scholarly journals Evidencing the gap between health expectancy and life expectancy for ethnic groups in Scotland.

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 135-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
Genevieve I Cezard
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Ethnic Minorities ◽  
Linkage Study ◽  
Health Expectancy ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Healthy Life ◽  
Majority Population ◽  
Two Measures ◽  
Self Assessed Health ◽  
Sullivan Method

Background Recent evidence has shown that ethnic minorities live longer than the majority population in Scotland. This mortality advantage in ethnic minorities is not unique to Scotland. However, whether morbidity patterns by ethnicity align with mortality patterns by ethnicity is unknown. Thus, this study explores ethnic differences in health expectancies (HE) in Scotland and contrasts HE with life expectancy (LE) findings. Methods The Scottish Health and Ethnicity Linkage study anonymously links the Scottish Census 2001 for 4.6 million people to mortality records. The Scottish Census 2001 collected two measures of self-assessed health, self-declared ethnicity, age, and sex. Utilising the life tables used to calculate life expectancy by ethnicity and sex in Scotland, the Sullivan method was employed to calculate two measures of health expectancy (healthy life expectancy and disability-free life expectancy) by ethnicity and sex. 95% confidence intervals were calculated to detect significant differences compared to the majority White Scottish population, taken as reference. Results Longer health expectancies were found in males and females of Other White British, Other White, and Chinese origins as well as in Indian males compared to White Scottish populations. Any Mixed Background and Pakistani populations had the shortest healthy life expectancies. Patterns of health expectancy by ethnicity mostly aligned with patterns of life expectancy by ethnicity with the clear exception of the Pakistani population who showed among the longest life expectancies with the shortest health expectancies. Contrasting HE with LE findings, the number of years in an unhealthy state was greater in females than in males for each ethnic group. In relation to ethnicity, Pakistani and Indian populations had the highest number of years in an unhealthy state in Scotland. Pakistani females showed the strong-est disadvantage in this respect. Conclusion Pakistani populations had the shortest health expectancies contrasting with the longest life expectancies in Scotland. Future research should aim to understand why such a discrepancy occurs while policy makers ensure that fair and adapt-ed care is provided to offer better quality of life for the most vulnerable.

scholarly journals Healthy life expectancy in Brazil: applying the Sullivan method

2005 ◽  
Vol 21 (suppl 1) ◽  
pp. S7-S18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dalia Elena Romero ◽  
Iúri da Costa Leite ◽  
Célia Landmann Szwarcwald
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Functional Limitation ◽  
Good Health ◽  
World Health ◽  
Healthy Life Expectancy ◽  
State Of Health ◽  
World Health Survey ◽  
Healthy Life ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
Sullivan Method

The objective of this study is to present the method proposed by Sullivan and to estimate the healthy life expectancy using different measures of state of health, based on information from the World Health Survey carried out in Brazil in 2003. By combining information on mortality and morbidity into a unique indicator, simple to calculate and easy to interpret, the Sullivan method is currently the one most commonly used for estimating healthy life expectancy. The results show higher number of healthy years lost if there is a long-term disease or disability that limits daily activities, regardless of the difficulty in performing such activities or the severity of the functional limitations. The two measures of healthy life expectancy adjusted by the severity of functional limitation show results very similar to estimates based on the perception of state of health, especially in advanced age. It was also observed, for all measures used, that the proportion of healthy years lost increases significantly with age and that, although females have higher life expectancy than males, they live proportionally less years in good health.

scholarly journals Trends of Healthy Life Expectancy of the Elderly in China in 1994–2015: Revisiting From the Perspective of Morbidity Transition

2022 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhen Zhang ◽  
Junhan Dong ◽  
Chenyuan Zhao ◽  
Qiang Li
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Dynamic Equilibrium ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Healthy Life Expectancy ◽  
Health Improvement ◽  
Healthy Life ◽  
Disability Free Life Expectancy ◽  
Sullivan Method

