scholarly journals Region of Interest (ROI) for EEG Activity in Depressed Young Adult

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (3.22) ◽  
pp. 10
Author(s):  
Lim Zi Xiang ◽  
Norsiah Fauzan
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Young Adult ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Region Of Interest ◽  
Recurrent Depression ◽  
Quantitative Electroencephalography ◽  
Neural Activities ◽  
Depressed Group ◽  
Dorsolateral Prefrontal ◽  
Healthy Control

Several abnormal neural activities in regions such as dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and prefrontal cortex (PFC) are known to be associated with depression. However most studies focused on major depression disorder and less on mild and moderate depression, moreover, these studies are mostly conducted in United State and European countries. This study uses data from 12 mild and moderately depressed and 12 healthy control young adult in Malaysia to examine the differences in brain activity via spectrum and coherence analysis in quantitative electroencephalography (qEEG). The study found that depressed group have higher beta on the anterior region that is found on people with depression and recurrent depression in previous studies, and higher theta on the prefrontal cortex may associate with deficits in attention and working memory in resting state compare to healthy control. Furthermore, left and right frontal showed low beta2 coherence that may indicate imbalance of functional processes.  

scholarly journals Prefrontal dysfunction associated with a history of suicide attempts among patients with recent onset schizophrenia

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun Matsuoka ◽  
Shinsuke Koike ◽  
Yoshihiro Satomura ◽  
Naohiro Okada ◽  
Yukika Nishimura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Suicide Attempts ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Disease Onset ◽  
Recent Onset ◽  
Dorsolateral Prefrontal ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Right

Abstract Suicide is a major cause of death in patients with schizophrenia, particularly among those with recent disease onset. Although brain imaging studies have identified the neuroanatomical correlates of suicidal behavior, functional brain activity correlates particularly in patients with recent-onset schizophrenia (ROSZ) remain unknown. Using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) recording with a high-density coverage of the prefrontal area, we investigated whether prefrontal activity is altered in patients with ROSZ having a history of suicide attempts. A 52-channel NIRS system was used to examine hemodynamic changes in patients with ROSZ that had a history of suicide attempts (n = 24) or that lacked such a history (n = 62), and age- and sex-matched healthy controls (n = 119), during a block-design letter fluency task (LFT). Patients with a history of suicide attempts exhibited decreased activation in the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex compared with those without such a history. Our findings indicate that specific regions of the prefrontal cortex may be associated with suicidal attempts, which may have implications for early intervention for psychosis.

scholarly journals Impaired Subcortical Detection of Auditory Changes in Schizophrenia but Not in Major Depression

2019 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 193-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arnim Johannes Gaebler ◽  
Jana Zweerings ◽  
Jan Willem Koten ◽  
Andrea Anna König ◽  
Bruce I Turetsky ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Major Depression ◽  
Auditory Processing ◽  
Region Of Interest ◽  
Auditory Pathway ◽  
Consistent Finding ◽  
Healthy Control ◽  
Patient Groups ◽  
Processing Deficits ◽  
Cortical Dysfunction

Abstract The mismatch negativity is a cortical response to auditory changes and its reduction is a consistent finding in schizophrenia. Recent evidence revealed that the human brain detects auditory changes already at subcortical stages of the auditory pathway. This finding, however, raises the question where in the auditory hierarchy the schizophrenic deficit first evolves and whether the well-known cortical deficit may be a consequence of dysfunction at lower hierarchical levels. Finally, it should be resolved whether mismatch profiles differ between schizophrenia and affective disorders which exhibit auditory processing deficits as well. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging to assess auditory mismatch processing in 29 patients with schizophrenia, 27 patients with major depression, and 31 healthy control subjects. Analysis included whole-brain activation, region of interest, path and connectivity analysis. In schizophrenia, mismatch deficits emerged at all stages of the auditory pathway including the inferior colliculus, thalamus, auditory, and prefrontal cortex. In depression, deficits were observed in the prefrontal cortex only. Path analysis revealed that activation deficits propagated from subcortical to cortical nodes in a feed-forward mechanism. Finally, both patient groups exhibited reduced connectivity along this processing stream. Auditory mismatch impairments in schizophrenia already manifest at the subcortical level. Moreover, subcortical deficits contribute to the well-known cortical deficits and show specificity for schizophrenia. In contrast, depression is associated with cortical dysfunction only. Hence, schizophrenia and major depression exhibit different neural profiles of sensory processing deficits. Our findings add to a converging body of evidence for brainstem and thalamic dysfunction as a hallmark of schizophrenia.

