scholarly journals Comparison of the Effect of Major- Versus Minor-Keyed Music on Long-Term Declarative Memory in High School Students

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-106
Author(s):  
Anita Sayar
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
High School Students ◽  
Experimental Test ◽  
Declarative Memory ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Memory Retention ◽  
School Students ◽  
Term Memory

This pilot study compared the effect of music played in major and minor keys on long-term declarative memory in high school students. Major and minor keys are pivotal theoretical distinctions in music known to trigger different emotional responses. While the influence of specific genres of music on memory have been studied, possible effects of the tonality of music have not been explored. It was hypothesized that music would improve LT-DM, and music played in the minor key would illicit a greater improvement than the major. A total of 21 volunteer high school students were equally randomized between two groups. Each group completed a control and an experimental long-term memory test. Tests comprised of a reading phase where students studied a standardized passage, and a multiple-choice question phase 7 days later, where their memory of the studied text was examined. The reading phase of the control test was conducted in a quiet environment. During the reading phase of the experimental test, a piece of piano music was played. The same music was played in the major key for one group and in the minor key for the other. Both groups demonstrated a statistically significant improvement in the experimental test compared to their own control (p = 0.0078, p = 0.0107). A trend towards better memory retention with the minor-keyed music was observed compared with the major key. The difference between the two groups of improvement with music, however, did not meet statistical significance (p = 0.31). A larger complementary study may provide more definitive information regarding comparative effects of major and minor musical keys on long-term memory.

Test of the Role in Retention of Illustrations in Text

1980 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 204-206
Author(s):  
Philippe C. Duchastel
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
High School Students ◽  
Empirical Test ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Prose Passage ◽  
School Students ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Short Text

Illustrations in a text were hypothesized to enhance long-term memory of the text. The experiment varied the availability of illustrations (an illustrated prose passage versus a non-illustrated passage) and delay of retention (immediate posttests versus posttests given 2 wk. later). The passage was a short text on energy and the participants were high-school students. Illustrations did not enhance retention, which suggests the theory upon which the hypothesis was based needs to be refined. The functionally oriented theoretical framework was shown to be amenable to empirical test.

Effect of sleep on memory for binding different types of visual information

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
John J Shaw ◽  
Zhisen Urgolites ◽  
Padraic Monaghan
Keyword(s):  
Visual Information ◽  
Storage Capacity ◽  
Declarative Memory ◽  
Recognition Task ◽  
Forced Choice ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Types Of Information

Visual long-term memory has a large and detailed storage capacity for individual scenes, objects, and actions. However, memory for combinations of actions and scenes is poorer, suggesting difficulty in binding this information together. Sleep can enhance declarative memory of information, but whether sleep can also boost memory for binding information and whether the effect is general across different types of information is not yet known. Experiments 1 to 3 tested effects of sleep on binding actions and scenes, and Experiments 4 and 5 tested binding of objects and scenes. Participants viewed composites and were tested 12-hours later after a delay consisting of sleep (9pm-9am) or wake (9am-9pm), on an alternative forced choice recognition task. For action-scene composites, memory was relatively poor with no significant effect of sleep. For object-scene composites sleep did improve memory. Sleep can promote binding in memory, depending on the type of information to be combined.

The effects of continuous versus partial reinforcement schedules on associative learning, memory and extinction in Lymnaea stagnalis

2002 ◽  
Vol 205 (8) ◽  
pp. 1171-1178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan Sangha ◽  
Chloe McComb ◽  
Andi Scheibenstock ◽  
Christine Johannes ◽  
Ken Lukowiak
Keyword(s):  
Associative Learning ◽  
Operant Conditioning ◽  
Lymnaea Stagnalis ◽  
Partial Reinforcement ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Memory Retention ◽  
Reinforcement Schedules ◽  
Conditioning Procedure ◽  
Term Memory

SUMMARY A continuous schedule of reinforcement (CR) in an operant conditioning procedure results in the acquisition of associative learning and the formation of long-term memory. A 50 % partial reinforcement (PR) schedule does not result in learning. The sequence of PR—CR training has different and significant effects on memory retention and resistance to extinction. A CR/PR schedule results in a longer-lasting memory than a PR/CR schedule. Moreover,the memory produced by the CR/PR schedule is resistant to extinction training. In contrast, extinction occurs following the PR/CR schedule.

Separate chemical inhibitors of long-term and short-term memory: contrasting effects of cycloheximide, ouabain and ethacrynic acid on various learning tasks in chickens

1977 ◽  
Vol 196 (1123) ◽  
pp. 171-195 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Discrimination ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Ethacrynic Acid ◽  
Fixed Number ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Training Procedure ◽  
Memory Retention ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory

Cycloheximide injected into the brains of chickens 10 min before training does not effect their learning of a visual discrimination task, or memory of that task for at least 1 h after training. When tested 24 h later no memory of the training procedure is detectable. In contrast, ouabain injected 10 min before training prevents the expression of learning during training. The block lasts for up to 1 h, but from that time on memory begins to appear. Ouabain does not affect performance when injected just before testing for memory retention 24 h after training. It therefore affects neither the readout of long-term memory nor motivation nor perceptual abilities necessary for performance of the learning task. In birds treated with ouabain, after training on an operant task for heat reward by a procedure requiring a fixed number of reinforcements, memory is absent 20 min later but is well established at 24 h. Cycloheximide blocks long-term memory of this task. Like ouabain, ethacrynic acid, injected into the brain of chickens 10 min before training prevents the expression of learning of visual discrimination. Ethacrynic acid hastens the decline of memory after one-trial passive avoidance learning. It also blocks observational learning. We conclude that ouabain and ethacrynic acid block access to short-term memory, whereas cycloheximide interferes with the registration of long-term memory. Comparing the pharmacology of ethacrynic acid and ouabain their common known actions are on the Na/K fluxes across cell membranes. We suggest that long lasting changes in distribution of these ions in recently active nerve cells may be at the basis of access to memory during and shortly after learning.

