Edemogenic test and hydrogen peroxide degradation rate of bleaching gels with different desensitizing agents

Objective: The at-home bleaching technique leads to the intimate contact of the bleaching gel with gingival tissues, so this study evaluated the immediate inflammatory response, through the edemogenic test, induced by at-home bleaching gels of 10% carbamide peroxide with different desensitizing agents, the quantification of hydrogen peroxide released and bleaching gels pH. Material and Methods: Forty-eight rats were divided into groups (n=12): CTRL-control group, WP-Whiteness Perfect 10% (FGM Produtos Odontológicos, Joinville, SC, Brazil), OPA-Opalescence 10% (Ultradent Products Inc., South Jordan, IT, USA), and PB-Power Bleaching (BM4, Palhoça, SC, Brazil). For the edemogenic test, all rats received an intravenous injection of Evan's Blue; after 30 min, 0.2 mL of each bleaching gels was injected into the subcutaneous tissue of the rats, and the results of the vascular permeability were assessed after 3 and 6h. The amount of HP released and pH of each product was also determined. Data were submitted to statistical test (p<0.05). Results: At 3h, the PB showed higher vascular permeability than the other groups. At 6h, the PB produced similar vascular permeability than WHI, and higher than OPA and CTRL groups. The OPA group had a higher vascular permeability at 6h compared to 3h; there is no difference in other groups. The PB group had higher HP concentrations than the other groups. Conclusion: In general, the PB caused a more considerable amount of inflammatory edema and higher amount of HP released. This results suggesting that these bleaching gels cause greater aggression in soft gingival tissues that eventually ends up in contact with bleaching products KeywordsTooth bleaching; Carbamide peroxide; Hydrogen peroxide; Capillary permeability.

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Effect of Short- and Long-term Use of Home and In-Office Bleaching with Carbamide Peroxide and Hydrogen Peroxide on Bleaching with Carbamide Peroxide and Hydrogen Peroxide on Enamel Microhardness Enamel Microhardness

Journal of Dentistry Indonesia ◽

10.14693/jdi.v27i2.1118 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 27 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Nazila Ameli ◽

◽

Niloofar Kianvash Rad ◽

Farzane Nikpour ◽

Raheb Ghorbani ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Hydrogen Peroxide ◽

Dental Treatment ◽

Artificial Saliva ◽

Tooth Bleaching ◽

Control Group ◽

Bleaching Agent ◽

Carbamide Peroxide ◽

Dental Procedures ◽

Before And After ◽

At Home

Bleaching is a well-known esthetic dental treatment performed to lighten the tooth shade. Among different cosmetic dental procedures, including direct and indirect tooth-colored restorations, bleaching is likely the most conservative approach. Bleaching has been accepted well by patients and proven as a safe and effective approach. Objective: Tooth bleaching can be conducted at home or in offices. This study was performed to compare the enamel microhardness before bleaching and one and eight weeks after the application of different bleaching agents. Methods: Forty human premolars were randomly divided into four groups, and their buccal surface underwent a Vickers microhardness test before and after bleaching. Bleaching was performed with 40% hydrogen peroxide (HP) in-office bleaching agent (n = 10), 15% HP at-home bleaching agent (n = 10), and 15% carbamide peroxide (CP) at-home bleaching agent (n = 10) for two weeks. Ten samples were stored in artificial saliva and set as the control group. The microhardness of the samples was measured again one and eight weeks after bleaching. Results: The microhardness significantly decreased in the four groups one week after bleaching. Conclusion: The enamel microhardness was temporarily decreased by in-office bleaching. However, the microhardness increased with time and returned to the baseline value. Although the enamel microhardness initially reduced, it increased eight weeks after 15% CP at-home bleaching agent was applied.

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Combination of at-home and in-office bleaching techniques: case series

RGO - Revista Gaúcha de Odontologia ◽

10.1590/1981-863720200003620190149 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 69 ◽

Author(s):

Marcela Alvarez FERRETTI ◽

Matheus KURY ◽

Beatriz Curvello de MENDONÇA ◽

Marcelo GIANNINI ◽

Vanessa CAVALLI ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Hydrogen Peroxide ◽

