scholarly journals Challenges and Threats to the Debt Security of Central and Eastern European Countries

2021 ◽  
pp. 135-152
Author(s):  
Yurii Chentukov ◽  
Tetyana Marena ◽  
Olha Zakharova
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Approach ◽  
Eastern European ◽  
International Lending ◽  
Credit Risks ◽  
Global Recession ◽  
Safe Level ◽  
Analysis And Synthesis ◽  
Debt Security ◽  
Eastern European Countries ◽  
National Economies

The study aims to identify the debt security weaknesses in the CEE countries and determine challenges and threats to the debt security of national economies and the CEE region. To achieve this goal, general and specific research methods have been used, including historical and logical methods, analysis and synthesis, structural and functional analysis, generalization and abstraction, a systematic approach, classification, and statistical methods. It is found out that the situation with debt security in the CEE region is quite controversial. The average external debt indicators of the CEE countries are in the unsafe zone, while the average solvency is at a relatively safe level. The analysis of external indebtedness and solvency indicators shows that the CEE group is highly heterogeneous regarding the level of countries’ debt security. Despite some improvement in the debt security of CEE economies during 2017–2019, the prospects for the development of the debt situation are rather vague. It is due to the growing impact of external challenges and threats to the debt security of the region, including the deterioration of the global economic environment and global recession, increase in credit risks and contraction in the international lending, global economic and political imbalances, and policy divergence, growing government spending on solving problems caused by the COVID-19 and corresponding pressure on public budgets, the general growth of global debt. Given the high heterogeneity of CEE countries in terms of current debt security, the manifestation of global challenges in each national economy can be rather diverse.

scholarly journals AGRICULTURAL GUARANTEE FUND AS A RISK INSURANCE METHOD OF BANK CREDITING OF AGRO-INDUSTRIAL COMPLEX ENTERPRISES IN UKRAINE

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (42) ◽  
pp. 7-18
Author(s):  
Olexandr Yatsenko ◽  
Volodymyr Yatsenko ◽  
Iryna Andryushchenko
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Approach ◽  
Research Process ◽  
Industrial Complex ◽  
Agricultural Enterprises ◽  
Credit Risks ◽  
Analysis And Synthesis ◽  
Logical Method ◽  
General Scientific ◽  
Risk Insurance ◽  
Practical Recommendations

The goal of the article is the development of theoretical principles and practical recommendations concerning the improvement of bank crediting of agro-industrial complex (AIC) enterprises based on the use of Agricultural Guarantee Fund opportunities. The object of the research is a combination of theoretical, methodological and applied principles of forming and functioning of Agricultural Guarantee Fund in the process of bank crediting of AIC enterprises. The methodological basis of the study is based on the systematic approach to improving bank crediting of AIC enterprises and searching the ways of the guaranteed risk insurance in credit relations. In the research process, general scientific and special methods were used, namely: bibliographic method (the study of scientific works concerning risk insurance in bank crediting of agricultural enterprises); abstract-logical method; the methods of system generalization, analysis and synthesis. The article focuses on the risk insurance problems of bank crediting of AIC enterprises by creating Agricultural Guarantee Fund (AGF). The dynamics of insuring credit risks in Ukraine in recent years has been studied. The experience of EU countries as to creating and functioning AGF has been generalized; the main purpose of AGF is to reduce and allocate bank risk using the insurance technologies. The advantages of the fund have been substantiated; they will allow saving money due to the “leverage effect” with guarantee to get credit in sizes being significantly higher than the fund resources.

scholarly journals The Western Balkans Stock Exchanges Unification in Response to the Pandemic Crisis

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 372-388
Keyword(s):  
Stock Exchange ◽  
Economic Life ◽  
Remote Access ◽  
Stock Exchanges ◽  
Eastern European ◽  
Western Balkans ◽  
Economic Agents ◽  
Eastern European Countries ◽  
National Economies ◽  
Made In

