Why do logging companies adopt or reject forest certification in the Congo basin? Insights from Cameroon

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 341-349
Author(s):  
I. NDOUMBE BEROCK ◽  
S. ONGOLO
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Congo Basin ◽  
Forest Certification ◽  
Forest Operations ◽  
Client Relationships ◽  
The One ◽  
New Research ◽  
Basin Region ◽  
A Company

This study aims to understand, through the example of Cameroon, why industrial logging companies adopt or avoid sustainable certification or labelling systems of their forest operations in the Congo Basin region. From a methodological standpoint, the research is based on a sample of three empirical case studies of logging companies operating in Cameroon: an 'anti-certification' company (the model, due to the majority trend of non-certified logging companies in this region), a company in the process of certification (the intermediate case), and a certified company (the marginal case, due to the scarcity of certified companies in the study area). While focusing on these three cases, we chose to avoid reifying the dominant case of anti-certification companies. Hence the choice of highlighting this majority trend by carrying out a comparative study with an intermediate and a marginal case. The analysis of these three case studies reveals that the high cost of long term certification, the risks of patronage and cronyism in Patron-Client (customer-provider/boss) relationships that feature sustainable labelling processes are the main reasons for the low level of commitment of logging companies to forest certification in Cameroon. At the end of the research, we recommend that other complementary and more specific research should focus on the flaws in patron-client relationships that characterize forest certification processes on the one hand, and on the necessary conditions to avoid patronage and cronyisms risks or excesses in these relations on the other hand, especially in a poor governance context like Cameroon. Similarly, we encourage that new research be carried out to better understand whether and how transaction and opportunity costs influence the decisions of industrial logging companies in favour of or against forest certification.

Making Geoeconomics an IR Research Program

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dong Jung Kim
Keyword(s):  
Research Program ◽  
Domestic Politics ◽  
Great Power ◽  
Grand Strategy ◽  
Public Attention ◽  
Parsimonious Explanation ◽  
Conceptual Clarity ◽  
The One ◽  
New Research

Abstract In contrast to growing public attention to geoeconomics as the new mode of conducting great power competition, the IR discipline has not actively engaged in conceptual and theoretical analysis from the geoeconomic viewpoint. This article examines issues that geoeconomics needs to solve to become a new theoretical framework in the positivist “American” IR scholarship that dominates research on great power competition. On the one hand, the concept of geoeconomics needs to be redefined and account for a phenomenon that is not already covered in extant IR scholarship. Thus, geoeconomics should be considered as a form of grand strategy and defined as the use of economic instruments to advance mid- to long-term strategic interests in a geographical region of the world. On the other hand, geoeconomics in positivist IR should take into account international economic structure and domestic politics in developing a parsimonious explanation for the conditions to employ geoeconomic grand strategy. In this process, the theorist needs to make an analytical choice to concentrate on certain factors and mechanisms to assure theoretical parsimony. This article concludes that addressing the issues of conceptual clarity and parsimonious theorization would potentially allow geoeconomics to become a new research program in positivist IR.

scholarly journals Public Private Partnerships and the Prospects for Sustainable ICT Projects in the Developing World

2007 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Fife ◽  
Laura Hosman
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Success Factors ◽  
Public Services ◽  
Developing World ◽  
The Other ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Non Profit ◽  
Current State ◽  
The One

This paper analyses the recent phenomenon of private/public partnerships (PPPs) in the ICT sector of the developing world. The partners may come to these projects with divergent motivations: profit on the one hand and the provision of public services on the other, but at the end of the day, the interests of the partners that are symbiotic can – and indeed should – be aligned to ensure successful long-term projects. To investigate what can be done to promote successful and sustainable PPPs, this paper extends the traditional two-actor analysis to include both a third-party non-profit-oriented facilitating organization and the technology recipients that are the targets of these projects. Following an overview of the current state of PPPs in the developing world, the paper provides two case studies, based in Vietnam, where all four of the above-mentioned stakeholders were involved. The cases reveal important success factors that can be applied to future PPPs in the ICT sector.

scholarly journals Agroecological Transitions: A Systematic Review of Research Approaches and Prospects for Participatory Action Methods

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erwan Sachet ◽  
Ole Mertz ◽  
Jean-François Le Coq ◽  
Gisella S. Cruz-Garcia ◽  
Wendy Francesconi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Action Research ◽  
Participatory Action Research ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Food Systems ◽  
Participatory Action ◽  
Agroecological Transition ◽  
The One ◽  
Primary Type