Case Series ◽

Tooth Bleaching ◽

Central Incisor ◽

Carbamide Peroxide ◽

Tooth Sensitivity ◽

Tooth Color ◽

Shade Guide ◽

At Home

ABSTRACT Tooth bleaching is one of the most conservative aesthetic techniques. At-home and in-office bleaching may be performed, as well as the combination of both techniques. As this combination may be done in different manners, distinct orders of combinations were proposed in this report. A 24 years-old man, whose upper central incisor and canine shades were A2 and A3 respectively, was initially treated by chair-side with 40-min application of 40% hydrogen peroxide (HP) for two sessions. Afterwards, an two-week overnight at-home bleaching was performed with 10% carbamide peroxide (CP). The shade of upper central incisors changed to 1M1 and canine was B1. Conversely, a 30 years-old woman was firstly conducted with at-home bleaching (overnight 4-weeks 10% CP) and, subsequently, with a single appointment of in-office bleaching for 45 minutes (35% HP). The shade of her upper central incisor changed from A1 to 0.5M1 and the upper canine from A3 to B1. The VITA classical (A1-D4) shade guide and VITA Bleached guide 3D-MASTER were used to determine the tooth color during the treatments. In both bleaching treatments, patients reported no significant tooth sensitivity and the final outcomes met their expectation.

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Effects of Amorphous Calcium Phosphate Administration on Dental Sensitivity during In-Office and At-Home Interventions

Dentistry Journal ◽

10.3390/dj6040052 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 6 (4) ◽

pp. 52 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Giacomo Oldoini ◽

Antonino Bruno ◽

Anna Genovesi ◽

Luca Parisi

Keyword(s):

Hydrogen Peroxide ◽

Calcium Phosphate ◽

Amorphous Calcium Phosphate ◽

Potassium Fluoride ◽

Tooth Bleaching ◽

Carbamide Peroxide ◽

Casein Phosphopeptides ◽

Group 2 ◽

Group 1 ◽

At Home

Background. Tooth bleaching is the most frequently employed whitening procedure in clinics. The major side effect of tooth bleaching is dental sensitivity during and after the treatment. Here, we evaluated whether the administration of amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP), during in-office and at-home procedures may impact on dental sensitivity. Methods. Eighty patients, responding to the study requirements were enrolled according to the following criteria. Group 1 (n = 40), received in-office, 10% ACP prior to 30% professional hydrogen peroxide application. The whitening procedure continued at home using 10% carbamide peroxide with 15% ACP for 15 days. Group 2 (n = 40) received only 30% hydrogen peroxide application and continued the whitening procedures at home, using 10% carbamide hydroxide, without ACP- Casein phosphopeptides (CPP), for 15 days. Dental sensitivity was recorded with a visual analogue scale (VAS) at baseline, immediately after, and at 15 days after treatment in the two groups. Results. We observed that patients receiving ACP in the bleaching mixture experienced decreased dental sensitivity (* p ≤ 0.05), as detected by VAS scale analysis immediately following the procedures. Patients receiving ACP-CPP during at-home procedures showed a statistically significant (*** p ≤ 0.0001) reduction of dental sensitivity. Conclusions. We demonstrated that ACP-CPP administration, while exerting the same whitening effects as in control subjects receiving potassium fluoride (PF), had an impact on the reduction of dental sensitivity, improving patient compliance.

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Susceptibility of Enamel Treated with Bleaching Agents to Mineral Loss after Cariogenic Challenge

International Journal of Dentistry ◽

10.1155/2011/953835 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 2011 ◽

pp. 1-8 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Hüseyin Tezel ◽

Cigdem Atalayin ◽

Ozlem Erturk ◽

Ercument Karasulu

Keyword(s):

Hydrogen Peroxide ◽

Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽

The Other ◽

Clinical Aspects ◽

Control Group ◽

Carbamide Peroxide ◽

Inductively Coupled ◽

Plasma Mass Spectrometry ◽

And Control ◽

Calcium Loss

Objectives. Controversial reports exist whether bleaching agents cause a susceptibility to demineralization. The aim of this study was to compare the calcium loss of enamel treated with different bleaching agents and activation methods.Method and Materials. The specimens obtained from human premolars were treated in accordance with manufacturer protocols; 10% carbamide peroxide, 38% hydrogen peroxide light-activated, 38% hydrogen peroxide laser-activated, and no treatment (control). After cariogenic challenge calcium concentrations were determined by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry.Results. No differences were found between the calcium loss of the laser-activated group and 10% carbamide peroxide group (). However, the differences between laser-activated and control groups were statistically significant (). The differences between 10% carbamide peroxide and the control group were not significant (). On the other hand, the light-activated group showed a significantly higher calcium loss compared with the other groups ().Conclusions. The results show that bleaching agents may cause calcium loss but it seems to be a negligible quantity for clinical aspects.

