scholarly journals CHANGES OF CONTENT OF FREE AMINO ACIDS IN GRAINS OF FOREST GROWING EASTERS OF EASTER TRANSBAIKALIA IN PULLING IN OSMOSITIC STRESS

2018 ◽  
pp. 83-89
Author(s):  
Евгений (Evgenij) Александрович (Аleksandrovich) Бондаревич (Bondarevich)
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Osmotic Stress ◽  
Free Amino Acids ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Agropyron Cristatum ◽  
Acidic Amino Acids ◽  
Subsequent Period ◽  
Stipa Krylovii ◽  
Wild Cereals ◽  
Biochemical Features

In the course of studying the content of free amino acids in dry and germinating grains of wild cereals, some biochemical features of their dynamics were revealed depending on the osmotic pressure. In most species, except Agropyron cristatum, a significant increase in the concentration of amino acids occurred in the control on the first day after the start of the experiment; in the subsequent period, their decrease was observed. For Agropyron cristatum, a decrease in the index and a smooth increase after the first day were observed. Under the influence of osmolyte, the tendency to mobilize amino acids has changed and in some species (Stipa krylovii, Melica virgata, Melica turczaninowiana) the maximum amounts were observed on the first day from the beginning of the experiment, in the others to the second day. The total amount of free amino acids in the control and in the test was not significantly different. There was also a rapid mobilization of proteinogenic amino acids with increasing osmotic stress for the widespread Stipa krylovii and Agropyron cristatum in the region. A similar trend was noted for the xerophyte Tripogon chinensis. For grasses with a narrow ecological niche, which are characterized by xeromesophilia, osmotic stress suppressed the rapid mobilization of free amino acids. The content of individual groups of amino acids under the influence of osmotic stress was characterized by significant differences for species of the Melica genus in the number of acidic amino acids, for Tripogon chinensis an increase in the content of basic amino acids, and for Agropyron cristatum by a decrease in their concentration.

Regulation of Cellular Osmolarity and Volume in Tetrahymena

1970 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 391-399
Author(s):  
LARRY C. STONER ◽  
PHILIP B. DUNHAM
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Osmotic Stress ◽  
Free Amino Acids ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Freezing Point ◽  
Tetrahymena Pyriformis ◽  
Freezing Point Depression ◽  
Sodium Potassium ◽  
Cellular Volume ◽  
Intracellular Osmolarity

1. Tetrahymena pyriformis are hyperosmotic to external media of osmolarities from 2 to 171 m-osmole/l. The intracellular osmolarity, determined by freezing-point depression, is 111 m-osmole/kg cells in dilute media, and increases linearly with increasing external osmolarities. 2. Over 80% of the intracellular osmolarity can be attributed to the concentration of sodium, potassium, chloride and the free amino acids. 3. In response to an increase in the external osmolarity, Tetrahymena regulates its intracellular osmolarity by increasing the concentrations of free amino acids. 4. The regulation of cellular volume under conditions of osmotic stress is achieved by an increase in the amount of osmotically active solutes and the regulation of the rate of elimination of fluid by the contractile vacuole.

The effect of β-alanine on the concentration of taurine and other free amino acids during osmotic stress of Mytilus galloprovincialis

1987 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 111-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Sansone ◽  
M. Cotugno ◽  
I. Cosma ◽  
P. Zatta
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Osmotic Stress ◽  
Free Amino Acids ◽  
Significant Variation ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Mytilus Galloprovincialis ◽  
Cysteic Acid

The effect of β-alanine on the concentration of taurine and other free amino acids (FAA) in different osmotic conditions in Mytilus galloprovincialis have been investigated. Significant variation of the concentration of FAA as a function of the salinity have been observed.β-alanine incorporation decreases the level of cysteic acid and taurine as well as the level of other FAA.

scholarly journals The dynamics of free amino acids in the grains Tripogon chinensis (Franch.) Hack. when germinating in the conditions of the osmotic stress

