Initial and pulp chamber concentration of hydrogen peroxide using different bleaching products

Objective: This study’s aim was to quantify the hydrogen peroxide (HP) penetration into the pulp chamber of teeth submitted to different protocols of bleaching. Material and Methods: Ninety premolars were randomly divided into nine groups according to the bleaching agent protocol (n = 10): control (no bleaching), carbamide peroxide 10% [10% CP], carbamide peroxide 16% [16% CP], carbamide peroxide 22% [22% CP], hydrogen peroxide 4% [4% HP], hydrogen peroxide 6% [6% HP], hydrogen peroxide 7.5% [7.5% HP], hydrogen peroxide 10% [10% HP] and hydrogen peroxide 35% [35% HP]. The penetration of HP was measured via spectrophotometric analysis of the acetate buffer solution from the pulp chamber. The absorbance of the resulting solution was determined in a spectrophotometer and converted into equivalent concentration of HP (μg/ mL). To analyze the concentration of HP, the titration of bleaching agents with potassium permanganate was used. Data were subjected to ANOVA and Tukey’s test for pairwise comparison (α = 0.05). Results: Higher concentration of HP in the pulp chamber was found in the HP 35% group (p < 0.0001). No significant difference between at-home protocols were observed (p = 0.64). Titration values showed that the concentration of the products was similar to that claimed by the manufacturer. Conclusion: It follows that the amount of HP that reaches the pulp chamber is not proportional to the concentration of whitening gels, but depends on the application time recommended by the manufacturers.KEYWORDSAt-home bleaching; Dental enamel permeability; Inoffice bleaching; Tooth bleaching.

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Penetration of Hydrogen Peroxide and Degradation Rate of Different Bleaching Products

Operative Dentistry ◽

10.2341/13-270-l ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 40 (1) ◽

pp. 72-79 ◽

Cited By ~ 33

Author(s):

FC Marson ◽

RS Gonçalves ◽

CO Silva ◽

LTÂ Cintra ◽

RC Pascotto ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Hydrogen Peroxide ◽

Residence Time ◽

Degradation Rate ◽

Dental Enamel ◽

Spectrophotometric Analysis ◽

Acetate Buffer Solution ◽

Tooth Surface ◽

Buffer Solution ◽

Tooth Structure ◽

Bleaching Gels

SUMMARY This study's aim was to evaluate the degradation rate of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and to quantify its penetration in tooth structure, considering the residence time of bleaching products on the dental enamel. For this study, bovine teeth were randomly divided according to the bleaching product received: Opalescence Xtra Boost 38%, White Gold Office 35%, Whiteness HP Blue 35%, Whiteness HP Maxx 35%, and Lase Peroxide Sensy 35%. To analyze the degradation of H2O2, the titration of bleaching agents with potassium permanganate was used, while the penetration of H2O2 was measured via spectrophotometric analysis of the acetate buffer solution, collected from the artificial pulp chamber. The analyses were performed immediately as well as 15 minutes, 30 minutes, and 45 minutes after product application. The data of degradation rate of H2O2 were submitted to analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey tests, while ANOVA and Fisher tests were used for the quantification of H2O2, at the 5% level. The results showed that all products significantly reduced the concentration of H2O2 activates at the end of 45 minutes. It was also verified that the penetration of H2O2 was enhanced by increasing the residence time of the product on the tooth surface. It was concluded that the bleaching gels retained substantial concentrations of H2O2 after 45 minutes of application, and penetration of H2O2 in the dental structure is time-dependent.

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Quantification of Peroxide Ion Passage in Dentin, Enamel, and Cementum After Internal Bleaching With Hydrogen Peroxide

Operative Dentistry ◽

10.2341/11-334-l ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 37 (6) ◽

pp. 660-664 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

RM Palo ◽

I Bonetti-Filho ◽

MC Valera ◽

CHR Camargo ◽

SEA Camargo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Hydrogen Peroxide ◽

