scholarly journals Microbial Manipulation of Immune Function for Asthma Prevention: Inferences from Clinical Trials

2007 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 277-282 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Yoo ◽  
H. Tcheurekdjian ◽  
S. V. Lynch ◽  
M. Cabana ◽  
H. A. Boushey
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Immune Function ◽  
Asthma Prevention

scholarly journals Socio-Medical Studies of Individuals Self-Treating with Helminths Suggest That Most Clinical Trials Assessing Helminth Therapy May Be Designed to Fail

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aarushi Venkatakrishnan ◽  
Joshua Hames ◽  
Kateřina Jirků-Pomajbíková ◽  
William Parker
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Immune Function ◽  
Therapeutic Efficacy ◽  
Complete Loss ◽  
Western Society ◽  
Medical Studies ◽  
Therapeutic Dosage ◽  
Mainstream Medicine ◽  
Intestinal Worms ◽  
Helminth Therapy

The virtually complete loss of intestinal worms, known as helminths, from Western society has resulted in elimination of a range of helminth-induced morbidities. Unfortunately, that loss has also led to inflammation-associated deficiencies in immune function, ultimately contributing to widespread pandemics of allergies, autoimmunity, and neuropsychiatric disorders. Several socio-medical studies have examined the effects of intentional reworming, or self-treatment with helminths, on a variety of inflammation-related disorders. In this study, the latest results from ongoing socio-medical studies are described. The results point toward two important factors that appear to be overlooked in some if not most clinical trials. Specifically, (a) the method of preparation of the helminth can have a profound effect on its therapeutic efficacy, and (b) variation between individuals in the effective therapeutic dosage apparently covers a 10-fold range, regardless of the helminth used. These results highlight current limits in our understanding of the biology of both hosts and helminths, and suggest that information from self-treatment may be critical in moving the field forward into mainstream medicine.

scholarly journals Iron fortification of infant formula

2000 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 215-227 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. D Moy
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Immune Function ◽  
Infant Formula ◽  
Safety Net ◽  
Fe Deficiency ◽  
Bovine Lactoferrin ◽  
Fe Content ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Made In

AbstractThe purpose of this review is to examine the need for and appropriate level of Fe fortification of infant formula, and to assess any adverse effects of Fe fortification. The appropriate level of Fe fortification of infant formula has been established through studies of Fe absorption or erythrocyte incorporation of Fe, and through clinical trials of formulas with varying levels of Fe that were aimed at preventing the development of Fe deficiency in participating infants. In addition, the effects of varying levels of Fe fortification on the absorption of other minerals and trace elements, and on the incidence of infection and immune function have been studied, as has the effect of adding bovine lactoferrin to formula. Studies of Fe absorption have shown that increasing the level of Fe fortification in formula does not significantly increase the amount absorbed, and that the addition of bovine lactoferrin is unlikely to further increase absorption of Fe. Quite different recommendations for the level of Fe fortification of formula are made in the USA and in Europe. The higher level (12 mg/l) commonly used in the USA is not well supported by the evidence from clinical trials that suggest that lower levels (4 mg/l or less) may be adequate to prevent the development of Fe deficiency. Higher levels of Fe fortification may also interfere with the absorption of other minerals such as Cu and Se. Concerns about potential adverse effects of Fe fortification on immune function and susceptibility to infections have been disproved as have concerns about associated gastrointestinal symptomatology. There are no clearly demonstrated advantages in using ‘follow-on’ formula with high Fe content (up to 13 mg/l) instead of the standard UK formulas with Fe fortification in the range 4–7 mg/l after the age of 6 months, although they may provide an important ‘safety net’ for the prevention of Fe deficiency in communities with weaning diets low in Fe.

scholarly journals Body weight, vitamin D and zinc: A review of associations with coronavirus disease (COVID-19)

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (9) ◽  
pp. 189
Author(s):  
Mona Boaz ◽  
Hagit Salem ◽  
Daniela Abigail Navarro ◽  
Vered Kaufman-Shriqui
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Mechanical Ventilation ◽  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Immune Function ◽  
Healthcare Professionals ◽  
Popular Literature ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Susceptible Populations ◽  
Evidence Based Care

Obesity has been associated with adverse Coronavirus disease [COVID-19] outcomes; obesity is associated with sub-optimal immune function, including vitamin D and zinc deficiencies, two micronutrients essential for immune function, including anti-viral activity.  The co-occurrence of vitamin D and zinc deficiencies have been documented.  These exposures have been widely discussed in both scientific and popular literature.  Thus, a critical review of the association between obesity, vitamin D and zinc, in relation to the COVID pandemic, is appropriate. Evidence strongly associates  obesity and adverse COVID outcomes including hospitalization, intensive care hospitalization, need for mechanical ventilation and death. While the mechanisms associating vitamin D and zinc to immune function are well-delineated, clinical trials of these nutrients fail to identify efficacy in the prevention or treatment of COVID. Further studies are warranted in susceptible populations. It is important that healthcare professionals practice evidence-based care; thus at this point, neither vitamin D nor zinc can be recommended as a preventive or cure for COVID.               Keywords: COVID, body weight, obesity, vitamin D, zinc

scholarly journals Measurement of Induced Cytokines in AIDS Clinical Trials Using Whole Blood: A Preliminary Report