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. 00033
Author(s):  
Irina Plyaskina ◽  
Evgenii Bondarevich ◽  
Igor Boriskin ◽  
Natalia Kotsyurzhinskaya ◽  
Ludmila Ishina
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Osmotic Stress ◽  
Osmotic Pressure ◽  
Free Amino Acids ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Basic Amino Acids ◽  
Protective Signaling ◽  
Hydrolysis Of ◽  
Arginine Concentration ◽  
Adaptive Reaction

The content of free amino acids in seeds and sprouts of T. chinensis in the control and at an osmotic pressure of 5 atm. was determined. The group of acidic and basic amino acids predominates in seeds. An adaptive reaction to a physiological drought is the transformation of the free amino acids metabolism. This is expressed in an increase in the total amount of free amino acids at the osmotic pressure of 5 atm., providing the osmotic component of adaptation. Under the conditions of the osmotic stress, the concentration of acidic and basic amino acids increases up to 48 hours, this may be due to the continued hydrolysis of reserve proteins. Under the influence of the osmotic stress there are changes in the group of amino acids, the metabolic precursor of which is glutamic acid. The amino acids, a part of this group, exhibit protective, signaling properties. Thus, the increase in the arginine concentration and ornithine is noted; this indicates the activation of the ornithine cycle and on the increase of amino acids catabolism. The revealed features can ensure the successful germination of T. chinensis grains under the conditions of the physiological drought.

Uptake of Dipeptides Containing Basic and Acidic Amino Acids by Rat Small Intestine in Vitro

1972 ◽  
Vol 43 (6) ◽  
pp. 823-837 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Burston ◽  
Jill M. Addison ◽  
D. M. Matthews
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Aspartic Acid ◽  
Free Amino Acids ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Tissue Uptake ◽  
Acidic Amino Acids ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

1. The characteristics of transport and hydrolysis of twenty-two dipeptides containing basic and acidic amino acids by rat ileal rings were investigated in vitro. The peptides included combinations of basic and neutral, basic and basic, basic and acidic, acidic and acidic, and acidic and neutral amino acids. 2. All peptides studied were removed intact from the bulk phase of the incubation medium, though, in general, only free amino acids appeared in the tissue. Uptake of one or both constituent amino acids was greater from the peptide than from the equivalent amino acid or amino acid mixture in the case of at least one peptide from each group and in eighteen of the twenty-two peptides studied. In general, there was no relationship between the extent of uptake of amino acids from peptides and the extent of their hydrolysis by the system. The results support the hypothesis that there is more than one mode of uptake of amino acids from peptides. 3. Hydrolysis of γ-glutamyl-l-glutamic acid by intact intestine or intestinal homogenate was slight, and intact peptide was taken up by the tissue. Uptake of free glutamic acid from this peptide was poor. Comparison of γ-glutamyl-l-glutamic acid with three other slowly hydrolysed dipeptides, glycyl-d-valine, sarcosylglycine and glycylsarcosine, suggested that all four were transported into the mucosal cells and hydrolysed intracellularly. The results indicate that the presence of a γ-linkage or a d-amino acid, or methylation of the free amino group as in sarcosylglycine, impair both transport and hydrolysis of peptide, but that attachment of a methyl group to the N of the peptide bond, as in glycylsarcosine, impairs hydrolysis but has no effect on peptide transport. 4. l-Aspartic acid and l-glutamic acid were extensively transaminated by the intestine, whether presented as free amino acids or in peptides. Evidence was obtained suggesting that production of alanine from aspartic acid resulted from direct transamination of aspartic acid with pyruvic acid, rather than from a sequence of two reactions involving aspartate and alanine aminotransferases. 5. The results show that more rapid uptake of amino acids from peptides than from free amino acids is not confined to peptides made up of neutral amino acids, and probably occurs with many small peptides. Uptake of lysine and the dicarboxylic amino acids, which are particularly slowly absorbed from free solution, was much greater from several dipeptides than from the free amino acids. The results suggest the importance of mucosal peptide uptake in protein absorption.

