Study of the Efficacy of CC-2 and Fuller's Earth Combination as a Decontaminant against Sulphur Mustard (Mustard Gas) Dermal Intoxication in Mice

We performed a pathologic study with further using an immunohistochemical technique (using anti-p63 and anti-CK5) on tissues obtained by open lung biopsy from 18 patients with previous exposure to sulphur mustard (SM) as case group and 8 unexposed patients (control group). The most frequent pathologic diagnosis was constrictive bronchiolitis (44.4%), followed by respiratory (22.2%) and chronic cellular bronchiolitis (16.7%) in the case group, and hypersensitivity bronchiolitis (50%) in the control group. The pathologic diagnoses were significantly different in the case and control groups (P=0.042). In slides stained by anti-p63 and anti-CK5, the percent of stained cells and the mean number of epithelial cells were lower in the case group in comparison to the control group. This difference was significant for the mean number of cells stained by anti-CK5 (P=0.042). Furthermore, there was a significant correlation between pathologic diagnosis and total number of cells and mean number of cells stained with anti-p63 and anti-CK5 (P value = 0.002, <0.001, 0.044). These results suggest that constrictive bronchiolitis may be the major pathologic consequence of exposure to SM. Moreover, decrease of p63 in respiratory tissues affected by SM may suggest the lack of regenerative capacity in these patients.

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First-principles perspectives on detection properties of sulphur mustard gas using novel electroresistive ϵ-Arsenene nanosheet device

Molecular Physics ◽

10.1080/00268976.2020.1725671 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 118 (15) ◽

pp. e1725671 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

R. Bhuvaneswari ◽

J. Princy Maria ◽

V. Nagarajan ◽

R. Chandiramouli

Keyword(s):

First Principles ◽

Mustard Gas ◽

Sulphur Mustard

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Nanomaterials based Decontamination Formulation for use in Personal Decontamination Kit Against Chemical Warfare Agents

Defence Life Science Journal ◽

10.14429/dlsj.3.12056 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

pp. 5

Author(s):

G. K. Prasad ◽

Anshoo Gautam ◽

G. M. Kannan ◽

J. Acharya ◽

A. K. Gupta ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Tio2 Nanoparticles ◽

Zno Nanoparticles ◽

Size Range ◽

Chemical Warfare Agents ◽

Chemical Warfare ◽

Mgo Nanoparticles ◽

Sulphur Mustard ◽

Metal Metal ◽

Warfare Agents ◽

Fuller’S Earth

<p>Present paper relates to nanomaterials based decontamination formulation made up of TiO2, MgO, and ZnO nanoparticles for the use against chemical warfare agents. This decontamination formulation was prepared by mixing 90 per cent of TiO2 nanoparticles of 5-15 nm size range, 8 per cent of MgO nanoparticles of 5-15 nm size range, and 2 per cent of ZnO nanoparticles of 20-30 nm size range. Prepared formulation exhibited 98-99 per cent of physical removal efficiency against contaminated glass, rubber, painted metal, metal surfaces. It efficiently removed chemical warfare agents from contaminated skin thus ameliorating chances of fatality which is expected due to skin penetrated chemical warfare agents. It also chemically degraded 97 per cent of sulphur mustard in 24 h, 99.9 per cent of sarin in 2 h, respectively unlike Fuller’s earth which chemically degraded only 63 per cent of sulphur mustard and 59 per cent of sarin in 24 h .</p>

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Cutaneous challenge with chemical warfare agents in the SKH-1 hairless mouse (II): Effects of some currently used skin decontaminants (RSDL and Fuller’s earth) against liquid sulphur mustard and VX exposure

Human & Experimental Toxicology ◽

10.1177/0960327110373616 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 30 (6) ◽

pp. 491-498 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

L. Taysse ◽

F. Dorandeu ◽

S. Daulon ◽

A. Foquin ◽

N. Perrier ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Surrogate Marker ◽

Chemical Warfare Agents ◽

Companion Paper ◽

Hairless Mouse ◽

Chemical Warfare ◽

Sulphur Mustard ◽

Ethyl Methyl ◽

Warfare Agents ◽

Fuller’S Earth

Using the hairless mouse screening model presented in the companion paper1 the aim of this study was to assess two skin decontaminating systems: Fuller’s earth (FE) and Reactive Skin Decontamination Lotion (RSDL) against two extremely toxic chemical warfare agents that represent a special percutaneous hazard, sulphur mustard (SM) and O-ethyl-S-(2[di-isopropylamino]ethyl)methyl-phosphonothioate (VX). Five minutes after being exposed on the back to either 2 µL of neat sulphur mustard or 50 µg.kg-1 of diluted VX, mice were decontaminated. Both systems were able to reduce blisters 3 days after SM exposure. However, RSDL was found to be more efficient than FE in reducing the necrosis of the epidermis and erosion. In the case of VX exposure, RSDL, whatever the ratio of decontaminant to toxicant used (RSDL 10, 20, 50), was not able to sufficiently prevent the inhibition of plasma cholinesterases taken as a surrogate marker of exposure and toxicity. Only FE reduced significantly the ChE inhibition. Some of these observations are different from our previous results obtained in domestic swine and these changes are thus discussed in the perspective of using SKH-1 hairless mice for the initial in vivo screening of decontaminants.