External Surface ◽

Acetate Buffer Solution ◽

Bleaching Agent ◽

Pulp Chamber ◽

Control Groups ◽

Buffer Solution ◽

Exposed Area ◽

Blue Solution ◽

Nail Varnish

SUMMARY The aim of this study was to evaluate the amount of peroxide passage from the pulp chamber to the external enamel surface during the internal bleaching technique. Fifty bovine teeth were sectioned transversally 5 mm below the cemento-enamel junction (CEJ), and the remaining part of the root was sealed with a 2-mm layer of glass ionomer cement. The external surface of the samples was coated with nail varnish, with the exception of standardized circular areas (6-mm diameter) located on the enamel, exposed dentin, or cementum surface of the tooth. The teeth were divided into three experimental groups according to exposed areas close to the CEJ and into two control groups (n=10/group), as follows: GE, enamel exposure area; GC, cementum exposed area; GD, dentin exposed area; Negative control, no presence of internal bleaching agent and uncoated surface; and Positive control, pulp chamber filled with bleaching agent and external surface totally coated with nail varnish. The pulp chamber was filled with 35% hydrogen peroxide (Opalescence Endo, Ultradent). Each sample was placed inside of individual flasks with 1000 μL of acetate buffer solution, 2 M (pH 4.5). After seven days, the buffer solution was transferred to a glass tube, in which 100 μL of leuco-crystal violet and 50 μL of horseradish peroxidase were added, producing a blue solution. The optical density of the blue solution was determined by spectrophotometer and converted into microgram equivalents of hydrogen peroxide. Data were submitted to Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn-Bonferroni tests (α=0.05). All experimental groups presented passage of peroxide to the external surface that was statistically different from that observed in the control groups. It was verified that the passage of peroxide was higher in GD than in GE (p<0.01). The GC group presented a significantly lower peroxide passage than did GD and GE (p<0.01). It can be concluded that the hydrogen peroxide placed into the pulp chamber passed through the dental hard tissues, reaching the external surface and the periodontal tissue. The cementum surface was less permeable than were the dentin and enamel surfaces.

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Permeability of different groups of maxillary teeth after 38% hydrogen peroxide internal bleaching

Brazilian Dental Journal ◽

10.1590/s0103-64402009000400007 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 20 (4) ◽

pp. 303-306 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Lívia Maria Rodrigues ◽

Luis Pascoal Vansan ◽

Jesus Djalma Pécora ◽

Melissa Andréia Marchesan

Keyword(s):

Hydrogen Peroxide ◽

Copper Sulfate ◽

Lateral Incisor ◽

Tooth Bleaching ◽

Bleaching Agent ◽

Pulp Chamber ◽

Dentin Permeability ◽

Anterior Teeth ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Rubeanic Acid

This study evaluated the influence of internal tooth bleaching with 38% hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) on the permeability of the coronal dentin in maxillary anterior teeth and premolars. Seventy teeth (14 per group) were used: central incisors (CI), lateral incisor (LI), canines (C), first premolars (1PM) and second premolars (2PM). Pulp chamber access and transversal sectioning at 2 mm from the cementoenamel junction were performed and the specimens were divided into 2 groups (n= 7): a) no treatment and b) bleaching with 38% H2O2. The bleaching agent was applied to the buccal surface and to the pulp chamber for 10 min. This procedure was repeated 3 times. The specimens were processed histochemically with copper sulfate and rubeanic acid, sectioned longitudinally, and digitalized in a scanner. The area of stained dentin was measured using Image Tool software. Data were analyzed statistically by ANOVA and Tukey's HSD test (?=0.05). There was statistically significant difference (p<0.001) among the untreated groups, CI (0.23 ± 0.26) having the lowest permeability and LI (10.14 ± 1.89) the highest permeability. Among the bleached groups, dentin permeability was increased in all groups of teeth except for 2PM. It may be concluded that bleaching with 38% H2O2 affected dentin permeability near the pulp chamber in maxillary anterior teeth and in first and second premolars.

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Effects of the Concentration and Composition of In-office Bleaching Gels on Hydrogen Peroxide Penetration into the Pulp Chamber

Operative Dentistry ◽

10.2341/13-352-l ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 40 (2) ◽

pp. E76-E82 ◽

Cited By ~ 30

Author(s):

AP Mena-Serrano ◽

SO Parreiras ◽

EMS do Nascimento ◽

CPF Borges ◽

SB Berger ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Hydrogen Peroxide ◽