Kinetics of Influx of Peptides and Amino Acids into Hamster Jejunum in Vitro: Physiological and Theoretical Implications

1990 ◽  
Vol 79 (3) ◽  
pp. 267-272 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Burston ◽  
D. M. Matthews
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Free Amino Acids ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Transport Rate ◽  
Side Chain ◽  
Neutral Amino Acids ◽  
Acidic Amino Acids ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Kinetics Of

1. This paper reports a comparison of the kinetics of influx into hamster jejunum of a series of dipeptides of neutral, basic and acidic amino acids, and a tripeptide of neutral amino acids, with those of corresponding free amino acids. 2. Kt, the substrate concentration at which the transport rate is half the maximal transport rate, and Vmax, the maximal transport rate, were more similar from one peptide to another than among amino acids, with the result that, over a wide range of concentrations, rates of influx of individual peptides varied much less than those of amino acids. 3. It is suggested that this may account for the rates of absorption of amino acids being closely related to the amino acid composition of the protein fed, instead of being widely dissimilar as with corresponding mixtures of free amino acids. 4. With neutral amino acids, both Kt and Vmax. fell with increasing length of the side-chain, as observed on many previous occasions. This did not occur with the corresponding homologous dipeptides, which shows that the hypothesis that the apparent affinity for transport is related to the lipophilic properties of the side-chain cannot be applied to peptides.

Response of tissues of the rat to anisosmolality in vivo

1993 ◽  
Vol 264 (6) ◽  
pp. R1164-R1179 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. J. Bedford ◽  
J. P. Leader
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Osmotic Stress ◽  
Free Amino Acids ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Plasma Osmolality ◽  
Good Evidence ◽  
Daily Injection ◽  
Cardiac Ventricle

Rats were exposed to osmotic stress either acutely, over periods of 1 or 4 h, or chronically, over several days. In acute experiments, hyposmolality was induced by intraperitoneal infusion of dilute glucose or mannitol solutions, whereas hyperosmolality was induced by use of sodium chloride, concentrated glucose or mannitol solutions, or urea. Chronic hypernatremia was induced by daily administration of sodium chloride to water-deprived animals; chronic hyponatremia was induced by daily injection of antidiuretic hormone supplemented with glucose. Animals were made hyperglycemic using streptozotocin or uremic by ureteral ligation. Where appropriate, animals were anesthetized with thiobutabarbital (Inaktin) or ether. In acute experiments, analysis of the composition of the cardiac ventricle, diaphragm, liver, and renal cortex showed no evidence of cell volume regulatory processes involving transmembrane movement of potassium ions. There was a small but significant increase in free amino acids [measured as ninhydrin-positive substance (NPS)] in cardiac muscle exposed to hypertonic solutions of sodium chloride and glucose but not when plasma osmolality was raised using mannitol. In cerebral cortical tissue, after 4 h of exposure to acute hypertonicity by infusion of sodium chloride or glucose, there was a significant increase in tissue potassium content and a slight increase in NPS content. In chronic experiments, tissue analysis revealed good evidence for cellular volume readjustment only in cerebral cortex and heart. In the cortex, levels of free amino acids, principally taurine and glutamate (plus glutamine), showed large increases during hypernatremia and hyperglycemia and corresponding decreases during hyposmolality. In heart the principal amino acid present was taurine, and it, together with aspartate and glutamate (plus glutamine), showed large changes under osmotic stress. Other tissues analyzed showed only small changes in composition.

Betaines and free amino acids in salt stressed vitroplants and winter resting buds of Populus trichocarpa x deltoides

1991 ◽  
Vol 83 (1) ◽  
pp. 136-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Bray ◽  
D. Chriqui ◽  
K. Gloux ◽  
D. Le Rudulier ◽  
M. Meyer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Free Amino Acids ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Populus Trichocarpa

Plasma and skeletal muscle free amino acids in type I, insulin-treated diabetic subjects

Diabetes ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 34 (8) ◽  
pp. 812-815 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Borghi ◽  
R. Lugari ◽  
A. Montanari ◽  
P. Dall'Argine ◽  
G. F. Elia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Amino Acids ◽  
Free Amino Acids ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Type I
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