Western Balkans is a term describing Eastern European countries that include North Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia, Albania, and Kosovo. The report puts Bulgaria next to the Western Balkan countries. The pandemic situation since the beginning of 2020 creates a need for fresh capital in all national economies. During the pandemic, non-standard decisions should be made in favor local economic agents to support and standardize economic processes. The pandemic necessitates the creation of alternative financing for economies. The Balkan Stock Exchange project faces thе opportunity to be implemented through the Committee of the European Parliament. In stock market history a merger is not a precedent. The first steps were in 2001, by Euronext. The Balkan Stock Exchange problems are mainly in the legislation and the tax treatment of income from financial instruments and dividends. The biggest positive for countries will be if, owing to the Balkan Stock Exchange, the possibility of remote access and investment keeps economies running. Through funding from an effective Balkan stock exchange, economic life should continue, albeit transformed into a remote one, so that the pandemic can be overcome with the least possible damage and without complete closure of the economies.

scholarly journals Assessment of countries’ international investment activity in the context of ensuring economic security

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 72-84
Author(s):  
Olha Zakharova ◽  
Olga Bezzubchenko ◽  
Khrystyna Mityushkina ◽  
Tamara Nikolenko
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Close Correlation ◽  
International Investment ◽  
Economic Security ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Eastern European ◽  
Investment Environment ◽  
Investment Activity ◽  
Safe Level ◽  
Eastern European Countries

For the vast majority of countries, creating a favorable investment environment, which determines the possibility of attracting foreign capital, is a prerequisite for economic growth, addressing issues of national interests and a sufficient level of economic security. The presented article aims to assess the development of international investment activities to ensure countries’ investment security as components of economic security. Using multidimensional evaluation methods, construction of complex indicators, methods of statistical grouping, measurement of stochastic relationships, the integrated level of investment security of Central and Eastern European countries is determined. The assessment results showed that such countries as Estonia, the Czech Republic, Latvia, Poland, Hungary, and Romania have the highest level of investment security and are among the countries that have strengthened their investment security positions over the period. The countries’ evaluation shows that 46% of the countries surveyed were classified as countries with a safe level of investment development. According to the results of correlation analysis, it was determined that the Investment Security Index is more correlated with the state of the investment climate of the country; in the group of Central and Eastern European countries, there is a close correlation with the level of investment attractiveness, which means that for these countries, macroeconomic stability and stable dynamics of socio-economic growth are the factors determining investment opportunities. The obtained results should be considered to identify the basic risks of the investment environment.

scholarly journals Modeling of Economic Convergence Processes in Eastern Europe Countries

Ekonomika ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 99 (2) ◽  
pp. 6-19
Author(s):  
Andriy V. Stavytskyy ◽  
Maryna B. Kozub
Keyword(s):  
Eastern Europe ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Eastern European ◽  
Economic Convergence ◽  
Speed Of Convergence ◽  
External Relations ◽  
Macroeconomic Indicators ◽  
Other World ◽  
Eastern European Countries ◽  
National Economies

The article describes the features of the processes of economic convergence in the countries of Eastern Europe for the last 10 years. The analysis of β- and σ-convergence was carried out based on a system of macroeconomic indicators with 10 key parameters. The calculation of the direction and speed of convergence was performed using the econometric instruments in the region as a whole and pairwise analysis of the β-convergence index for all analyzed countries. The obtained results allowed to conclude the inequity development of Eastern European countries and the lack of a stable trend towards convergence of macroeconomic indicators. The resulting model is universal and can be applied to other world regions or to determine the processes of convergence of another system of macroeconomic indicators and choose main directions of reforming to bring national economies closer and achieve stronger external relations.

