scholarly journals OPTIMASI PRODUKSI PULP FORMACELL DARI TANDAN KOSONG KELAPA SAWIT (TKKS) DENGAN METODE PERMUKAAN RESPON

REAKTOR ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 161 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sri Hidayati ◽  
Ahmad Sapta Zuidar ◽  
Ahmad Fahreza
Keyword(s):  
Formic Acid ◽  
Acid Concentration ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Optimum Concentration ◽  
Optimum Result ◽  
Hcl Concentration ◽  
Pulp Production

ABSTRACT Empty oil-palm bunches (EOPB) contains more enough cellulose so that it can be made as an alternative pulp production.  One of the process of pulp production which friendly environment is by using acetate acid and formic acid called by formacell process.  The aims of the research is to got optimation models of formic acid concentration, HCl concentration and cooking duration for the EFB pulp production.  The optimum result of the EOPB pulp production were 75% of cellulose, 8% of hemiselulosa, 10% of  lignin, and 80% of yield with the optimum concentration 20% of formic acid, 0,5% of HCl, and 2 hour of cooking duration.   Keyword : pulp formacell, EFB, RSM.   ABSTRAK Tandan kosong kelapa sawit (TKKS) mengandung kadar selulosa yang cukup tinggi sehingga dapat dijadikan sebagai bahan baku alternatif produksi pulp.  Salah satu proses produksi pulp ramah lingkungan yaitu dengan menggunakan campuran pelarut asam asetat dan asam formiat sebagai bahan pemasak yang disebut proses formacell.  Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk mendapatkan model optimasi dari konsentrasi asam formiat, konsentrasi HCl dan lama pemasakan untuk produksi pulp TKKS.  Konsentrasi pemasakan optimum terjadi pada konsentrasi asam formiat 20%, konsentrasi HCl 0,5%, dan lama pemasakan selama 2 jam dengan hasil optimum untuk produksi pulp TKKS yaitu 75 % selulosa, 8 % hemiselulosa, 10% lignin, dan 80% rendemen.   Kata kunci: pulp formacell, TKKS, RSM.    

scholarly journals PENGARUH CAMPURAN ASAM SEMUT DENGAN ASAP CAIR CANGKANG KELAPA SAWIT TERHADAP BAU DAN WAKTU KECEPATAN BEKU LATEKS KARET (Hevea brasiliensis Muell.Arg)

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 87
Author(s):  
Diana Ulfah ◽  
Noor Mirad Sari ◽  
Yusmini Puspita
Keyword(s):  
Formic Acid ◽  
Acid Concentration ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Hevea Brasiliensis ◽  
Optimum Concentration ◽  
Acid Mixture ◽  
Liquid Smoke ◽  
Palm Shell ◽  
Research Procedure ◽  
Freeze Time

This research aims to find out the effect of formic acid mixture with palm oil shell smoke to rubber agglomeration in terms of odor and latex freezing rate, to know the optimum concentration of formic acid mixing with palm oil shell liquid, to optimize the use of liquid smoke of palm shell in order to minimize the use of formic acid and to compare the quick-frozen time of mixed coagulant ingredients using coconut shell liquid cocoa coagulant in latex clotting process. The research procedure is that the latex is inserted into some baking sheet and each of the pans is mixed with coagulant formic acid and palm oil shell liquid with the concentration of ants acid 2.5%, 5%, 7,5%, 10%, 12,5% 15%, 100% and liquid smoke concentration 70%, 755, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 100% 10 ml. The research parameters are the odor and level of latex freezing in rubber clotting process. The results show that mixing of formic acid coagulant material with liquid smoke of palm shell can accelerate the process of clotting latex (equivalent to acid ant), deodorizer that disturbs the society and time; and cost makes efficient and minimizes the use of formic acid. The optimum concentration of mixed coagulant material is 15% formic acid concentration + 70% palm oil shell liquid with average fast freeze time 5-6 minutes latex perliter or equivalent with coagulant material from formic acid.Keywords: formic acid; liquid smoke; palm shell; latexTujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh campuran asam semut dengan asap cair cangkang kelapa sawit terhadap penggumpalan karet dari segi bau dan kecepatan beku lateks, mengetahui konsentrasi optimum pencampuran asam semut dengan asap cair cangkang kelapa sawit, mengoptimalkan penggunaan asap cair cangkang kelapa sawit sehingga meminimalkan penggunaan asam semut dan membandingkan waktu cepat beku penggunaan bahan koagulan campuran dengan bahan koagulan asap cair tempurung kelapa dalam proses penggumpalan lateks. Prosedur penelitian yaitu lateks dimasukkan kedalam beberapa loyang kemudian masing-masing loyang dibubuhi bahan koagulan campuran asam semut dan asap cair cangkang sawit dengan tingkat konsentrasi asam semut 2,5%, 5%, 7,5%, 10%, 12,5%, 15%, 100% dan konsentrasi asap cair 70%, 755, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%,100% sebanyak 10 ml. Parameter penelitian yaitu bau dan kecepatan beku lateks dalam proses penggumpalan karet. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pencampuran bahan koagulan asam semut dengan asap cair cangkang kelapa sawit mempunyai kelebihan dapat mempercepat proses penggumpalan lateks (setara asam semut), penghilang bau busuk yang selama ini mengganggu masyarakat dan mengefisienkan waktu dan biaya serta meminimalkan penggunaan asam semut. Konsentrasi optimum bahan koagulan campuran yaitu konsentrasi asam semut 15% + asap cair cangkang kelapa sawit 70% dengan rata-rata waktu cepat beku 5-6 menit perliter lateks atau setara dengan penggunaan bahan koagulan dari asam semut.Kata kunci: Asam semut; asap cair; cangkang kelapa sawit; lateks

