Empirical Analysis of Budget and Allocation of Trade Promotions in the U.S. Supermarket Industry

2007 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 410-424 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miguel I. Gómez ◽  
Vithala R. Rao ◽  
Edward W. Mclaughlin
Keyword(s):  
Product Category ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Research Directions ◽  
Promotion Policies ◽  
Supermarket Industry ◽  
Trade Promotions ◽  
Trade Promotion

Using a unique data set, the authors examine the role of manufacturer and retailer characteristics in the joint determination of trade promotion budgets for supermarket brands and their allocation across trade promotion types. They find that manufacturer variables, such as brand position in retailer product category and brand price premium, and annual retailer sales determine trade promotion budgets. Furthermore, retail companies with larger shares of private labels in product category sales, larger annual sales, and stronger brand positioning are able to increase the allocation of promotional funds to off-invoices and decrease allocation to performance-based trade promotions, such as scanbacks/ accruals and billbacks. Manufacturers with formal trade promotion policies tend to decrease allocation to off-invoices. The authors discuss marketing policy implications of this study and provide research directions.

The role of institutions in output growth volatility-financial development nexus

2016 ◽  
Vol 43 (6) ◽  
pp. 910-927 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ibrahim Dolapo Raheem ◽  
Kazeem Bello Ajide ◽  
Oluwatosin Adeniyi
Keyword(s):  
Financial Development ◽  
Measurement Errors ◽  
Output Growth ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Output Volatility ◽  
Reverse Causality ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Growth Volatility

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the role of institutions in the financial development-output growth volatility nexus. It provides new channels through which financial development can dampen the output growth volatilities of the countries under investigation. Design/methodology/approach A comprehensive data set for 71 countries covering the period from 1996 to 2012 and the System GMM approach were used. The choice of the methodology is to deal with endogeneity issues such as measurement errors, reverse causality among other issues. Findings A number of findings were emanated from the empirical analysis. First, the estimates provided evidence of the volatility-reducing effect of financial development. Second, institutions do not have the same reducing influence on output growth volatility. Third, the interaction of financial development and institutions showed that the output volatility reduction arising from financial development is enhanced in the presence of improved institutions. Research limitations/implications The policy implications derived from this study are in twofolds: first, it is important for policymakers to formulate policies that would ensure and enhance the development of the financial sectors, since its importance in minimizing output volatility has been established. Second, institutional quality should be developed so as to further enhance the growth volatility-reducing influence of financial development. Particularly, institutions should be improved along the multiple dimensions captured in the analysis. Originality/value To the best knowledge, the novelty of this study to the literature is the introduction of institutions, which is hypothesized to increase the dampening effects of financial development in output growth volatility.

Looking Beyond Academic Performance: The Influence of Instructor Gender on Student Motivation in STEM Fields

2018 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
pp. 801-835 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sabrina M. Solanki ◽  
Di Xu
Keyword(s):  
Gender Gap ◽  
Role Model ◽  
Policy Option ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Male Students ◽  
Stem Fields ◽  
Course Performance ◽  
Data Set ◽  
And Mathematics

Recruiting more female faculty has been suggested as a policy option for addressing gender disparities in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) fields given its ability to engage female students through a role model effect. While a small but growing body of literature has examined the role of instructor gender at the higher education level, it typically focuses only on academic outcomes. This paper utilizes a unique data set that includes not only information about student course performance in STEM but also a number of motivation-related measures. We find that having a female instructor narrows the gender gap in terms of engagement and interest; further, both female and male students tend to respond to instructor gender. We conclude by discussing the policy implications of these findings.

scholarly journals International and Intranational Technological Spillovers and Productivity Growth in China

2009 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaolan Fu ◽  
Yundan Gong
Keyword(s):  
Productivity Growth ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Firm Level ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Technological Spillovers ◽  
Manufacturing Firm ◽  
Chinese Firm ◽  
Level Data ◽  
International Industry

