NC) females with matched age and body mass index (BMI) were recruited for this cross-sectional study. Serum leptin, FSH, LH, E2, free testosterone, progesterone, thyroid profile, and FBG levels were measured. The mean leptin levels in PCOS and NC were not significantly different (45.56 ng/mL ± 1.49 vs 41.78 ± 1.31 ng/mL,P>0.05); however, leptin levels showed a strong correlation with BMI in PCOS and NC group (r=0.77,P<0.0001;r=0.82,P<0.0001, resp.). High E2 levels in NC had a significant correlation with leptin whereas FBG correlated with leptin in PCOS (r=0.51,P=0.005). TSH had a substantial correlation (r=0.49,P<0.005;r=0.69,P<0.005) in PCOS and NC, respectively. There was no significant difference found in circulating leptin concentration between PCOS and NC subjects. Leptin levels in PCOS were related with metabolic impairments manifested by disturbance in FBG levels and impairment of reproductive functions in terms of reduced E2 secretion.

Personal Audio System: Hearing Symptoms, Habits, and Sound Pressure Levels Measured in Real Ear and a Manikin

2020 ◽  
Vol 63 (6) ◽  
pp. 2016-2026
Author(s):  
Tamara R. Almeida ◽  
Clayton H. Rocha ◽  
Camila M. Rabelo ◽  
Raquel F. Gomes ◽  
Ivone F. Neves-Lobo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sound Pressure ◽  
Daily Basis ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Normal Hearing ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Real ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Sound Pressure Levels ◽  
Audio System

Purpose The aims of this study were to characterize hearing symptoms, habits, and sound pressure levels (SPLs) of personal audio system (PAS) used by young adults; estimate the risk of developing hearing loss and assess whether instructions given to users led to behavioral changes; and propose recommendations for PAS users. Method A cross-sectional study was performed in 50 subjects with normal hearing. Procedures included questionnaire and measurement of PAS SPLs (real ear and manikin) through the users' own headphones and devices while they listened to four songs. After 1 year, 30 subjects answered questions about their usage habits. For the statistical analysis, one-way analysis of variance, Tukey's post hoc test, Lin and Spearman coefficients, the chi-square test, and logistic regression were used. Results Most subjects listened to music every day, usually in noisy environments. Sixty percent of the subjects reported hearing symptoms after using a PAS. Substantial variability in the equivalent music listening level (Leq) was noted ( M = 84.7 dBA; min = 65.1 dBA, max = 97.5 dBA). A significant difference was found only in the 4-kHz band when comparing the real-ear and manikin techniques. Based on the Leq, 38% of the individuals exceeded the maximum daily time allowance. Comparison of the subjects according to the maximum allowed daily exposure time revealed a higher number of hearing complaints from people with greater exposure. After 1 year, 43% of the subjects reduced their usage time, and 70% reduced the volume. A volume not exceeding 80% was recommended, and at this volume, the maximum usage time should be 160 min. Conclusions The habit of listening to music at high intensities on a daily basis seems to cause hearing symptoms, even in individuals with normal hearing. The real-ear and manikin techniques produced similar results. Providing instructions on this topic combined with measuring PAS SPLs may be an appropriate strategy for raising the awareness of people who are at risk. Supplemental Material https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.12431435

Estimation of Trace Elements in Gingival Crevicular Fluid and Serum-Comparative Study in Healthy and Periodontitis

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bhagavathami Meenaksh ◽  
Chitraa R. Chandran ◽  
Aravindhan Thathchari Ranganathan ◽  
Kavindapadi Venkateswaran Rama ◽  
Valarmathy Srinivasan
Keyword(s):  
Trace Elements ◽  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Gingival Crevicular Fluid ◽  
Serum Zinc ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Serum Copper ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Inductively Coupled ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Copper Zinc

Background: This study aims to determine and compare the levels of trace elements copper, zinc, selenium and chromium in GCF and serum of patients with periodontitis and healthy individuals. Methods: This cross sectional study includes 24 study subjects recruited from the patients reporting to the Department of Periodontics , Tagore Dental College Chennai. All the selected patients were subjected to a clinical examination done by a single examiner. The estimation of trace elements Copper, Zinc, Selenium and Chromium in GCF and serum is performed using Perkin Elmer optima 5300 Inductively Coupled Plasma Emission Spectrometer (ICPOES). Results: GCF and serum copper levels showed no significant difference in both periodontitis and healthy groups . Selenium levels tend to be the same in both groups. Serum zinc levels are more in periodontitis patients than healthy subjects (p less than 0.01). GCF chromium levels are found to be more in patients with periodontitis than healthy. Conclusions : More research is therefore needed to monitor the role of these trace elements C with an increased sample size to ascertain whether they are associated with a reduced risk of periodontitis.

