Examining patterns of injury occurrence in rural and urban settings in sub-Saharan Africa: A critical review of the literature

BackgroundAbout 31 million children in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) suffer from immunisation preventable diseases yearly and more than half a million children die because of lack of access to immunisation. Immunisation coverage has stagnated at 72% in SSA over the past 6 years. Due to evidence that full immunisation of children may be determined by place of residence, this study aimed at investigating the rural–urban differential in full childhood immunisation in SSA.MethodsThe data used for this study consisted of 26 241 children pooled from 23 Demographic and Health Surveys conducted between 2010 and 2018 in SSA. We performed a Poisson regression analysis with robust Standard Errors (SEs) to determine the factors associated with full immunisation status for rural and urban children. Likewise, a multivariate decomposition analysis for non-linear response model was used to examine the contribution of the covariates to the observed rural and urban differential in full childhood immunisation. All analyses were performed using Stata software V.15.0 and associations with a p<0.05 were considered statistically significant.ResultsMore than half of children in urban settings were fully immunised (52.8%) while 59.3% of rural residents were not fully immunised. In all, 76.5% of rural–urban variation in full immunisation was attributable to differences in child and maternal characteristics. Household wealth was an important component contributing to the rural–urban gap. Specifically, richest wealth status substantially accounted for immunisation disparity (35.7%). First and sixth birth orders contributed 7.3% and 14.9%, respectively, towards the disparity while 7.9% of the disparity was attributable to distance to health facility.ConclusionThis study has emphasised the rural–urban disparity in childhood immunisation, with children in the urban settings more likely to complete immunisation. Subregional, national and community-level interventions to obviate this disparity should target children in rural settings, those from poor households and women who have difficulties in accessing healthcare facilities due to distance.

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The Concept, Causes and Consequences of Failed States: A Critical Review of the Literature and Agenda for Research with Specific Reference to Sub-Saharan Africa

European Journal of Development Research ◽

10.1057/ejdr.2009.44 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 22 (1) ◽

pp. 10-30 ◽

Cited By ~ 35

Author(s):

Jonathan Di John

Keyword(s):

Critical Review ◽

Sub Saharan Africa ◽

Specific Reference ◽

Failed States ◽

Review Of The Literature ◽

Sub Saharan

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WASH and Gender: a critical review of the literature and implications for gender-transformative WASH research

Journal of Water Sanitation and Hygiene for Development ◽

10.2166/washdev.2020.232 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (4) ◽

pp. 818-827

Author(s):

Jess MacArthur ◽

Naomi Carrard ◽

Juliet Willetts

Keyword(s):

Critical Review ◽

Empirical Studies ◽

Sub Saharan Africa ◽

Review Of The Literature ◽

Future Studies ◽

Development Interventions ◽

Sanitation And Hygiene ◽

Gender In Development ◽

Sub Saharan ◽

And Gender

Abstract The connections between gender and water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) are profound, and the sector is beginning to explore the integration of gender-transformative principles into WASH programming and research. Gender-transformative approaches challenge inequalities and move beyond an instrumentalist approach to gender in development interventions. Through a critical review of academic empirical studies, this paper explores the last decade of WASH-gender literature (2008–2018). Trends were visualised using an alluvial diagram. The reviewed literature was underpinned by a diversity of disciplines, yet was dominated by women-focused, water-focused studies. Although the studies addressed many important gender considerations, few studies engaged with transformational aspects of gender equality. The majority of the studies were based in rural sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, indicating opportunity to explore contextual dynamics in other areas of the global south. Lastly, the studies primarily focus on women of productive age; only a few studies touched on gender dynamics relevant for a diversity of women, and men and boys were mostly absent. Insights from this analysis can inform future studies at the intersection of WASH and gender. Researchers and practitioners are encouraged to include a diversity of voices, reflect on the strengths and limitations of research disciplines, and incorporate gender-transformative concepts.