Technological spillovers from foreign direct investment (FDI) have been regarded as a major source of technical progress and productivity growth. This paper explores the role of international and intranational technological spillovers from FDI in technical change, efficiency improvement, and total factor productivity growth in Chinese manufacturing firms using a recent Chinese manufacturing firm-level panel data set over the 2001–05 period. International industry-specific research and development (R&D) stock is linked to the Chinese firm-level data, international R&D spillovers from FDI and intranational technological spillovers of R&D activities by foreign invested firms in China are examined as well. Policy implications are discussed.

scholarly journals EVALUATING VOXEL ENABLED SCALABLE INTERSECTION OF LARGE POINT CLOUDS

2015 ◽  
Vol II-3/W5 ◽  
pp. 25-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Wang ◽  
R. Lindenbergh ◽  
M. Menenti
Keyword(s):  
Point Cloud ◽  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Spatial Information ◽  
Computation Time ◽  
Point Clouds ◽  
The Other ◽  
Data Set

Laser scanning has become a well established surveying solution for obtaining 3D geo-spatial information on objects and environment. Nowadays scanners acquire up to millions of points per second which makes point cloud huge. Laser scanning is widely applied from airborne, carborne and stable platforms, resulting in point clouds obtained at different attitudes and with different extents. Working with such different large point clouds makes the determination of their overlapping area necessary but often time consuming. In this paper, a scalable point cloud intersection determination method is presented based on voxels. The method takes two overlapping point clouds as input. It consecutively resamples the input point clouds according to a preset voxel cell size. For all non-empty cells the center of gravity of the points in contains is computed. Consecutively for those centers it is checked if they are in a voxel cell of the other point cloud. The same process is repeated after interchanging the role of the two point clouds. The quality of the results is evaluated by the distance to the pints from the other data set. Also computation time and quality of the results are compared for different voxel cell sizes. The results are demonstrated on determining he intersection between an airborne and carborne laser point clouds and show that the proposed method takes 0.10%, 0.15%, 1.26% and 14.35% of computation time compared the the classic method when using cell sizes of of 10, 8, 5 and 3 meters respectively.

scholarly journals Determination of poverty among the poor and needy in a developing country

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 47
Author(s):  
Ahmad Fahme Mohd Ali ◽  
Mohd Faisol Ibrahim
Keyword(s):  
Poverty Alleviation ◽  
Driving Forces ◽  
Quality Education ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Poverty Eradication ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Household Expenditure Survey ◽  
Economy Condition

This article attempts to analyse the determination of poverty among the poor and needy of the zakat recipients in Kelantan, Malaysia. The study is motivated from the Kelantan zakat collection (2003-2015) that suggests that the growth alone (high collection) is not enough to eliminate poverty, there are indeed, other elements of poverty eradication like the socio economic, demographic factors, remittances and the investments in social and economic factors like the food subsidy for the poorest, good quality education, opportunities for the most needy, regulation of job markets, and purposively designed social security nets also have significant impact on permanent reduction in poverty. In Kelantan, despite zakat centres having disbursed an increasing amount of expenditure annually on the two categories of zakat recipients, hitherto the number of fuqara (poor) and masakin (needy) households is still increasing (MAIK, 2014; JAWHAR, 2012). Thus, it is important to understand the nature and scale of poverty, the various driving forces that affect it and the determinants of poverty among the poor and needy as linked to this process. A sample of 505 households from 2016 Household Expenditure Survey (HES) among the poor and needy zakat recipients in Kelantan has been used in this study. The findings have important policy implications for Kelantan Zakat Department (MAIK) in making the zakat distribution becomes more efficient and uplift the important role of zakat as one of the poverty alleviation tools among the Muslims. This study recommends the method of zakat distribution should be improved and channelled accordingly in order to strengthen the Muslims economy condition and then, it would facilitate the poverty alleviation programmes by the zakat department.

scholarly journals Foreign Missions’ Role in Promoting International Trade: Empirical Evidence of Sri Lankan Foreign Missions Promoting Electronic Exports in Germany

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 173
Author(s):  
R. T. Vidyaratne ◽  
E.A.G. Sumanasiri
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Sri Lankan ◽  
Foreign Missions ◽  
Potential Growth ◽  
Foreign Mission ◽  
Trade Promotion