Research on healthy life expectancy (HLE) in China has been fueled by a spate of new data sources and studies, yet no consensus is reached on the pattern of HLE changes and the underlying mechanism. This study examined the change of HLE in China over 20 years with long term national data. Health status, measured by activities of daily living, is combined with mortality to calculate the disability-free life expectancy by the Sullivan method. The results show that the HLE rose slower than life expectancy (LE) in 1994–2004, indicating morbidity expansion. However, in 2010–2015, the proportion of HLE to LE increased, manifesting morbidity compression. A counterfactual analysis further shows that health improvement has been increasingly important in increasing HLE in 2010–2015, despite the dominance of mortality decline. The findings suggest that morbidity can transition between compression, expansion and dynamic equilibrium over a long period due to different combinations of mortality and health improvements. Given the limited data in this study, whether and how morbidity transitions unfold in the future remains open and requires further research.

scholarly journals Socio-economic inequalities in life expectancy of older adults with and without multimorbidity: a record linkage study of 1.1 million people in England

2019 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 1340-1351 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mei Sum Chan ◽  
Ardo van den Hout ◽  
Mar Pujades-Rodriguez ◽  
Melvyn Mark Jones ◽  
Fiona E Matthews ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Smoking Prevalence ◽  
Age Of Onset ◽  
Smoking Status ◽  
Linkage Study ◽  
Area Deprivation ◽  
Healthy Life ◽  
Unequal Rates ◽  
State Models ◽  
Never Smokers

Abstract Background Age of onset of multimorbidity and its prevalence are well documented. However, its contribution to inequalities in life expectancy has yet to be quantified. Methods A cohort of 1.1 million English people aged 45 and older were followed up from 2001 to 2010. Multimorbidity was defined as having 2 or more of 30 major chronic diseases. Multi-state models were used to estimate years spent healthy and with multimorbidity, stratified by sex, smoking status and quintiles of small-area deprivation. Results Unequal rates of multimorbidity onset and subsequent survival contributed to higher life expectancy at age 65 for the least (Q1) compared with most (Q5) deprived: there was a 2-year gap in healthy life expectancy for men [Q1: 7.7 years (95% confidence interval: 6.4–8.5) vs Q5: 5.4 (4.4–6.0)] and a 3-year gap for women [Q1: 8.6 (7.5–9.4) vs Q5: 5.9 (4.8–6.4)]; a 1-year gap in life expectancy with multimorbidity for men [Q1: 10.4 (9.9–11.2) vs Q5: 9.1 (8.7–9.6)] but none for women [Q1: 11.6 (11.1–12.4) vs Q5: 11.5 (11.1–12.2)]. Inequalities were attenuated but not fully attributable to socio-economic differences in smoking prevalence: multimorbidity onset was latest for never smokers and subsequent survival was longer for never and ex smokers. Conclusions The association between social disadvantage and multimorbidity is complex. By quantifying socio-demographic and smoking-related contributions to multimorbidity onset and subsequent survival, we provide evidence for more equitable allocation of prevention and health-care resources to meet local needs.

scholarly journals Healthy life expectancy by frailty state in Europe from 2004 to 2015: findings from SHARE

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Camilla Riis Nielsen ◽  
Linda Juel Ahrenfeldt ◽  
Bernard Jeune ◽  
Kaare Christensen ◽  
Rune Lindahl-Jacobsen
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Health Sector ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Healthy Life Expectancy ◽  
Remaining Life ◽  
Healthy Life ◽  
Frailty Status ◽  
Remaining Life Expectancy ◽  
Sullivan Method ◽  
Share Information

Abstract Background As populations age, the possible consequences of increased frailty are a major concern for the health sector. Here, we investigate how life expectancy with and without frailty has changed during a 10–11-year-period across Europe. Methods The Sullivan method was used to investigate changes in life expectancy with and without frailty in 10 European countries. Frailty status (non-frail, pre-frail and frail) was determined by use of the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe Frailty Instrument (SHARE-FI). Data on frailty prevalence was obtained from 21 698 individuals in wave 1 (2004–05) and 38 859 individuals in wave 6 (2015) of the SHARE. Information on mortality was obtained from the Eurostat Database. Results In 2015, women aged 70 spent 25.0% (95% CI: 24.0–26.1) of their remaining life expectancy in a frail state, and the number for men was 11.5% (95% CI: 10.7–12.3). Southern Europeans spent 24.2% (95% CI: 22.9–25.4) of their remaining life expectancy in a frail state and the numbers for Central Europeans and Northern Europeans were 17.0% (95% CI: 16.0–17.9) and 12.2% (95% CI: 10.9–13.5), respectively. From 2004–05 to 2015, life expectancy increased by 1.1 years (from 15.3 to 16.4 years) for 70-year-old Europeans. Similarly, non-frail life expectancy increased by 1.1 years (95% CI: 0.8–1.4), whereas no significant changes in life expectancy in frail states were observed. Conclusions This study suggests that Europeans today spend more years in a non-frail state than Europeans did 10–11 years ago. Our findings reflect a considerable inequality by gender and region.