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Strengthening National Immunization Coverage Capacity and Effectiveness Strategies in Vaccine Preventable Diseases in Rural and Urban Settings in Sub-Saharan Africa

Journal of Vaccines & Vaccination ◽

10.4172/2157-7560.1000306 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 07 (01) ◽

Author(s):

Ernest Tambo

Keyword(s):

Immunization Coverage ◽

Sub Saharan Africa ◽

Urban Settings ◽

Vaccine Preventable Diseases ◽

Rural And Urban ◽

National Immunization ◽

Sub Saharan

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Agricultural Supply Response in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Critical Review of the Literature

African Development Review ◽

10.1111/j.1467-8268.1990.tb00025.x ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 2 (2) ◽

pp. 83-99 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Osita M. Ogbu ◽

Mathurin Gbetibouo

Keyword(s):

Critical Review ◽

Sub Saharan Africa ◽

Review Of The Literature ◽

Supply Response ◽

Agricultural Supply Response ◽

Sub Saharan ◽

Agricultural Supply

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Community-driven citizen science approach to explore cardiovascular disease risk perception, and develop prevention advocacy strategies in sub-Saharan Africa: a programme protocol

Research Involvement and Engagement ◽

10.1186/s40900-020-00246-x ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Kufre Joseph Okop ◽

Kathy Murphy ◽

Estelle Victoria Lambert ◽

Kiya Kedir ◽

Hailemichael Getachew ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cardiovascular Disease ◽

Citizen Science ◽

Risk Perceptions ◽

Disease Risk ◽

Cardiovascular Disease Risk ◽

Data Gathering ◽

Lessons Learned ◽

Sub Saharan Africa ◽

Rural And Urban ◽

Sub Saharan

Abstract Background In sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), which experiences a disproportionately high cardiovascular disease (CVD) burden, population-based screening and prevention measures are hampered by low levels of knowledge about CVD and associated risk factors, and inaccurate perceptions of severity of risk. Methods This protocol describes the planned processes for implementing community-driven participatory research, using a citizen science method to explore CVD risk perceptions and to develop community-specific advocacy and prevention strategies in the rural and urban SSA settings. Multi-disciplinary research teams in four selected African countries will engage with and train community members living in rural and urban communities as citizen scientists to facilitate conceptualization, co-designing of research, data gathering, and co-creation of knowledge that can lead to a shared agenda to support collaborative participation in community-engaged science. The emphasis is on robust community engagement, using mobile technology to support data gathering, participatory learning, and co-creation of knowledge and disease prevention advocacy. Discussion Contextual processes applied and lessons learned in specific settings will support redefining or disassembling boundaries in participatory science to foster effective implementation of sustainable prevention intervention programmes in Low- and Middle-income countries.

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The HIV transmission risk factors and opportunities for use of mHealth in HIV prevention among emerging adult population in the Sub-Saharan Africa context: a review of the literature

International Journal of Health Promotion and Education ◽

10.1080/14635240.2021.1995464 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-15

Author(s):

Augustine B Kiplagat ◽

Peninnah M Kako ◽

Lucy Mkandawire-Valhmu ◽

Dinah Chelagat ◽

Seok Hyun Gwon ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Hiv Prevention ◽

Hiv Transmission ◽

Adult Population ◽

Emerging Adult ◽

Sub Saharan Africa ◽

Transmission Risk ◽

Review Of The Literature ◽

Sub Saharan ◽

Hiv Transmission Risk

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Recommendations: The Development of the Agrarian Sector, with Emphasis on Food Production and Distribution

Issue A Journal of Opinion ◽

10.1017/s0047160700500833 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 17 (1) ◽

pp. 33-33

Author(s):

Michael F. Lofchie ◽

Gleb V. Smirnov

Keyword(s):

Food Production ◽

Agricultural Development ◽

Food Distribution ◽

Sub Saharan Africa ◽

Debt Burden ◽

Rural And Urban ◽

Ecological Problems ◽

Production And Distribution ◽

Sub Saharan ◽

Investment Goods

A critical problem for Africa is that of food production and distribution, highlighted by declines in food production, widespread hunger, and famine. There are several interrelated sources of this problem, both domestic and external. Among them are ecological problems, engendered by climatic and natural conditions; land fertility depletion in many regions of sub-Saharan Africa; the extreme scarcity of financial resources, accentuated by the debt burden and falling terms of trade; a deficit of investment goods and research and development facilities needed for agricultural development; and weaknesses in rural infrastructure, both economic and social. Unbalanced interaction between the rural and urban economies as well as archaic socioeconomic structures play a major role in the problems of food distribution, with consequent effects on food production.

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