Acetate Buffer ◽

Acetate Buffer Solution ◽

Control Group ◽

Pulp Chamber ◽

Pulp Tissue ◽

Buffer Solution ◽

Bleaching Procedure ◽

Blue Solution

SUMMARY In tooth whitening, the hydrogen peroxide (HP) diffuses in the enamel and dentin, reaching the pulp. This in vitro study aimed to quantify the penetration of HP in the pulp chamber in teeth submitted to bleaching agents of different concentrations of HP without calcium (HP 20% [20CF], HP 35% [35CF]) and with calcium (HP 20% [20CC], HP 35% [35CC]). Method Fifty human premolars were sectioned 3 mm from the cemento-enamel junction and the pulp tissue was removed. The teeth were divided into five groups according to treatment and with a control group (n=10). An acetate buffer solution was placed in the pulp chamber of all teeth. The control group was exposed only to distilled water, while the other groups were treated with a bleaching procedure, according to the manufacturer's recommendations. After treatment, the acetate buffer solution was transferred to a glass tube in which leuco-crystal violet and peroxidase solutions were added, resulting in a blue solution. The optical density of this blue solution was determined spectrophotometrically and converted into micrograms equivalent to the HP. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance and Tukey tests (α=0.05). Results The HP concentration did not affect the HP inside the pulp chamber, but the presence of calcium significantly reduced it (p<0.0001). Conclusion The amount of HP that reaches the pulp chamber depends on the bleaching protocol and the product employed, and it seems to be less affected by HP concentration.

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Effect of Adhesive Restoration and Bleaching Technique on the Concentration of Hydrogen Peroxide In the Pulp Chamber

Operative Dentistry ◽

10.2341/16-079-l ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 42 (2) ◽

pp. E44-E54 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

V Cavalli ◽

BG Silva ◽

SB Berger ◽

G Abuna ◽

FC Marson ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Hydrogen Peroxide ◽

Confocal Microscopy ◽

Light Emitting Diode ◽

Acetate Buffer Solution ◽

Control Group ◽

Light Activation ◽

Pulp Chamber ◽

Buffer Solution ◽

Light Emitting ◽

Halogen Light

SUMMARY This study aimed to quantify the concentration of hydrogen peroxide into the pulp chamber in the presence or absence of adhesive enamel restorations and to analyze the resin-dentin interface of bleached groups. Bovine incisors (120) were randomly divided into three groups according to enamel treatment (n=40 each): (1) enamel without restoration (control); (2) enamel cavities (3 mm diameter × 1.5 mm depth) restored with a silorane-based (SB) system; or (3) enamel cavities (3 mm diameter × 1.5 mm depth) restored with a dimethacrylate-based (DB) system. Restorations were thermocycled, and all groups were submitted to one application of 35% hydrogen peroxide (HP) agent for 45 minutes and subjected to four light activation methods (n=10 each): without light, light-emitting diode (LED), LED/diode laser, or halogen light. Acetate buffer solution was placed into the pulp chamber before bleaching, and this solution was collected to spectrophotometrically determine the concentration of HP that reached the pulp chamber after bleaching. Rhodamine B was added to the HP agent and applied on additional enamel samples of each group for 24 hours. Samples were sectioned mesiodistally, and the bleaching agent was traced using confocal microscopy. According to two-way analysis of variance and Tukey test (α=0.05), the HP concentration in the pulp chamber of the control group was significantly lower than that of the SB group (p<0.05), regardless of light activation. No differences were observed between DB and SB groups and between control and DB groups, except for the DB halogen light activated group, which exhibited higher HP intrapulpal concentration (p<0.05). Confocal microscopy exhibited HP diffusion through the interface of the SB and DB restored groups as well as enamel prisms in the control group. The SB restorative system increased the HP diffusion into the pulp chamber, but HP was able to diffuse even in the absence of enamel restorations.

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Effects of different degrees of acidity and concentration of bleaching agents on human enamel mineral content and surface morphology over time

Brazilian Dental Science ◽

10.14295/bds.2018.v21i1.1493 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

pp. 54

Author(s):

Alessandra Pereira Andrade ◽

Angela Mayumi Shimaoka ◽

Marcio Vivan Cardoso ◽

Rubens Côrte Real Carvalho

Keyword(s):

Hydrogen Peroxide ◽

Surface Morphology ◽

Mineral Content ◽

Dental Enamel ◽

Positive Control ◽

Negative Control ◽

Carbamide Peroxide ◽

Human Enamel ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Repeated Applications