scholarly journals Healthy life expectancy vs health expenditure by sullivan method in Malaysia

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 402 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Hakeem Omar ◽  
Nurin Haniah Asmuni ◽  
Sharifah Nazatul Shima
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Health Expenditure ◽  
Healthy Life Expectancy ◽  
Morbidity Rate ◽  
Healthy Life ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
Malaysian Population ◽  
United State ◽  
Disability Free Life Expectancy ◽  
Sullivan Method

<span lang="EN-MY">The improvement of mortality rates in many countries over the world has a major impact on cost associated with living longer due to mortality and morbidity risk. In particular, the trend in life expectancy of Malaysian population has steadily increased for many years where in 2017, Malaysian are expected to live up to 74.8 years compared to 74.3 years in 2011. Life expectancy can be defined as the average period of a person may expect to live, while the definition of disability-free life expectancy is the average number of years a person is expected to live without health disability.  If a person takes a good care and services through the advancement of medical technology, it may expend the period of life expectancy for a person. Thus, longevity may have a positive relationship with health expenditure. United State for instance spends more on health across years, however United State becomes the outlier as compared to other countries with higher percentage of increase in life expectancy per dollar spent on health expenditure. Disability or disability-free life expectancy can rise at certain degree among Malaysian. The general public do not know whether longevity will expose a person to a greater period spend in disability state or not. Therefore, this paper presents healthy life expectancy vs. health expenditure by Sullivan method in Malaysia to provide further understanding of morbidity rate for Malaysian population due to longevity. This paper calculates the disability-free life expectancy for Malaysian population which then will be used in country comparison. Relationship between disability-free life expectancy and health expenditure will be studied. Sullivan method will be applied in the calculation by using a period life table based on age and gender groups.</span>

scholarly journals Healthy Life Expectancy in 2010 for Native Hawaiian, White, Filipino, Japanese, and Chinese Americans Living in Hawai’i

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (7) ◽  
pp. 659-670 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanyan Wu ◽  
Olivia Uchima ◽  
Colette Browne ◽  
Kathryn Braun
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Policy Development ◽  
Native Hawaiian ◽  
Ethnic Disparities ◽  
Chinese Americans ◽  
The United States ◽  
Native Hawaiians ◽  
Healthy Life Expectancy ◽  
Healthy Life ◽  
Sullivan Method

Healthy life expectancy (HALE) varies substantially among countries, regions, and race/ethnicities. Utilizing the Sullivan method, this article examines HALE for Native Hawaiian, White, Filipino, Japanese, and Chinese Americans living in Hawai’i, the United States. HALE varies by sex and race/ethnicity. The HALE at birth in 2010 for females was 78.3, 77.8, 74.2, 73.7, and 62.6 years in contrast to life expectancy of 90, 88, 88.1, 83.4, and 79.4 for Chinese, Japanese, Filipino Americans, White, and Native Hawaiians, respectively. In the same order, HALE at birth for males was 73.0, 71.6, 72.3 70.7, and 60.7 years, compared with life expectancy of 85.3, 81.2, 80.8, 78.3, and 73.9. The gaps in HALE between Native Hawaiians and the longest living Chinese Americans were 15.7 years for females and 12.3 years for males. Our results highlight sex and racial/ethnic disparities in HALE, which can inform program and policy development.

scholarly journals Changes in Alienation in Physical Education Classes, School Happiness, and Future Healthy Life Expectancy After the COVID-19 Pandemic in Korean Adolescents