scholarly journals Sleep restriction caused impaired emotional regulation without detectable brain activation changes—a functional magnetic resonance imaging study

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 181704 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra Tamm ◽  
Gustav Nilsonne ◽  
Johanna Schwarz ◽  
Armita Golkar ◽  
Göran Kecklund ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Emotional Regulation ◽  
Emotional Processing ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Cognitive Reappraisal ◽  
Imaging Study ◽  
Sleep Restriction ◽  
Dorsolateral Prefrontal ◽  
Normal Sleep ◽  
Increased Activity

Sleep restriction has been proposed to cause impaired emotional processing and emotional regulation by inhibiting top-down control from prefrontal cortex to amygdala. Intentional emotional regulation after sleep restriction has, however, never been studied using brain imaging. We aimed here to investigate the effect of partial sleep restriction on emotional regulation through cognitive reappraisal. Forty-seven young (age 20–30) and 33 older (age 65–75) participants (38/23 with complete data and successful sleep intervention) performed a cognitive reappraisal task during fMRI after a night of normal sleep and after restricted sleep (3 h). Emotional downregulation was associated with significantly increased activity in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex ( p FWE < 0.05) and lateral orbital cortex ( p FWE < 0.05) in young, but not in older subjects. Sleep restriction was associated with a decrease in self-reported regulation success to negative stimuli ( p < 0.01) and a trend towards perceiving all stimuli as less negative ( p = 0.07) in young participants. No effects of sleep restriction on brain activity nor connectivity were found in either age group. In conclusion, our data do not support the idea of a prefrontal-amygdala disconnect after sleep restriction, and neural mechanisms underlying behavioural effects on emotional regulation after insufficient sleep require further investigation.

scholarly journals Balance between Transmitter Availability and Dopamine D2 Receptors in Prefrontal Cortex Influences Memory Functioning

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 989-1000 ◽  
Author(s):  
Goran Papenberg ◽  
Nina Karalija ◽  
Alireza Salami ◽  
Anna Rieckmann ◽  
Micael Andersson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
D2 Receptors ◽  
Imaging Data ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Data ◽  
Memory Functioning ◽  
Dorsolateral Prefrontal ◽  
Dopaminergic Tone

Abstract Insufficient or excessive dopaminergic tone impairs cognitive performance. We examine whether the balance between transmitter availability and dopamine (DA) D2 receptors (D2DRs) is important for successful memory performance in a large sample of adults (n = 175, 64–68 years). The Catechol-O-Methyltransferase polymorphism served as genetic proxy for endogenous prefrontal DA availability, and D2DRs in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) were measured with [11C]raclopride-PET. Individuals for whom D2DR status matched DA availability showed higher levels of episodic and working-memory performance than individuals with insufficient or excessive DA availability relative to the number of receptors. A similar pattern restricted to episodic memory was observed for D2DRs in caudate. Functional magnetic resonance imaging data acquired during working-memory performance confirmed the importance of a balanced DA system for load-dependent brain activity in dlPFC. Our data suggest that the inverted-U–shaped function relating DA signaling to cognition is modulated by a dynamic association between DA availability and receptor status.

scholarly journals Cognitive Brain Signatures of Youth With Early Onset and Relatives With Schizophrenia: Evidence From fMRI Meta-analyses

2020 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 857-868
Author(s):  
Marie Arsalidou ◽  
Zachary Yaple ◽  
Tomas Jurcik ◽  
Vadim Ushakov
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Early Onset ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Temporal Cortex ◽  
Middle Temporal Gyrus ◽  
Early Onset Schizophrenia ◽  
Dorsolateral Prefrontal ◽  
Brain Correlates ◽  
Meta Analyses