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of pH and concentration of bleaching agents on the mineral content and surface morphology of human dental enamel for 14 days. Material and Methods: Eighty human central incisors were randomly divided into 8 groups (n=10): G1-7.5% hydrogen peroxide/pH=9.0; G2–9.5% hydrogen peroxide/pH=9.0; G3-7.5% hydrogen peroxide/pH=7.0; G4-9.5% hydrogen peroxide/pH=7.0; G5-10% carbamide peroxide/pH=5.0; G6-16% carbamide peroxide/pH=5.0; G7-37% phosphoric acid 15s (positive control); G8-no treatment (negative control). The mineral analysis of the bleaching gel collected was assessed by ICP-AES and surface morphology was observed by SEM. Results: Friedman and Dunn’s statistical test demonstrated significant differences among the proposed treatments (p<0.01). No significant difference was found among groups treated with hydrogen peroxide (G1, G2, G3, and G4) or among groups G5, G6 and G7 (p>0.01). However, the latter groups showed significantly higher values as compared to groups G1, G2, G3 and G4 (p<0.01). Conclusion: Alteration in enamel mineral content may not be influenced by concentration when bleaching agents with the same pH are compared. The most apparent alterations in mineral content and surface morphology may be noted when more acidic products are used. The daily mineral content measurement may not be influenced by repeated applications of bleaching agents. KeywordsDental bleaching; Mineral content; Enamel; Peroxide; Demineralization; pH.

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Combination of at-home and in-office bleaching techniques: case series

RGO - Revista Gaúcha de Odontologia ◽

10.1590/1981-863720200003620190149 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 69 ◽

Author(s):

Marcela Alvarez FERRETTI ◽

Matheus KURY ◽

Beatriz Curvello de MENDONÇA ◽

Marcelo GIANNINI ◽

Vanessa CAVALLI ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Hydrogen Peroxide ◽

Case Series ◽

Tooth Bleaching ◽

Central Incisor ◽

Carbamide Peroxide ◽

Tooth Sensitivity ◽

Tooth Color ◽

Shade Guide ◽

At Home

ABSTRACT Tooth bleaching is one of the most conservative aesthetic techniques. At-home and in-office bleaching may be performed, as well as the combination of both techniques. As this combination may be done in different manners, distinct orders of combinations were proposed in this report. A 24 years-old man, whose upper central incisor and canine shades were A2 and A3 respectively, was initially treated by chair-side with 40-min application of 40% hydrogen peroxide (HP) for two sessions. Afterwards, an two-week overnight at-home bleaching was performed with 10% carbamide peroxide (CP). The shade of upper central incisors changed to 1M1 and canine was B1. Conversely, a 30 years-old woman was firstly conducted with at-home bleaching (overnight 4-weeks 10% CP) and, subsequently, with a single appointment of in-office bleaching for 45 minutes (35% HP). The shade of her upper central incisor changed from A1 to 0.5M1 and the upper canine from A3 to B1. The VITA classical (A1-D4) shade guide and VITA Bleached guide 3D-MASTER were used to determine the tooth color during the treatments. In both bleaching treatments, patients reported no significant tooth sensitivity and the final outcomes met their expectation.

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Effects of Amorphous Calcium Phosphate Administration on Dental Sensitivity during In-Office and At-Home Interventions

Dentistry Journal ◽

10.3390/dj6040052 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 6 (4) ◽

pp. 52 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Giacomo Oldoini ◽

Antonino Bruno ◽

Anna Genovesi ◽

Luca Parisi

Keyword(s):

Hydrogen Peroxide ◽

Calcium Phosphate ◽

Amorphous Calcium Phosphate ◽

Potassium Fluoride ◽

Tooth Bleaching ◽

Carbamide Peroxide ◽

Casein Phosphopeptides ◽

Group 2 ◽

Group 1 ◽

At Home

Background. Tooth bleaching is the most frequently employed whitening procedure in clinics. The major side effect of tooth bleaching is dental sensitivity during and after the treatment. Here, we evaluated whether the administration of amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP), during in-office and at-home procedures may impact on dental sensitivity. Methods. Eighty patients, responding to the study requirements were enrolled according to the following criteria. Group 1 (n = 40), received in-office, 10% ACP prior to 30% professional hydrogen peroxide application. The whitening procedure continued at home using 10% carbamide peroxide with 15% ACP for 15 days. Group 2 (n = 40) received only 30% hydrogen peroxide application and continued the whitening procedures at home, using 10% carbamide hydroxide, without ACP- Casein phosphopeptides (CPP), for 15 days. Dental sensitivity was recorded with a visual analogue scale (VAS) at baseline, immediately after, and at 15 days after treatment in the two groups. Results. We observed that patients receiving ACP in the bleaching mixture experienced decreased dental sensitivity (* p ≤ 0.05), as detected by VAS scale analysis immediately following the procedures. Patients receiving ACP-CPP during at-home procedures showed a statistically significant (*** p ≤ 0.0001) reduction of dental sensitivity. Conclusions. We demonstrated that ACP-CPP administration, while exerting the same whitening effects as in control subjects receiving potassium fluoride (PF), had an impact on the reduction of dental sensitivity, improving patient compliance.