scholarly journals Organic acid-assisted catalytic wet torrefaction of oil palm trunks (OPT)

2021 ◽  
Vol 1195 (1) ◽  
pp. 012024
Author(s):  
M Soh ◽  
J J Chew ◽  
J Sunarso
Keyword(s):  
Citric Acid ◽  
Formic Acid ◽  
Acid Concentration ◽  
Residence Time ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Catalyst Concentration ◽  
Deionized Water ◽  
Fuel Properties ◽  
Energy Yield ◽  
Yield Value

Abstract Oil palm trunks (OPT) are attractive bio-fuel sources given their abundant availability. Nonetheless, the inherent properties of these biomass can lead to their inefficient use as bio-fuel directly. This work utilizes four organic acids (i.e., acetic, formic, levulinic, and citric acid) as catalyst in wet torrefaction to enhance the fuel properties of OPT hydrochar. In this study, the effects of different catalysts, catalyst concentrations, and residence times on the fuel properties of OPT hydrochar are analyzed. To study the effect of residence time, 0.2M of acid concentration was used for all four acids at 220 °C for 3 hr and 24 hr. Meanwhile, study on the effect of catalyst concentration was performed at 220 °C for 24 hr at 0.2M and 1.0M for all four acids. Increasing the residence time decreased the solid yield of OPT hydrochar treated in deionized water, acetic, formic, and levulinic acid, while wet torrefaction in citric acid results in close solid yield value in both residence time. The energy yield was observed to decrease in all liquid medium with increasing residence time except for formic acid and citric acid. On the other hand, increasing the acid concentration increased the OPT hydrochar solid yield in all acids except formic acid and the highest energy yield of 77.08% was obtained from wet torrefaction in 1.0M of citric acid at 220 °C for 24 hr. In summary, citric acid is an environmentally friendly acid to be used as catalyst to enhance the fuel properties of OPT hydrochar. Further study on the reaction mechanisms that governs such fuel properties enhancement with citric acid is warranted.

Simultaneous assay of multiple antibiotics in human plasma by LC–MS/MS: importance of optimizing formic acid concentration

Bioanalysis ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 469-483 ◽  
Author(s):  
Feng Chen ◽  
Zhe-Yi Hu ◽  
S Casey Laizure ◽  
Joanna Q Hudson
Keyword(s):  
Formic Acid ◽  
Human Plasma ◽  
Acid Concentration ◽  
Multiple Antibiotics

scholarly journals Optimasi Produksi Gelatin Halal dari Tulang Ayam Broiler (Gallus Domesticus) dengan Variasi Lama Perendaman dan Konsentrasi Asam Klorida (HCl)

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 102
Author(s):  
A.Ghanaim Fasya ◽  
Suci Amalia ◽  
M. Imamudin ◽  
Rizka Putri Nugraha ◽  
Nazilatun Ni’mah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Acid Concentration ◽  
Broiler Chicken ◽  
Emulsion Stability ◽  
Gel Strength ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
Curing Time ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Chicken Bone ◽  
Hcl Concentration