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seung-Man Lee ◽  
Jung-In Yoo ◽  
Hyun-Su Youn
Keyword(s):  
Physical Education ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Frequency Analysis ◽  
Mediating Effect ◽  
Healthy Life Expectancy ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Healthy Life ◽  
Korean Adolescents ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Practical Implications

This study aims to investigate the changes in the structural relationship between alienation in physical education (PE) class, school happiness, and future healthy life expectancy in Korean adolescents after the COVID-19 pandemic. The data were collected from adolescents in the Republic of Korea using scales for these factors. The collected data were analyzed with frequency analysis, reliability analysis, validity analysis, independent t-test, and path analysis. The key results were as follows. First, there were partial changes in each of the parameters since the outbreak of COVID-19. Second, before the pandemic, alienation in PE class negatively affected school happiness, and school happiness positively affected future healthy life expectancy; however, alienation in PE class did not affect future healthy life expectancy showing a complete mediating effect. Third, during the pandemic, alienation in PE class negatively affected school happiness, and school happiness positively affected future healthy life expectancy; alienation in PE class negatively affected future healthy life expectancy, showing a partial mediating effect. These findings emphasize the importance and potential of school education, especially PE, in promoting happiness and healthy life in adolescents. We expect these findings to have practical implications for future research by presenting theoretical and empirical data.

Gender differences in hypertension-free life expectancy in Bangladesh

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Md. Ismail Tareque ◽  
Yasuhiko Saito
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Gender Differences ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Health Expectancy ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
And Control ◽  
Sullivan Method

In Bangladesh, although some research on health expectancy exists, life expectancies with and without hypertension (HTN) have never been computed. We examined gender differences in the prevalence of hypertension and Hypertension-Free Life Expectancy (HFLE) in Bangladesh. We used data from a nationally representative survey of 7,864 people aged 35 and older. We classified an individual as having HTN if s/he had blood pressure levels ≥140 mmHg systolic blood pressure or ≥90 mmHg diastolic blood pressure, or s/he was at the time on antihypertensive medication. The Sullivan method was employed to compute HFLE. We found that women have HTN in significantly higher percentages (32% of women vs. 19% of men), and the prevalence of HTN increases as age increases for both men and women. Among individuals with HTN, individuals unaware of HTN make up the largest group, followed by those with uncontrolled HTN, controlled HTN, and those who are aware of HTN but not in treatment. Compared with men, women could expect shorter HFLE at all ages, in terms of both number and proportion of years. To increase HFLE as well as quality of life and to prevent and control HTN in general and unawareness of HTN and uncontrolled HTN in particular, special care and attention should be given to women and older adults. The findings shed important light on the role of HTN in lowering the quality of life in Bangladesh. 

scholarly journals Dependence- and Disability-Free Life Expectancy Across Eight Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A 10/66 Study

2019 ◽  
Vol 32 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 401-409 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Matthew Prina ◽  
Yu-Tzu Wu ◽  
Carolina Kralj ◽  
Daisy Acosta ◽  
Isaac Acosta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Healthy Life Expectancy ◽  
World Population ◽  
Aging Research ◽  
Healthy Life ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Disability Free Life Expectancy ◽  
Sullivan Method ◽  
Low And Middle Income

Objective: The objective of this study was to estimate healthy life expectancies in eight low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), using two indicators: disability-free life expectancy (DFLE) and dependence-free life expectancy (DepFLE). Method: Using the Sullivan method, healthy life expectancy was calculated based on the prevalence of dependence and disability from the 10/66 cohort study, which included 16,990 people aged 65 or above in China, Cuba, Dominican Republic, India, Mexico, Peru, Puerto Rico, and Venezuela, and country-specific life tables from the World Population Prospects 2017. Results: DFLE and DepFLE declined with older age across all sites and were higher in women than men. Mexico reported the highest DFLE at age 65 for men (15.4, SE = 0.5) and women (16.5, SE = 0.4), whereas India had the lowest with (11.5, SE = 0.3) in men and women (11.7, SE = 0.4). Discussion: Healthy life expectancy based on disability and dependency can be a critical indicator for aging research and policy planning in LMICs.

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