scholarly journals Prevalence of Chronic Gingivitis Among 16 Years Old Public High School Students in Khartoum

Med Phoenix ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Abubakr Omar Mohamed Abdelsalam ◽  
Ibrahim Ahmed Ghandour
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
High School Students ◽  
Public Schools ◽  
Oral Hygiene ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Tooth Brushing ◽  
P Value ◽  
Public High School ◽  
School Students ◽  
Public High School Students

Background: This study was designed to measure the prevalence of chronic gingivitis among 16- year-old public high school students in Khartoum State.Methods: A total of 385 high school students of 16 years of age, from public schools in different geographical locations representing different socioeconomic classes in Khartoum were randomly selected and examined. The variables of the present study had been collected by one examiner using a direct interview questionnaire and all the present teeth were examined at four sites (Mesiobuccal, distobuccal, mesiolingual, distolingual) for the presence of plaque, using the Plaque Index (Loe and Sillness) and Gingival Index (Sillness and Loe).Results: Prevalence of gingivitis was 96.9%, of which 68.6% were of mild form (majority), 27.5% of moderate condition and only 0.8% was of severe grade. The most common form of gingivitis was the generalized form that accounted for 94.5%. The relationship between oral hygiene and degree of gingivitis was assessed after collecting data on study area, gender, socio-economic status, tooth brushing tool used, frequency of brushing per day, direction of tooth-brushing and regularity of dental visits. The adjusted relationship was still significant at the 99% confidence level (p-value 0.000), with a correlation coefficient of 0.704.Conclusions: The study showed significantly higher prevalence of chronic gingivitis among 16-year-old public high school students in Khartoum State. The degree of gingivitis showed statistical significance when correlated with oral hygiene status, socioeconomic status, frequency and horizontal direction of tooth brushing, while it showed insignificance when correlated with gender. Med Phoenix. Vol. 3, Issue. 1, 2018, Page : 1-5 

Educational intervention for increasing knowledge of human papillomavirus and vaccination amongst parents of first year high school students in Croatia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anja Belavic ◽  
Ivana Pavic Simetin
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
High School Students ◽  
Human Papillomavirus ◽  
Positive Attitude ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Negative Attitude ◽  
First Year ◽  
School Students ◽  
School Year ◽  
Chi Squared

Abstract Background In Croatia, the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine became available through a publicly funded national programme during the 2015/2016 school year among boys and girls in the first year high school. Improved parental awareness of HPV and vaccination could help increase the uptake of the vaccination. The primary aim of this study is to establish the importance of educating parents for a greater response to the voluntary vaccination. Methods Parents of students in the first year of high school evaluated the educational lessons in the spring of 2016 in 11 counties coordinated by the Croatian Institute of Public Health: total of 36 doctors from 11 counties. Statistical significance was tested using chi-squared test. Results In total, 3350 evaluations were submitted (82.7%). Parents with a positive attitude towards vaccination following the education more often stated the lesson contributed to this attitude than parents with a negative attitude (P < 0.001). Results show that counties with highest attendance had highest rates of vaccination (Sisačko-moslovačka 1.74 highest and Dubrovačko-Neretvanska 0.03 lowest). Conclusion Our study shows that parents have the impression an educational lesson can contribute to the development of their positive attitude towards vaccination. Further research should be aimed at disparities and how to target these with appropriate interventions.

scholarly journals Enhancement of long-term memory retention and short-term synaptic plasticity in cbl-b null mice

2006 ◽  
Vol 103 (13) ◽  
pp. 5125-5130 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. P. Tan ◽  
Q.-Y. Liu ◽  
N. Koshiya ◽  
H. Gu ◽  
D. Alkon
Keyword(s):  
Synaptic Plasticity ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Memory Retention ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory

scholarly journals The effect of the detraining period caused by the COVID-19 pandemic on the change of direction performance of fencers

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 4-9
Author(s):  
Sercin Kosova ◽  
Merve Koca Kosova
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
High School Students ◽  
Critical Parameter ◽  
Training Programme ◽  
School Students ◽  
Ability Test ◽  
Specific Change ◽  
Change Of Direction ◽  
Regular Training

Background and Study Aim. The COVID-19 pandemic has caused many athletes to interrupt their regular training programme. The change-of-direction performance is a highly critical parameter for fencing. This study aims to investigate the effects of the detraining process caused by the COVID-19 pandemic on the change-of-direction performance of fencers. Material and Methods. The study sample comprised 15 fencers (11 males, 4 females) who were competitors in the U17-20 age categories (mean age: 15.75±1.51 years; height: 170.30±7.68 cm; weight: 65.16±10.83 kg) in Turkey. All participants were high school students. Branch-specific change-of-direction tests (4-2-2-4-m shuttle and 7-m repeat lunge ability) were measured in the middle of the competition season and after the detraining period. The detraining period lasted 31 weeks due to the pandemic process.   Results. The results showed that participants were slower in the post 7-m repeat lunge ability test (23.32±2.21 sec.) compared with the pre-test (22.38±1.58 sec.) and participants were slower in the post 4-2-2-4-m shuttle test (6.43±0.54 sec.) compared with the pre-test (5.84±0.33 sec.) (p<0.05). Conclusions. The present study showed that long-term detraining reduces fencer’s change-of-direction performance.  Basic exercise programs can be arranged to reduce the rate of adverse effects during long-term detraining process.

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