Abstrak Allah SWT memerintahkan manusia untuk mengkonsumsi makanan yang halal dan baik. Salah satu Bahan Tambahan Pangan yang perlu diperhatikan kehalalannya adalah gelatin. Gelatin yang beredar di Indonesia sebagian besar diperoleh dari impor yang kemungkinan besar berasal dari tulang atau kulit babi. Selain dari tulang babi, gelatin dapat diproduksi dari tulang hewan yang halal seperti sapi, ikan atau ayam. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh lama perendaman dalam larutan asam klorida (HCl) dan variasi konsetrasi HCl terhadap produksi gelatin halal dari tulang ayam broiler. Penelitian ini dilakukan dalam dua tahap. Tahap pertama, pembuatan gelatin dengan variasi lama perendaman 12, 24, 36 dan 48 jam dalam HCl 5 %. Tahap kedua pembuatan gelatin dengan variasi konsentrasi HCl 3, 4, 5, 6 dan 7 % dengan lama perendaman optimal dari tahap sebelumnya. Karakterisasi produk gelatin dilakukan parameter uji kualitas gelatin dengan menentukan kadar air, kadar abu, derajat keasaman (pH), kekuatan gel, dan stabilitas emulsi dan kadar protein.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa lama perendaman dengan HCl pada poduksi gelatin tulang ayam broiler menghasilkan rendemen 7,89-10,21 %. Lama perendaman terbaik adalah 12 jam dengan rendemen 10,21 %, kadar air 8,00 %, kadar abu 11,50 %, dan pH  3,00. Sedangkan konsentrasi terbaik adalah 6 % yang dengan rendemen 3,68 %, kadar air 11,78 %, kadar abu 1,52 %, pH 4,78, kekuatan gel 9,8 N, stabilitas emulsi 63,39 % dan kadar protein 75,31 %. Kata kunci: gelatin halal; HCl, lama perendaman; konsentrasi: tulang ayam broiler. ABSTRACT Gelatin in Indonesia is generally obtained from imported product containing bone or pig skin. On the other hand, gelatin can be produced from halal sources such as cattle, fish or chickens. This study aims to determine the effect of curing time and HCl concentration variationon halal gelatin production from broiler chicken bone. This research was conducted in two stages.In the first stage, gelatin production with variation of curing time (12, 24, 36 and 48 hours) and in the second stage, gelatin production with variation of HCl concentration (3, 4, 5, 6 and 7%). Parameters in gelatin characterization are yield, moisture content, ash content, protein content, pH, gel strength, and emulsion stability. The results showed that the highest yield in gelatin production was 10.21% in 12 hours of curing time. Water content, ash content, and pH of the gelatin were 8.00%, 11.50%, and 3.00, respectively. Production of gelatin based on acid concentration variation gave the highest yield (1.52%) at HCl 6%. The chicken bone gelatin was analyzedwater, ash, and protein content which were 11.78%, 1.52%, and 75.31%, serially. Other parameters of the gelatin were 4.78 of pH, 412.4 g bloom of gel strength, and 63.39% of emulsion stability. Keywords: halal gelatin; HCl, curing time; acid concentration, broiler chicken bone;

scholarly journals Formic Acid Pulping of Bagasse

1970 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 245-250 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Sarwar Jahan
Keyword(s):  
Formic Acid ◽  
Acid Concentration ◽  
Strength Properties ◽  
Kappa Number ◽  
Cooking Time ◽  
Pulp Yield ◽  
Cooking Conditions

Atmospheric formic acid pulping of bagasse was done with varying formic acid concentration and cooking time. Pulp yield and kappa number decreased with increasing formic acid concentration or cooking time. The optimal cooking conditions were 90 % formic acid and 90 min of cooking at 95°C. The pulp yield at this condition was 44.4 % and kappa number 26.1. The strength properties were acceptable in formic acid pulping of bagasse. Addition of H2SO4 catalyst in formic acid degraded carbohydrate, resulting lower pulp yield and inferior strength properties. The strength properties were improved slightly after bleaching. Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 41(3-4), 245-250, 2006

scholarly journals Glucose and Xylose Productions From Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch by Hydrolysis With Enzyme and Acid Using Response Surface Methodology.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Santat Sinjaroonsak ◽  
Aran H-Kittikun ◽  
Thanongsak Chaiyaso ◽  
Wasana Suyotha
Keyword(s):  
Response Surface Methodology ◽  
Response Surface ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Empty Fruit Bunch ◽  
Solid Ratio ◽  
Alkaline Peroxide ◽  
Hydrolysis Process ◽  
Cellulosic Waste ◽  
Palm Oil Mill ◽  
Hcl Concentration

Abstract Oil palm empty fruit bunch (EFB) is a major cellulosic waste from a palm oil mill. The use of EFB for bioconversion to fuel and valuable products is possible because this biomass is a cheap, renewable and abundantly available. This study was aimed to produce sugars from the alkaline peroxide pretreated EFB (APEFB) by hydrolysis with a commercial enzyme (iKnowzyme acid 2XL cellulase) in comparison with hydrochloric acid. Response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to improve the hydrolysis process. For an enzymatic hydrolysis, the optimum enzyme dose of 40 U/g APEFB and the liquid to solid ratio of 10 ml/g APEFB were investigated at 150 rpm and 50°C for 120 h. After saccharification, glucose and xylose obtained were 65.71 g/l (0.66 g/g APEFB) and 2.14 g/l (0.02 g/g APEFB), respectively. Many acids (acetic, formic, hydrochloric (HCl), nitric, orthophosphoric and sulfuric acids) were used to hydrolyze APEFB. The result showed that HCl was the best acid to produce glucose and xylose from APEFB with low furfural and hydroxymethylfurfural productions. The optimum HCl concentration and temperature for APEFB saccharification were 5.85% (w/v) acid at 114°C for 90 min. The glucose, xylose, furfural, and hydroxymethylfurfural obtained under these conditions were 10.70 g/l (0.11 g/g APEFB), 15.30 g/l (0.15 g/g APEFB), 2.34 g/l (0.02 g/g APEFB) and 0.67 g/l (0.007 g/g APEFB), respectively.

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