1998 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 556-560 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert S. Wallis ◽  
Howard M. Lederman ◽  
John Spritzler ◽  
Jennifer L. Devers ◽  
Daniel Georges ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Immune Function ◽  
Whole Blood ◽  
Clinical Laboratory ◽  
Culture Method ◽  
Necrosis Factor Alpha ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Ifn Γ ◽  
Aids Clinical Trials ◽  
Cd4 Cell

ABSTRACT Measures of immune function have become increasingly important as endpoints in AIDS clinical trials, with respect to both modulation and reconstitution of immunity by experimental therapies. Measurement of immune function in this setting requires the development of robust analytic approaches suitable for the clinical laboratory. Experiments were performed to evaluate the suitability of using cultured heparinized (“whole”) blood for induction of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and gamma interferon (IFN-γ), two cytokines critical in AIDS pathogenesis. TNF-α expression ranged from 229 to 769 pg/ml in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated cultures and was not detected in unstimulated cultures. IFN-γ expression ranged from 0 to 112,000 pg/ml in phytohemagglutinin A (PHA)-stimulated cultures and from 0 to 789 pg/ml in antigen-stimulated cultures. The mean coefficient of variation observed in three weekly determinations was 0.47 for TNF-α and ranged from 0.12 to 1.73 for IFN-γ. These values indicate that sample sizes of 8, 24, and 29 subjects would be sufficient to detect twofold changes in LPS-induced TNF-α and in PHA- and antigen-induced IFN-γ, respectively, if two baseline and two treatment determinations were obtained, and if the interpatient variability of changes in true levels from baseline to follow-up is negligible compared to the variability in the three weekly measurements. Measurement of LPS-induced TNF-α and mitogen- or antigen-induced IFN-γ can be performed simply and reproducibly in human immunodeficiency virus-infected persons by the whole-blood culture method. Further studies are warranted to determine the effect of overnight shipping on assay reproducibility and to determine the extent to which responses can be reliably detected in subjects with low CD4 cell numbers.

scholarly journals Acute and Chronic Effects of Interval Training on the Immune System: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis

Biology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 868
Author(s):  
Daniel Souza ◽  
Arthur F. Vale ◽  
Anderson Silva ◽  
Murilo A. S. Araújo ◽  
Célio A. de Paula Júnior ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Function ◽  
Leucocyte Count ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Interval Training ◽  
Secretory Rate ◽  
Chronic Effects ◽  
Acute And Chronic Effects

Purpose: To summarize the evidence regarding the acute and chronic effects of interval training (IT) in the immune system through a systematic review with meta-analysis. Design: Systematic review with meta-analysis. Data source: English, Portuguese and Spanish languages search of the electronic databases Pubmed/Medline, Scopus, and SciELO. Eligibility criteria: Studies such as clinical trials, randomized cross-over trials and randomized clinical trials, investigating the acute and chronic effects of IT on the immune outcomes in humans. Results: Of the 175 studies retrieved, 35 were included in the qualitative analysis and 18 in a meta-analysis. Within-group analysis detected significant acute decrease after IT on immunoglobulin A (IgA) secretory rate (n = 115; MD = −15.46 µg·min−1; 95%CI, −28.3 to 2.66; p = 0.02), total leucocyte count increase (n = 137; MD = 2.58 × 103 µL−1; 95%CI, 1.79 to 3.38; p < 0.001), increase in lymphocyte count immediately after exercise (n = 125; MD = 1.3 × 103 µL−1; 95%CI, 0.86 to 1.75; p < 0.001), and decrease during recovery (30 to 180 min post-exercise) (n = 125; MD = −0.36 × 103 µL−1;−0.57 to −0.15; p < 0.001). No effect was detected on absolute IgA (n = 127; MD = 47.5 µg·mL−1; 95%CI, −10.6 to 105.6; p = 0.11). Overall, IT might acutely reduce leucocyte function. Regarding chronic effects IT improved immune function without change leucocyte count. Conclusion: IT might provide a transient disturbance on the immune system, followed by reduced immune function. However, regular IT performance induces favorable adaptations on immune function.

Localization of Gallium-67 in Peritoneal Cells by Electron Microscopic Autoradiography

1973 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 404-405
Author(s):  
D. C. Swartzendruber ◽  
Norma L. Idoyaga-Vargas
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Tumor Tissue ◽  
Soft Tissue Tumors ◽  
Clinical Usefulness ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Normal Cells ◽  
Electron Microscopic Autoradiography ◽  
Peritoneal Cells ◽  
Gallium 67

The radionuclide gallium-67 (67Ga) localizes preferentially but not specifically in many human and experimental soft-tissue tumors. Because of this localization, 67Ga is used in clinical trials to detect humar. cancers by external scintiscanning methods. However, the fact that 67Ga does not localize specifically in tumors requires for its eventual clinical usefulness a fuller understanding of the mechanisms that control its deposition in both malignant and normal cells. We have previously reported that 67Ga localizes in lysosomal-like bodies, notably, although not exclusively, in macrophages of the spocytaneous AKR thymoma. Further studies on the uptake of 67Ga by macrophages are needed to determine whether there are factors related to malignancy that might alter the localization of 67Ga in these cells and thus provide clues to discovering the mechanism of 67Ga localization in tumor tissue.

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