There have been many calls for an agroecological transition to respond to food shocks and crises stemming from conventional food systems. Participatory action research and transformative epistemologies, where communities are research actors rather than objects, have been proposed as a way to enhance this transition. However, despite numerous case studies, there is presently no overview of how participatory approaches contribute to agroecological transitions. The present article therefore aims to understand the effect of applying participatory action research (PAR) in agroecology. We undertook a systematic review of articles reporting methods and results from case studies in agroecological research. On the one hand, our systematic review of 347 articles shows that the agroecological research scope is broad, with all three types—as science, a set of practices and social movement—well-represented in the corpus. However, we can see a clear focus on agroecology “as a set of practices” as the primary type of use of the concept. On the other hand, we found a few case studies (23) with a participatory approach while most studies used extractive research methods. These studies show that understanding the drivers and obstacles for achieving an agroecological transition requires long-term research and trust between researchers and farmers. Such transformative epistemologies open doors to new questions on designing long-term PAR research in agroecology when confronted with a short-term project-based society.

Oxford

2018 ◽  
pp. 172-184
Author(s):  
Robert E. Lerner
Keyword(s):  
Subject Matter ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
The One ◽  
New Research ◽  
Two Bodies

This chapter details events following Ernst Kantorowicz's arrival in Oxford. As a result of the events in Frankfurt, Kantorowicz accepted the fellowship that was offered him at Oxford. Upon arriving in January 1934 he entered an entirely different cultural universe from the one in which he had lived. Crossing the Channel made him an Anglophile. This change in attitude affected aspects of his scholarly subject matter in both the short and long term—ultimately being most evident in The King's Two Bodies. In addition, the six months in England offered him the opportunity to engage in new research endeavors that issued into his second book, Laudes Regiae. Another advantage was that he had to speak English.

Eutrophication in stratified deep reservoirs

1994 ◽  
Vol 30 (10) ◽  
pp. 273-279 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vera Straškrabová ◽  
Josef Hejzlar ◽  
Lidmila Procházková ◽  
Vojtech Vyhnálek
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Algal Biomass ◽  
The Other ◽  
Nutrient Input ◽  
Flushing Rate ◽  
The One ◽  
Long Term Studies

The response of phytoplankton development to an increased nutrient input in deep canyon-shaped stratified reservoirs was shown in four case studies. In contrast to lakes, specific features were described: longitudinal succession of phytoplankton development along the valley, transport of algal biomass and the peculiarities of P loading to epilimnion during summer stratification. Long term studies in two reservoirs showed the fluctuations of particular plankton components due to variations in flushing rate on the one hand and fish succession leading to prevalence of planktivorous species on the other.

Fast fashion goes global

2015 ◽  
Vol 31 (11) ◽  
pp. 17-20
Keyword(s):  
Rapid Expansion ◽  
Fast Fashion ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Market Driving ◽  
First Mover Advantage ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The One ◽  
A Company

Purpose – To trace the development of the Benetton Group and describe the causes and consequences of the clothing retailer’s transition from a market-driving to a market-driven strategy. Design/methodology/approach – Presents a history of the company from its beginnings in the 1960s, listing the innovations it adopted to support rapid expansion. Describes the emergence of “fast fashion” retailers such as Zara during the 1990s and explains how and why Benetton subsequently changed its strategy. Findings – It all started with a yellow jumper. Back in the 1960s, Italian men typically wore dark-colored sweaters under a jacket. So when his friends asked if they could have a brightly colored jumper like the one his sister made for his son, Gilberto Benetton realized that they had a different value proposition from traditional companies – and the start of a business. Soon Benetton had a company producing sweaters for local independent retailers in Italy. Plans for expansion brought further innovations that were new to the clothing market of the time. Practical implications – Draws attention to the value of first-mover advantage and the need to align competitive strategy with current market conditions. Social implications – Highlights the value of Benetton’s emphasis on developing long-term relationships based on trust with suppliers and retailers. Originality/value – Questions the value of a market-driving strategy as the basis for sustaining long-term financial performance.

scholarly journals Creating and Protecting Paths: Learning in an Entrepreneurial State