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Antimicrobial Effect of 940 nm Diode Laser based on Photolysis of Hydrogen Peroxide in the Treatment of Periodontal Disease

Revista de Chimie ◽

10.37358/rc.18.8.6478 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 69 (8) ◽

pp. 2081-2088 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Alin Alexandru Odor ◽

Edwin Sever Bechir ◽

Deborah Violant ◽

Victoria Badea

Keyword(s):

Hydrogen Peroxide ◽

Laser Therapy ◽

Diode Laser ◽

Antimicrobial Effect ◽

The Other ◽

Control Group ◽

Group 4 ◽

Periodontal Bacteria ◽

Severe Periodontitis ◽

Before And After

Moderate and severe periodontitis represents a challenge in the non-surgical periodontal therapy. Due to the lack of evidence regarding the antimicrobial effectiveness of 940 nm diode laser in periodontal treatment, this study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial effect of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) photolysis performed with 940 nm diode laser in the treatment of moderate and severe periodontitis. Twenty-five patients with 100 teeth were selected for this pilot study. The test teeth were randomly assigned to one of the four treatment groups: Group 1: scaling and root planning (SRP) (control group); and the following experimental groups: Group 2: H2O2; Group 3: 940 nm diode laser therapy; Group 4: 940 nm diode laser therapy and H2O2. Clinical examinations, like probing depth (PD), clinical attachment level (CAL) and bleeding on probing (BOP) were performed before and after the treatment. The microbiological evaluation, effectuated before and after the treatment, included nine periodontal bacteria species and investigated by means of real-time PCR assay. The clinical and bacterial differences in the tested groups, was assessed between control group and the other three experimental groups, as well as between the experimental groups. The total bacteria load was reduced for all four studied groups. Group 4 (diode laser + H2O2) showed significant bacterial reduction of the major periodontal bacteria like Pg., Tf., Td., Pi., Pm., Fn (p[0.001) than the other 3 groups (p]0.001). Also the periodontal clinical parameters, like PD, CAL and BOP showed a significant reduction after the photolysis of H2O2 with the 940 nm diode laser (p[0.001). Differences between tested groups showed a significant beneficial results in regard to Group 4.It is suggested that the photoactivation of H2O2 with the 940 nm diode laser can be used successfully in adjunctive to the non-surgical periodontal treatment as a bactericidal tool.

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Influence of Hydrogen Peroxide Bleaching Gels on Color, Opacity, and Fluorescence of Composite Resins

Operative Dentistry ◽

10.2341/11-189-l ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 37 (5) ◽

pp. 526-531 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

CRG Torres ◽

CF Ribeiro ◽

E Bresciani ◽

AB Borges

Keyword(s):

Hydrogen Peroxide ◽

Composite Resin ◽

Color Change ◽

Composite Resins ◽

Control Group ◽

Peroxide Bleaching ◽

Color Changes ◽

Tukey Test ◽

Bleaching Gels ◽

Bleaching Treatment

SUMMARY The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of 20% and 35% hydrogen peroxide bleaching gels on the color, opacity, and fluorescence of composite resins. Seven composite resin brands were tested and 30 specimens, 3-mm in diameter and 2-mm thick, of each material were fabricated, for a total of 210 specimens. The specimens of each tested material were divided into three subgroups (n=10) according to the bleaching therapy tested: 20% hydrogen peroxide gel, 35% hydroxide peroxide gel, and the control group. The baseline color, opacity, and fluorescence were assessed by spectrophotometry. Four 30-minute bleaching gel applications, two hours in total, were performed. The control group did not receive bleaching treatment and was stored in deionized water. Final assessments were performed, and data were analyzed by two-way analysis of variance and Tukey tests (p<0.05). Color changes were significant for different tested bleaching therapies (p<0.0001), with the greatest color change observed for 35% hydrogen peroxide gel. No difference in opacity was detected for all analyzed parameters. Fluorescence changes were influenced by composite resin brand (p<0.0001) and bleaching therapy (p=0.0016) used. No significant differences in fluorescence between different bleaching gel concentrations were detected by Tukey test. The greatest fluorescence alteration was detected on the brand Z350. It was concluded that 35% hydrogen peroxide bleaching gel generated the greatest color change among all evaluated materials. No statistical opacity changes were detected for all tested variables, and significant fluorescence changes were dependent on the material and bleaching therapy, regardless of the gel concentration.