Pragmatic Language Performance of Children Adopted Internationally

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 501-514
Author(s):  
Deborah A. Hwa-Froelich ◽  
Hisako Matsuo
Keyword(s):  
Social Communication ◽  
False Belief ◽  
Pragmatic Language ◽  
Eastern European ◽  
Language Performance ◽  
Emotion Identification ◽  
False Belief Understanding ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
Pragmatic Communication ◽  
Eastern European Countries

Purpose Pragmatic language is important for social communication across all settings. Children adopted internationally (CAI) may be at risk of poorer pragmatic language because of adverse early care, delayed adopted language development, and less ability to inhibit. The purpose of this study was to compare pragmatic language performance of CAI from Asian and Eastern European countries with a nonadopted group of children who were of the same age and from similar socioeconomic backgrounds as well as explore the relationship among emotion identification, false belief understanding, and inhibition variables with pragmatic language performance. Method Using a quasi-experimental design, 35 four-year-old CAI (20 Asian, 15 Eastern European) and 33 children who were not adopted were included in this study. The children's pragmatic language, general language, and social communication (emotion identification of facial expressions, false belief understanding, inhibition) were measured. Comparisons by region of origin and adoption experience were completed. We conducted split-half correlation analyses and entered significant correlation variables into simple and backward regression models. Results Pragmatic language performance differed by adoption experience. The adopted and nonadopted groups demonstrated different correlation patterns. Language performance explained most of the pragmatic language variance. Discussion Because CAI perform less well than their nonadopted peers on pragmatic communication measures and different variables are related to their pragmatic performance, speech-language pathologists may need to adapt assessment and intervention practices for this population.

European Integration

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johann P. Arnason
Keyword(s):  
European Integration ◽  
Eastern European ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Historical Processes ◽  
History Of ◽  
External Conditions ◽  
Eastern European Countries ◽  
Totalitarian Regimes ◽  
The Eu

Different understandings of European integration, its background and present problems are represented in this book, but they share an emphasis on historical processes, geopolitical dynamics and regional diversity. The introduction surveys approaches to the question of European continuities and discontinuities, before going on to an overview of chapters. The following three contributions deal with long-term perspectives, including the question of Europe as a civilisational entity, the civilisational crisis of the twentieth century, marked by wars and totalitarian regimes, and a comparison of the European Union with the Habsburg Empire, with particular emphasis on similar crisis symptoms. The next three chapters discuss various aspects and contexts of the present crisis. Reflections on the Brexit controversy throw light on a longer history of intra-Union rivalry, enduring disputes and changing external conditions. An analysis of efforts to strengthen the EU’s legal and constitutional framework, and of resistances to them, highlights the unfinished agenda of integration. A closer look at the much-disputed Islamic presence in Europe suggests that an interdependent radicalization of Islamism and the European extreme right is a major factor in current political developments. Three concluding chapters adopt specific regional perspectives. Central and Eastern European countries, especially Poland, are following a path that leads to conflicts with dominant orientations of the EU, but this also raises questions about Europe’s future. The record of Scandinavian policies in relation to Europe exemplifies more general problems faced by peripheral regions. Finally, growing dissonances and divergences within the EU may strengthen the case for Eurasian perspectives.

Knowledge about basic life support in European students

2014 ◽  
Vol 155 (21) ◽  
pp. 833-837 ◽  
Author(s):  
József Marton ◽  
Attila Pandúr ◽  
Emese Pék ◽  
Krisztina Deutsch ◽  
Bálint Bánfai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Basic Life Support ◽  
Life Support ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Eastern European ◽  
Knowledge And Skills ◽  
European Students ◽  
Western European ◽  
Eastern European Countries ◽  
European Youth

Introduction: Better knowledge and skills of basic life support can save millions of lives each year in Europe. Aim: The aim of this study was to measure the knowledge about basic life support in European students. Method: From 13 European countries 1527 volunteer participated in the survey. The questionnaire consisted of socio-demographic questions and knowledge regarding basic life support. The maximum possible score was 18. Results: Those participants who had basic life support training earned 11.91 points, while those who had not participated in lifesaving education had 9.6 points (p<0.001). Participants from former socialist Eastern European countries reached 10.13 points, while Western Europeans had average 10.85 points (p<0.001). The best results were detected among the Swedish students, and the worst among the Belgians. Conclusions: Based on the results, there are significant differences in the knowledge about basic life support between students from different European countries. Western European youth, and those who were trained had better performance. Orv. Hetil., 2014, 155(21), 833–837.

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