Foreign missions have been the pillars of trade promotion and in particular, of export and export-oriented investment. In Sri Lanka, the potentiality in export promotion to Germany is immense. However, it is discernible that there is no coordinated effort in promoting trade in Sri Lanka by foreign missions. Therefore, this research examines the role of foreign missions in promoting international trade between Sri Lanka and Germany especially focusing on Electrical and Electronic Sector. The case study is based on the empirical evidence of Sri Lankan foreign missions promoting electrical and electronic exports in Germany. Potential growth-enhancing factors will benefit from increased global economic integration through trade promotion activities undertaken by the host country and the foreign mission. A qualitative methodology was used to understand the stakeholder perspective of the role of foreign missions. Analysis of data collected through semi-structured interviews (13) derived the results that trade fairs and Business to Business meetings as the most effective trade promotion activities. Findings of the study confirms six (6) vital roles of a foreign mission which are internalizing industries, promoting, business intelligence, stakeholder communication, building strategic relationships and inter-governmental engagement respectively. The paper points out managerial and policy implications such as pro-activeness of the head of foreign missions and strategic and trustworthy relationships between the countries. The study concludes that the activities carried out by the Sri Lankan Foreign Mission in Germany does not satisfy the exporters’ expectations and requirements. Further this study recommendations are provided to both German and Sri Lankan Governments and foreign missions.

When value- and experience-related trade promotions influence retailers’ sales: the moderating role of retail format strategy and channel structure

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Danny Claro ◽  
Valter Afonso Vieira ◽  
Raj Agnihotri ◽  
Rafael Serer
Keyword(s):  
Panel Data ◽  
Channel Structure ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Trade Promotions ◽  
Trade Promotion ◽  
Retail Format ◽  
Related Trade ◽  
Moderating Role ◽  
Channel Structures

Purpose As manufacturers and retailers aim to increase return on marketing investments, value- vs experience-related trade promotions gain attention. These two trade promotions become complicated in the presence of different retail format strategies (generalist vs specialist) and channel structures (direct to retailer vs distributors). Building on trade promotion literature, this study aims to show the main effect of value-related and experience-related trade promotions on retailers’ sales and the moderating role of different retail strategies and channel structures. Design/methodology/approach The authors use unique panel data from 8 personal care brands with 1,920 observations to test the hypotheses. The authors investigate how consumer goods manufacturer sells products using different channels structures and retail strategies. Estimated panel regressions provide the empirical evidence and robustness analyzes provide extra confidence to the findings. Findings Results reveal higher retail sales when the manufacturer invests in value-related trade promotions rather than experience-related trade promotions. The results also demonstrate how the manufacturer successfully invests in trade promotion by adequately accounting for channel structure and retail strategy. While temporary price reduction’s positive effect on retail sales is enhanced in generalist retailers (e.g. supermarket stores), shelf display’s positive impact is enhanced in specialist retailers (drug stores). Research limitations/implications The authors used unique panel data accounting for 15 months, limiting the findings. The results supported the investment allocation decisions in each period. However, future research may evaluate the effectiveness over a longer period and thoroughly address each investment’s seasonal effects. Practical implications The authors unveil how retailers achieve higher sales with value-related trade promotions when compared to experience-related trade promotions. The authors also shed light on the way manufacturers design their relationships with generalist and specialist retailers by working in direct and indirect channels. Trade promotions yield better results when the direct channel structure couples with a retailer’s generalist strategy. Originality/value The empirical findings help manufacturers achieve success in trade promotions by developing an equitable evaluation to contrast value- and experience-related promotions accounting for generalist and specialist retail strategies and direct and indirect channels.