Clinical-Reported Outcomes Of Deferoxamine Versus Deferasirox In The Treatment Of Homozygous BetaThalassemia

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (SPL1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zeina A Munim Al-Thanoon ◽  
Zeina A Munim Al-Thanoon ◽  
Mustafa Basil ◽  
Nasih A Al-Kazzaz
Keyword(s):  
Serum Ferritin ◽  
Iron Chelation ◽  
Iron Chelator ◽  
Beta Thalassemia ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Current Standard ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Multiple Blood ◽  
Group 2

Iron chelation therapy with deferoxamine (DFO),the current standard for the treatment of iron overload in patients with betathalassemia,requires regular subcutaneous or intravenous infusions. This can lead to reduced quality of life and poor adherence,resulting in increased morbidity and mortality in iron-overloaded patients with beta-thalassemia. Deferasirox (DFX) is an orally administered iron chelator that has been approved for use in many countries. The requirement of an effective,well tolerated iron chelator with a less demanding mode of administration has led to the development of deferasirox. The present study was aimed to compare the satisfaction and compliance with deferoxamine versus deferasirox (Exjade®),a novel oral iron chelator in patients with transfusion - dependent beta- thalassemia. A cross-sectional,single-center investigation study was carried out in the Thalassemia Center of Ibn-Atheer Teaching Hospital in Nineveh province,Iraq. One hundred and eight thalassemic patients aged between 2- 20 years old having received multiple blood transfusions and a serum ferritin greater than 1500 ng/ml. Patients were randomised into two groups. Group 1 received deferoxamine at a dose of 20-50mg/kg/day and group 2 received deferasirox at the dose of 10-30 mg/kg/day. Another 56 apparently healthy volunteers were used as a control group. The assessment of chelation was done during the period between November 2013 and February 2014 by measurement of serum ferritin. Satisfaction and compliance was assessed by using a special questionnaire prepared by the researcher. Out of the 108 thalassemic patients enrolled there was no discontinuation in treatment with the two drugs under study. The serum ferritin did not change significantly in any of the chelation groups. In comparison with the patients who were treated with DFO,those receiving DFX reported a significantly higher rate of compliance and satisfaction (P < 0.05). However,no significant difference was observed between the two groups regarding their satisfaction (P > 0.05).Compliance with deferasirox (50 %) was more than that with deferoxamine (20 %). Satisfaction with deferoxamine was significantly lower than deferasirox (p= 0.00).

Postpartum Depression and Its Associated Factors among Women in Bandar Abbas City

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arefeh Shahi
Keyword(s):  
Postpartum Depression ◽  
Associated Factors ◽  
Parental Education ◽  
Unwanted Pregnancy ◽  
Routine Care ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Vulnerable Groups ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Bandar Abbas

Background: Postpartum depression with a different incidence of 40- 45% in different societies, which it has adverse effects on the health of mothers and their child, given the negative effects of maternal depression and its harmful effects on the baby and the quality of family life. So, this study was performed with the aim to determine postpartum depression and its associated factors in Bandar Abbas city. Materials and Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in 2015 after obtaining consent from mothers by the census. A total of 343 mothers was examined for depression who referred to Bandar Abbas health centers in the 2nd and 4th months after childbirth. The data collection tools included demographic information and Postpartum Depression Edinburgh questionnaires. Finally, the statistical analyses were performed using SPSS (version 22.0) software and data were analyzed using the Independent t-test, Mann Whitney, Chi-square, and Fisher exact tests.Result: Totally, 68 (19.8%) of samples were in the second month and 54 (15.7%) in the fourth month after delivery had postpartum depression. The incidence of depression in the four months was 6.6%. There was a significant difference between depression and income, parental education, father’s use of cigarette and abnormalities of the infant (P <0.001). There was no significant difference between other factors such as gestational age, infant sex, birth weight, unwanted pregnancy, and type of delivery. Conclusion: Regarding the prevalence of this disorder, it seems that postpartum depression screening planning should be considered during child routine care as an essential component, especially for vulnerable groups.

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