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Effects of Dexamethasone on the Course of Intoxication when Modelling Mustard Gas Inhalation Injury

Biomeditsina ◽

10.33647/2074-5982-16-3-111-114 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 16 (3) ◽

pp. 111-114

Author(s):

K. A. Bulka ◽

S. P. Sidorov ◽

O. V. Chubar ◽

M. A. Metelitsa

Keyword(s):

Immune System ◽

Treatment Regimen ◽

Pleiotropic Effect ◽

Inhalation Injury ◽

Mustard Gas ◽

Sulphur Mustard ◽

Death Time ◽

Low Levels ◽

Gas Inhalation ◽

Lethal Doses

The current work assesses the efﬁcacy of a course of intramuscular administration of dexamethasone at doses of 1 or 4 mg/kg when modelling sulphur mustard aerosol inhalation injury. To this end, the average lethal doses, the median death time and the protection coefﬁcients were calculated for rats with sulphur mustard inhalation injury induced by a micro-sprayer. In the treatment regimen used, dexamethasone showed low levels of efﬁcacy, possibly due to its pleiotropic effect on the immune system.

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Modelling of Inhalation Poisoning with Sulphur Mustard Gas

Biomeditsina ◽

10.33647/2074-5982-16-3-106-110 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 16 (3) ◽

pp. 106-110

Author(s):

K. A. Bulka ◽

A. A. Kuzmin ◽

S. P. Sidorov ◽

O. V. Chubar ◽

Yu. Sh. Khalimov

Keyword(s):

Liquid State ◽

Experimental Models ◽

Inhalation Injury ◽

Protective Equipment ◽

Mustard Gas ◽

Sulphur Mustard ◽

Gas Inhalation ◽

Aerosol Form

The present work describes the currently existing experimental models of sulphur mustard gas inhalation injury. These models were analysed in terms of their suitability for the development of medical protective equipment. It is proposed to use micro-sprayers, which provide the possibility of transferring mustard gas from a liquid state to an aerosol form while exhibiting an increased ergonomic simplicity and safety.

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The tumour growth inhibitory activity of some sulphur mustard gas derivatives

Biochemical Pharmacology ◽

10.1016/0006-2952(59)90071-1 ◽

1959 ◽

Vol 2 (3) ◽

pp. 215-220 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

W.C.J. Ross

Keyword(s):

Inhibitory Activity ◽

Tumour Growth ◽

Mustard Gas ◽

Sulphur Mustard ◽

Growth Inhibitory ◽

Growth Inhibitory Activity

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Toxic Legacy: Mustard Gas in the Sea around Us

The Journal of Law Medicine & Ethics ◽

10.1111/j.1748-720x.2011.00546.x ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 39 (1) ◽

pp. 34-40 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Susan L. Smith

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

South Carolina ◽

Atlantic Ocean ◽

United States Army ◽

Health Risks ◽

The United States ◽

Health Hazards ◽

Mustard Gas ◽

Transport Service ◽

Sulphur Mustard

In 1946, Tom Brock spent part of his summer dumping mustard gas bombs off a barge into the Atlantic Ocean. Brock was a civilian employed by the United States Army Transport Service in Charleston, South Carolina. His job was to dispose of surplus bombs and drums filled with mustard gas. Sulphur mustard, commonly called “mustard gas,” can take several forms: a liquid, a solid, or a vapour. Mustard gas, named for its mustard-like color and smell, is a vesicant that is toxic to humans and causes blistering and burns, affecting the lungs, eyes, and skin. Brock recalled that he and the soldiers enjoyed watching the occasional bomb explode as it sunk into the water. “We thought it was fun,” explained Brock. “I was 18 or 19 years old. We weren’t scared. We didn’t fear any explosive. We thought we were immortal.” Later that summer he was required to guard a barge of bombs that were leaking mustard gas, which looked to him like hot molasses. Due to the known health risks, Brock was told to wear a protective suit and gas mask. However, it was a hot day so he loosened the straps around his legs. As a result, enormous blisters developed, swelling out like a balloon from his toes to his knees. His summer job was no longer fun as he experienced firsthand the health hazards of exposure to mustard gas.

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