Abstract Deficits in cognitive function are a major characteristic of schizophrenia. Many functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies examine brain correlates of cognitive function in adults with schizophrenia, showing altered implication of associative areas such as the prefrontal cortex and temporal cortex. fMRI studies also examine brain representation of cognitive function in adolescents with early onset schizophrenia and those at risk of the disorder, yet results are often inconsistent. We compile and analyze data from eligible fMRI studies using quantitative meta-analyses to reveal concordant brain activity associated with adolescent relatives of patients with schizophrenia and those with early onset schizophrenia. Results show similar functional hubs of brain activity (eg, precuneus) yet in opposite hemispheres and clusters in ventrolateral rather than dorsolateral prefrontal cortices. Other areas of altered implication include the middle temporal gyrus, insula, and cerebellum. We discuss the findings in reference to the protracted maturation of the prefrontal cortex and possible effects due to the medication status of the two groups.

scholarly journals Neurostructural Correlates of Cannabis Use in Adolescent Bipolar Disorder

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alysha A Sultan ◽  
Kody G Kennedy ◽  
Lisa Fiksenbaum ◽  
Bradley J MacIntosh ◽  
Benjamin I Goldstein
Keyword(s):  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Brain Structure ◽  
Social Acceptance ◽  
Region Of Interest ◽  
Cannabis Use ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Intracranial Volume ◽  
Significant Group ◽  
Healthy Control

Abstract Objective Little is known regarding the association of cannabis use with brain structure in adolescents with bipolar disorder (BD). This subject is timely, given expanded availability of cannabis contemporaneously with increased social acceptance and diminished societal constraints to access. Therefore, we set out to examine this topic in a sample of adolescents with BD and healthy control (HC) adolescents. Methods Participants included 144 adolescents (47 BD with cannabis use [BDCB+; including 13 with cannabis use disorder], 34 BD without cannabis use [BDCB-], 63 HC without cannabis use) ages 13-20 years. FreeSurfer-processed 3T MRI with T1-weighted contrast, yielded measures of cortical thickness, surface area (SA), and volume. Region of interest (ROI; amygdala, hippocampus, ventrolateral prefrontal cortex [vlPFC], ventromedial prefrontal cortex [vmPFC], and anterior cingulate cortex [ACC]), analyses and exploratory vertex-wise analysis were undertaken. A general linear model tested for between-group differences, accounting for age, sex, and intracranial volume. Results Vertex-wise analysis revealed significant group effects in frontal and parietal regions. In post-hoc analyses, BDCB+ exhibited larger volume and SA in parietal regions, and smaller thickness in frontal regions, relative to HC and BDCB-. BDCB- had smaller volume, SA and thickness in parietal and frontal regions relative to HC. There were no significant ROI findings after correcting for multiple comparisons. Conclusion This study found that cannabis use is associated with differences in regional brain structure among adolescents with BD. Future prospective studies are necessary to determine the direction of the observed association and to assess for dose effects.

Activation in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in response to maternal criticism and praise in recovered depressed and healthy control participants

2005 ◽  
Vol 57 (7) ◽  
pp. 809-812 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jill M. Hooley ◽  
Staci A. Gruber ◽  
Laurie A. Scott ◽  
Jordan B. Hiller ◽  
Deborah A. Yurgelun-Todd
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Dorsolateral Prefrontal ◽  
Healthy Control

scholarly journals Prefrontal activation related to spontaneous creativity with rock music improvisation: A functional near-infrared spectroscopy study

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Atsumichi Tachibana ◽  
J. Adam Noah ◽  
Yumie Ono ◽  
Daisuke Taguchi ◽  
Shuichi Ueda
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Near Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Neural Activity ◽  
Rock Music ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Left Dlpfc ◽  
Dorsolateral Prefrontal

Abstract Understanding how the brain modulates improvisation has been the focus of numerous studies in recent years. Models have suggested regulation of activity between default mode and executive control networks play a role in improvisational execution. Several studies comparing formulaic to improvised sequences support this framework and document increases in activity in medial frontal lobe with decreased activity in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). These patterns can be influenced through training and neural responses may differ between in beginner and expert musicians. Our goal was to test the generalizability of this framework and determine similarity in neural activity in the prefrontal cortex during improvisation. Twenty guitarists performed improvised and formulaic sequences in a blues rock format while brain activity was recorded using functional near-infrared spectroscopy. Results indicate similar modulation in DLPFC as seen previously. Specific decreases of activity from left DLPFC in the end compared to beginning or middle of improvised sequences were also found. Despite the range of skills of participants, we also found significant correlation between subjective feelings of improvisational performance and modulation in left DLPFC. Processing of subjective feelings regardless of skill may contribute to neural modulation and may be a factor in understanding neural activity during improvisation.

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