A Molecular Approach to Immunoscintigraphy: A Study of the T-Antigen Conformation on the Surface of Tumors

1987 ◽  
Vol 26 (01) ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Selvaraj ◽  
M. R. Suresh ◽  
G. McLean ◽  
D. Willans ◽  
C. Turner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Monoclonal Antibodies ◽  
Tumor Cell ◽  
T Antigen ◽  
Human Carcinomas ◽  
Animal Tumor ◽  
Synthetic Antigens

The role of glycoconjugates in tumor cell differentiation has been well documented. We have examined the expression of the two anomers of the Thomsen-Friedenreich antigen on the surface of human, canine and murine tumor cell membranes both in vitro and in vivo. This has been accomplished through the synthesis of the disaccharide terminal residues in both a and ß configuration. Both entities were used to generate murine monoclonal antibodies which recognized the carbohydrate determinants. The determination of fine specificities of these antibodies was effected by means of cellular uptake, immunohistopathology and immunoscintigraphy. Examination of pathological specimens of human and canine tumor tissue indicated that the expressed antigen was in the β configuration. More than 89% of all human carcinomas tested expressed the antigen in the above anomeric form. The combination of synthetic antigens and monoclonal antibodies raised specifically against them provide us with invaluable tools for the study of tumor marker expression in humans and their respective animal tumor models.

On The Mechanism Of Heparin-Induced Potentiation Of Platelet Aggregation

1981 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Yamamoto ◽  
K Watanabe ◽  
Y Ando ◽  
H Iri ◽  
N Fujiyama ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Platelet Aggregation ◽  
Platelet Activation ◽  
Coagulation Factors ◽  
Marked Enhancement ◽  
Matrix Bound ◽  
Induced Aggregation ◽  
Aggregation Of Platelets ◽  
Plasma Heparin

It has been suggested that heparin caused potentiation of aggregation induced by ADP or epinephrine. The exact mechanism of heparin-induced platelet activation, however, remained unknown. In this paper, we have investigated the role of anti-thrombin III ( AT ) in heparin-induced platelet activation using purified AT and AT depleted plasma. When ADP or epinephrine was added to citrated PRP one minute after addition of heparin ( 1 u/ml, porcine intestinal mucosal heparin, Sigma Co. USA ), marked enhancement of platelet aggregation was observed, compared with the degree of aggregation in the absence of heparin. However, in platelet suspensions prepared in modified Tyrode’s solution, heparin exhibited no potentiating effect on platelet aggregation induced by epinephrine or ADP. Potentiation of epinephrine- or ADP-induced platelet aggregation by heparin was demonstrated when purified AT was added to platelet suspensions at a concentration of 20 μg/ml. AT depleted plasma, which was prepared by immunosorption using matrix-bound antibodies to AT, retained no AT, while determination of α1-antitrypsinα2- macroglobulin and fibrinogen in AT depleted plasma produced values which corresponded to those of the original plasma when dilution factor was taken into account. The activities of coagulation factors were also comparable to those of the original plasma. Heparin exhibited potentiating effect on ADP- or epinephrine-induced aggregation of platelets in original plasma, but no effect in AT depleted plasma. When purified AT was added back to AT depleted plasma at a concentration of 20 μg/ml, potentiation of platelet aggregation by heparin was clearly demonstrated.Our results suggest that effect of heparin on platelet aggregation is also mediated by anti-thrombin III.

MATERIAL HANDLING MACHINES AND SYSTEMS – UMI-TWINN PROJECT CONTRIBUTION

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-20
Author(s):  
Péter Telek ◽  
Béla Illés ◽  
Christian Landschützer ◽  
Fabian Schenk ◽  
Flavien Massi
Keyword(s):  
Material Handling ◽  
Digital Data ◽  
Flow Process ◽  
Research Directions ◽  
Scientific Excellence ◽  
Research Activities ◽  
New Research ◽  
Eu Project ◽  
The University

Nowadays, the Industry 4.0 concept affects every area of the industrial, economic, social and personal sectors. The most significant changings are the automation and the digitalization. This is also true for the material handling processes, where the handling systems use more and more automated machines; planning, operation and optimization of different logistic processes are based on many digital data collected from the material flow process. However, new methods and devices require new solutions which define new research directions. In this paper we describe the state of the art of the material handling researches and draw the role of the UMi-TWINN partner institutes in these fields. As a result of this H2020 EU project, scientific excellence of the University of Miskolc can be increased and new research activities will be started.

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