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Knut Sogner
Keyword(s):  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Governance Structure ◽  
State Ownership ◽  
New Governance ◽  
Product Lines ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
State Involvement ◽  
The One ◽  
A Company

This paper discusses how a Norwegian entrepreneurial state has performed over more than seventy years, based on an analysis of state involvement in Kongsberg Våpenfabrikk/the Kongsberg Group from 1945 and to 2015. Mariana Mazzucato has argued that bold technological investments by the state has long-term beneficial effects. The development of the Kongsberg companies adds nuance to this picture. On the one hand, the defense company Kongsberg Våpenfabrikk failed as a company in 1987 and was unbundled into a number of new companies independent of one another. On the other hand, some of the successor companies have been very successful, both in the oil and gas sector and within defense. Taking the defense and oil and gas company the Kongsberg Group as a case, this paper argues that a new style of entrepreneurial state developed in the 1990s and that it proved very successful. The old entrepreneurial state was heavy-handed, bold, and very long-term in its aims; the new entrepreneurial state was cautious, many-headed, and worked through the management of the company. The new entrepreneurial state combined state ownership, stock listing, and procurement considerations and was supported by both the Ministry of Industry and the Ministry of Defense. This new governance structure facilitated a stable corporation that over time integrated other Norwegian maritime electronics companies, which themselves had a checkered history under the old entrepreneurial state. A new corporate governance regime emerged and managed both to protect old and established product lines and to facilitate innovation both in defense and maritime electronics.

Radioimmunotherapy for treatment of acute myeloid leukaemia and myelodysplastic syndrome

2005 ◽  
Vol 44 (03) ◽  
pp. 107-117
Author(s):  
R. G. Meyer ◽  
W. Herr ◽  
A. Helisch ◽  
P. Bartenstein ◽  
I. Buchmann
Keyword(s):  
Acute Myeloid Leukaemia ◽  
Myeloid Leukaemia ◽  
Primary Tumour ◽  
The Other ◽  
Haematopoietic Stem Cell ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Primary Reduction ◽  
The One ◽  
Acute Myeloid

SummaryThe prognosis of patients with acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) has improved considerably by introduction of aggressive consolidation chemotherapy and haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (SCT). Nevertheless, only 20-30% of patients with AML achieve long-term diseasefree survival after SCT. The most common cause of treatment failure is relapse. Additionally, mortality rates are significantly increased by therapy-related causes such as toxicity of chemotherapy and complications of SCT. Including radioimmunotherapies in the treatment of AML and myelodyplastic syndrome (MDS) allows for the achievement of a pronounced antileukaemic effect for the reduction of relapse rates on the one hand. On the other hand, no increase of acute toxicity and later complications should be induced. These effects are important for the primary reduction of tumour cells as well as for the myeloablative conditioning before SCT.This paper provides a systematic and critical review of the currently used radionuclides and immunoconjugates for the treatment of AML and MDS and summarizes the literature on primary tumour cell reductive radioimmunotherapies on the one hand and conditioning radioimmunotherapies before SCT on the other hand.

Hidden “holes” in the capital of banks and the supply of credit to the real sector of economy

2018 ◽  
pp. 49-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. E. Mamonov
Keyword(s):  
Credit Risk ◽  
The Other ◽  
Real Sector ◽  
Capital Management ◽  
Loan Loss ◽  
Short Term ◽  
The Real ◽  
Ex Post ◽  
The One

Our analysis documents that the existence of hidden “holes” in the capital of not yet failed banks - while creating intertemporal pressure on the actual level of capital - leads to changing of maturity of loans supplied rather than to contracting of their volume. Long-term loans decrease, whereas short-term loans rise - and, what is most remarkably, by approximately the same amounts. Standardly, the higher the maturity of loans the higher the credit risk and, thus, the more loan loss reserves (LLP) banks are forced to create, increasing the pressure on capital. Banks that already hide “holes” in the capital, but have not yet faced with license withdrawal, must possess strong incentives to shorten the maturity of supplied loans. On the one hand, it raises the turnovers of LLP and facilitates the flexibility of capital management; on the other hand, it allows increasing the speed of shifting of attracted deposits to loans to related parties in domestic or foreign jurisdictions. This enlarges the potential size of ex post revealed “hole” in the capital and, therefore, allows us to assume that not every loan might be viewed as a good for the economy: excessive short-term and insufficient long-term loans can produce the source for future losses.

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