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Clinical evaluation of domestic dental whitening strategies

Research Society and Development ◽

10.33448/rsd-v10i5.14948 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (5) ◽

pp. e35610514948

Author(s):

João Victor Batista Soares Silva ◽

Vitória Alves de Melo ◽

Marlon Ferreira Dias ◽

Paulo Cardoso Lins-Filho ◽

Fábio Barbosa de Souza ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Hydrogen Peroxide ◽

Tooth Bleaching ◽

Control Group ◽

Night Time ◽

Tooth Sensitivity ◽

Home Based ◽

Chemically Induced ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Degree Of Satisfaction ◽

Gingival Irritation

Tooth bleaching has become the first clinical option in reversing chromatic changes. This study evaluated the efficiency of four different approaches for home-based chemically induced tooth whitening. 32 patients were randomly distributed into four groups (n=8), according to the bleaching technique performed: G1: control group – at-home dental bleaching with 10% carbamide peroxide (Whiteness Perfect/FGM) delivered in a customized tray, G2: teeth whitening pen containing hydrogen peroxide (Walgreens), G3: night-time whitening gel (CVS) containing hydrogen peroxide and G4: whitening strips (3D White Oral B) containing 10% hydrogen peroxide. Chromatic changes (ΔE) were collected at baseline and at the middle and end of the treatment, using a digital spectrophotometer (EasyShade – Vita). Tooth sensitivity, gingival irritation, and degree of satisfaction were also recorded. The comparison between the average ΔE means, considering the final and initial values, revealed a statistically significant difference between the results obtained by G1 (ΔE2=11.65) and the other groups (ΔE2 of G2=4.38, G3=4.83 and G4 = 8.32). No significant difference was observed in the occurrence of tooth sensitivity and gingival irritation. The patients from G1 and G4 were more satisfied with the treatment outcome.

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Comparação sobre a eficácia e sensibilidade dos diferentes tipos de clareamento dental: uma revisão de literatura

Research Society and Development ◽

10.33448/rsd-v10i7.16516 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (7) ◽

pp. e12810716516

Author(s):

Maria Paula Novaes Camargo Manna ◽

Rafaela Henriques Moreira ◽

Yuri de Lima Medeiros ◽

Isabella Silva Santos ◽

Augusto de Sousa Lana ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Hydrogen Peroxide ◽

Tooth Bleaching ◽

Carbamide Peroxide ◽

Dentin Sensitivity

Nos dias atuais, a estética do sorriso vem crescendo no mercado, visto que muitos consideram como parte do padrão de beleza desejável, o sorriso alinhado e os dentes brancos. Assim sendo, o clareamento dental constitui um dos procedimentos mais procurados e realizados pelos cirurgiões-dentistas, no quesito estética. Dessa forma, o cirurgião-dentista deve ter uma base sólida de conhecimento a respeito, para que faça uma avaliação clínica e o correto diagnóstico da estrutura dental, indicando a melhor técnica em cada caso. Para tanto, foi realizada uma revisão de literatura sobre os tipos de clareamento dental, comparando-os quanto à eficácia, em relação à alteração de cor, e quanto à sensibilidade, com buscas nas bases de dados, Pubmed, Scielo e Scopus, através dos descritores: Tooth bleaching; Carbamide peroxide; Hydrogen Peroxide; Dentin Sensitivity. Foram considerados elegíveis estudos em inglês, português ou espanhol, publicados entre 01/2006 a 05/2021. Assim, notou-se que as técnicas de clareamento são capazes de atingir os mesmos resultados quanto à mudança de cor, mas com variação no tempo e indicação. Quanto à sensibilidade, há uma tendência dessa ser maior, quando usado gel de maior concentração. Porém, já existem atualmente, géis clareadores contendo substâncias dessensibilizantes, e/ou protocolos que podem ser utilizados, para que se tenha uma redução da mesma. Além disso, quando realizada a técnica de clareamento caseiro, sugere-se dar preferência ao gel de Peróxido de Carbamida na menor concentração, uma vez que esse apresenta menor risco de desenvolvimento de sensibilidade dentária e é eficaz, se comparado às maiores concentrações.

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