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Effect of thickener agents on dental enamel microhardness submitted to at-home bleaching

Brazilian Oral Research ◽

10.1590/s1806-83242007000200013 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 21 (2) ◽

pp. 170-175 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

José Augusto Rodrigues ◽

Glauco Paulo Felício Oliveira ◽

Cristiane Mariote Amaral

Keyword(s):

Oxidation Reaction ◽

Artificial Saliva ◽

Dental Enamel ◽

Experimental Treatment ◽

The Other ◽

Carbamide Peroxide ◽

Dental Bleaching ◽

Mineral Loss ◽

At Home

Dental bleaching occurs due to an oxidation reaction between the bleaching agents and the macromolecules of pigments in the teeth. This reaction is unspecific and the peroxides can also affect the dental matrix causing mineral loss. On the other hand, recent studies have suggested that the thickener agent carbopol can also cause mineral loss. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate in vitro the effect of at-home dental bleaching on dental enamel microhardness after the use of bleaching agents with and without carbopol as a thickener agent. Bovine dental slabs with 3 x 3 x 3 mm were obtained, sequentially polished, and randomly divided into 4 groups according to the experimental treatment: G1: 2% carbopol; G2: 10% carbamide peroxide with carbopol; G3: carbowax; G4: 10% carbamide peroxide with poloxamer. Bleaching was performed daily for 4 weeks, immersed in artificial saliva. Enamel microhardness values were obtained before the treatment (T0) and 7 (T1), 14 (T2), 21 (T3), 28 (T4), and 42 (T5) days after the beginning of the treatment. ANOVA and Tukey's test revealed statistically significant differences only for the factor Time (F = 5.48; p < 0.01). All bleaching and thickener agents caused no alterations on the enamel microhardness.

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Effect of Lidocaine- and Prilocaine-Based Topical Anesthetics on the Inflammatory Exudates in Subcutaneous Tissue of Rats

Anesthesia Progress ◽

10.2344/11-23.1 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 59 (2) ◽

pp. 57-61 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Márcia Thaís Pochapski ◽

José Laufer Neto ◽

Jocélia Lago Jassen ◽

Paulo Vitor Farago ◽

Fábio André Santos

Keyword(s):

Vascular Permeability ◽

Subcutaneous Tissue ◽

Pearson Correlation ◽

Vehicle Group ◽

Control Group ◽

Topical Anesthetics ◽

Anesthetic Agents ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Group 2 ◽

Post Hoc

The aim of this present study was to evaluate the irritative potential of 2 topical anesthetics used in intrapocket anesthesia for periodontal scaling/root planing when applied in subcutaneous tissue of rats. Sixty animals were divided into 4 groups: group 1, saline solution (control); group 2, poloxamer gel (thermosetting vehicle); group 3, lidocaine and prilocaine poloxamer thermosetting gel; group 4: EMLA, a lidocaine and prilocaine dermatological cream. Injections of 2% Evans blue were administrated intravenously into the lateral caudal vein. In order to analyze vascular permeability, the tested substances were injected intradermally. The rats were sacrificed 3, 6, and 9 hours after injection of the substances. The dorsal skin was dissected and removed. The vascular permeability was evaluated by the measurement of area of dye extravasation and the dye was subsequently extracted after immersion in formamide. Statistical analyses were made by ANOVA with Bonferroni's post hoc test and Pearson correlation. The 2 methods to analyze the exudative phase of the inflammatory process showed statistically significant difference among the groups and periods of evaluation (P < .05). Both methods had a significant correlation (P < .0001). Under the tested conditions, the anesthetic agents showed mild initial inflammatory response when implanted in subcutaneous connective tissue.

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Brushing Effect of Abrasive Dentifrices during At-home Bleaching with 10% Carbamide Peroxide on Enamel Surface Roughness

The Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice ◽

10.5005/jcdp-7-1-25 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

pp. 25-34 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Luís Roberto Marcondes Martins ◽

Claudia Cia Worschech ◽

José Augusto Rodrigues ◽

Gláucia Maria Bovi Ambrosano

Keyword(s):

Surface Roughness ◽

Artificial Saliva ◽

Enamel Surface ◽

Tooth Bleaching ◽

Carbamide Peroxide ◽

Peroxide Bleaching ◽

Human Enamel ◽

Over Time ◽

At Home

Abstract During tooth bleaching abrasive dentifrices might change the outer superficial enamel. The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the roughness of human enamel exposed to a 10% carbamide peroxide bleaching agent at different times and submitted to different superficial cleaning treatments. The study consisted of 60 sound human enamel slabs, randomly assigned to different treatment groups: G1 - not brushed; G2 - brushed with a fluoride abrasive dentifrice; G3 - brushed with a non-fluoride abrasive dentifrice; and G4 - brushed without a dentifrice. There were 15 enamel slabs per group. Slabs of molar teeth were obtained and sequentially polished with sandpaper and abrasive pastes. A perfilometer was used to obtain the mean of Ra value on the surface of each specimen to initial and experimental times. Bleaching was performed on the enamel surface for six hours daily. After that, each slab received a cleaning surface treatment and was stored in artificial saliva. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey's HSD hoc analysis (α =0.05) revealed significant differences in roughness values over time for enamel bleached and treated with different superficial cleaning methods. G1 and G4 showed no significant differences in roughness over time, G2 and G3 showed a significant increase in the surface roughness values. This in vitro investigation showed the sole use of 10% carbamide peroxide did not alter the enamel surface roughness, but the cleaning treatments that employed the use of brushing with abrasive dentifrices resulted in a significant increase of enamel surface roughness. Citation Worschech CC, Rodrigues JA, Martins LRM, Ambrosano GMB. Brushing Effect of Abrasive Dentifrices during At-home Bleaching with 10% Carbamide Peroxide on Enamel Surface Roughness. J Contemp Dent Pract 2006 February;(7)1:025-034.

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Enamel Surface Changes After Exposure to Bleaching Gels Containing Carbamide Peroxide or Hydrogen Peroxide

Operative Dentistry ◽

10.2341/15-010-l ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 41 (1) ◽

pp. E39-E47 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

B Cvikl ◽

A Lussi ◽

A Moritz ◽

S Flury

Keyword(s):

Hydrogen Peroxide ◽

Surface Roughness ◽

Elastic Modulus ◽

Color Change ◽

Surface Hardness ◽

Enamel Surface ◽

Carbamide Peroxide ◽

Peroxide Bleaching ◽

Bleaching Gels ◽

Bleaching Treatment

SUMMARY Objective This study evaluated the differences in enamel color change, surface hardness, elastic modulus, and surface roughness between treatments with four bleaching gels containing carbamide peroxide (two at 10% and one each at 35%, and 45%) and two bleaching gels containing hydrogen peroxide (two at 40%). Methods Enamel specimens were bleached and color changes were measured. Color change was calculated using either ΔE or the Bleaching Index (BI). Then, surface hardness, elastic modulus, and surface roughness of the enamel specimens were evaluated. All measurements were performed at baseline and directly after the first bleaching treatment for all carbamide peroxide– and hydrogen peroxide–containing bleaching gels. In addition, final measurements were made 24 hours after each of a total of 10 bleaching treatments for carbamide peroxide bleaching gels, and 1 week after each of a total of three bleaching treatments for hydrogen peroxide bleaching gels. Results After the last bleaching treatment, respective ΔE scores were 17.6 and 8.2 for the two 10% carbamide peroxide gels, 12.9 and 5.6 for the 45% and 35% carbamide peroxide gels, and 9.6 and 13.9 for the two 40% hydrogen peroxide gels. The respective BI scores were −2.0 and −2.0 for the two 10% carbamide peroxide gels, −3.5 and −1.5 for the 45% and 35% carbamide peroxide gels, and −2.0 and −3.0 for the two 40% hydrogen peroxide gels. Each bleaching gel treatment resulted in significant whitening; however, no significant difference was found among the gels after the last bleaching. Whitening occurred within the first bleaching treatments and did not increase significantly during the remaining treatments. Surface hardness significantly decreased after the last bleaching treatment, when 10% carbamide peroxide was used. Furthermore, significant changes in the elastic modulus or surface roughness occurred only after treatment with 10% carbamide peroxide. Conclusion All six bleaching gels effectively bleached the enamel specimens independent of their concentration of peroxide. Gels with low peroxide concentration and longer contact time negatively affected the enamel surface.

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