Proposing the Bonding Requirements for Investment in Africa: A Tripartite Solution for the Environmental Protection

2012 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Deming Liu

AbstractAfrican countries do not have an effective legal framework to address the environmental damage that would be caused by the mining activities and oil exploitation of the transnational corporations. To resolve the issue, the paper proposes the modified bonding requirements under a tripartite agreement whereby the corporations’ home governments are involved. Conducting the discussion in the context of the Chinese investment in Africa and the environmental concerns that arise, the paper shows that such a scheme offers many advantages over the conventional bonding requirements and that it benefits both the local and the Chinese governments. Further, it proposes that the scheme should be made mandatory for any investors and governments in respect of their investments in the mining and oil industries in Africa.

2013 ◽  
Vol 82 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
Onita Das

Recent years have witnessed growing concern over the ever more increasing urgent and pervasive global environmental problems. Environmental problems and challenges in relation to armed conflict are amongst them. Such environmental pressures can cause violent or armed conflict which in turn can cause devastating damage and destruction to the environment. This article explores the possibility of utilising the overarching concept of sustainable development and its relevant substantive principles to fill the gaps of environmental protection provided by international humanitarian law. The concept of sustainable development generally refers to development or the process of improving the quality of life of the present generation without compromising the future generations. This article thus reviews the limits of the protection of the environment during armed conflict within the current legal framework and suggests setting out a new, more comprehensive set of Environmental Rules based on the ‘Berlin Rules’ approach. It is argued that these proposed Rules, by comprehensively and clearly prescribing rights and duties in respect of the ecological impact of armed conflict including the integration of the concept of sustainable development, could not only mitigate the impact of conflict-related environmental damage on both the environment and the human population, it could further contribute to the development of international law and conflict-related environmental protection specifically.


2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 15-20
Author(s):  
Ovruncsics Muszeros ◽  
Kursmecs Girgő Zsult

Environmental concerns concern the twentieth and twenty-first centuries' most pressing issues. This is because the threats found inside them are very deep and pervasive within the eco system itself. Humanity is actually seated on a ticking time bomb due to the environmental consequences of weapons and/or contamination, as well as threats such as flooding, wildfires, land degradation, wildfires, volcanoes, earthquakes, and radio-chemical hazards. Environmental issues have become a global issue for a variety of reasons; certain environmental problems are global in scope; concern for the environment becomes a global issue because an environmental problem has a global impact; environmental issues include the exploitation of global resources such as the oceans and atmosphere; environmental damage in one country can have an effect on the environment of other countries.


2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 162-184
Author(s):  
Joel Immanuel Matonga

The extractives industry is crucial to Africa’s economy. Mineral resources play an important role in the economic growth of many nations on the continent. The extraction of mineral resources is done by mining companies, most of which are transnational corporations (TNCs). The manner in which these mining TNCs handle waste from the mining process is usually not environmentally friendly, resulting in serious damage to the sustainability of natural resources such as land, water and the ecosystem at large. The states in which these TNCs operate fail to regulate the activities of the TNCs for a number of reasons. Apart from political factors, such reasons include a lack of strong domestic and international laws to address environmental pollution by mining TNCs. The public trust doctrine (PTD) has been celebrated as the ultimate environmental protection tool. Its ability to conform to changing public interests is evidenced by its development. Traditionally, the PTD’s original trustee was the sovereign state. However, this paper will argue that the rise of TNCs – particularly mining TNCs – in Africa has led to the transfer of public roles from the state to the mining TNCs. The conduct of these TNCs has resulted in huge environmental damage on the continent. There is therefore a need for a paradigm shift in environmental law by imposing the PTD on such TNCs. This paper argues that, bearing in mind the fundamental dynamics of the relationship between mining TNCs and the countries in which they operate on the continent, these TNCs have emerged as the dominant governance institutions. The largest of them reaches virtually every country of the world and exceeds most governments in size and power. As a result, the corporate interest rather than the human interest defines the policy agendas of states and international bodies, including the policy agendas and processes of environmental protection. Invariably, TNCs have assumed some of the crucial public roles that were historically the basis for the sovereign state to be the trustee of natural resources. This paper therefore examines the PTD as a legal phenomenon and isolates the concepts that make it an effective legal environmental protection tool on the African continent. It then discusses the characteristics that make the sovereign state an ‘automatic’ trustee of the PTD. The paper then identifies the emerging characteristics of mining TNCs and considers the justifications for advocating the use of the PTD on the international law platform to hold these TNCs accountable for environmental damage on the continent. L’industrie extractive est cruciale pour l’économie de l’Afrique. Les ressources minérales jouent un rôle important pour le développement de beaucoup de pays sur le continent. L’extraction des ressources minérales se fait par des compagnies minières dont la plupart sont des sociétés multinationales (SMs). La manière avec laquelle ces sociétés minières SMs manipulent les résidus miniers n’est très souvent pas respectueux de l’environnement, entraînant ainsi de graves dommages quant à la durabilité des ressources naturelles telle que la terre, l’eau et de manière générale l’écosystème. Les États dans lesquels ces SMs opèrent, sont incapable pour diverses raisons de réguler les activités des SMs. Hormis les facteurs politiques, ces raisons incluent une carence de lois nationales et internationales qui adressent de façons efficaces la pollution de l’environnement by les sociétés minières SMs. La doctrine de la confiance publique (DCP) a été célébrée comme l’ultime arsenal de protection de l’environnement. Sa capacité de s’adapter au changement des intérêts du public justifie son essor. Traditionnellement, la souveraineté de l’État était le garant de la DCP. Cet article soutient toutefois que la montée des SMs – sociétés minières SMs en particulier- en Afrique a donné lieu à un transfert des rôles publics de l’État aux sociétés minières SMs. L’action de ces SMs a conduit à un désastre environnemental sur le continent. Il y a donc une nécessité d’un changement de la loi sur l’environnement en imposant la DCP aux SMs. Cet article argumente que considérant les dynamiques fondamentales de la relation entre les sociétés minières SMs et les pays dans lesquels elles opèrent sur le continent, ces SMs ont émergé comme des institutions de gouvernance dominantes. La plus grande d’entre elles sont pratiquement dans tous les pays du monde et dépassent la plupart des gouvernements en grandeur et puissance. De ce fait, l’agenda politique des États et les agences internationales incluant les agendas politiques et les processus de protection de l’environnement sont définis par les intérêt de l’entreprise et non l’intérêt humain. Invariablement, les SMs ont assumé certains des rôles publics cruciaux qui jadis étaient dévolus à l’État souverain comme gardien/garant des ressources naturelles. Cet article examine donc les SMs comme un phénomène juridique en dissociant les concepts qui font d’elles un outil juridique de protection de l’environnement sur le continent africain. Il examine ensuite les caractéristiques qui font de l’État souverain un gardien/garant « automatique » de la DCP. Se faisant, l’article identifie les caractéristiques émergeantes des sociétés minières SMs et préconise comme justificatif l’utilisation de la DCP en droit international pour tenir responsables ces SMs des dommages causés sur l’environnement sur le continent.


Author(s):  
Mykhailo Kosmii ◽  
Vasyl. Kasiianchuk ◽  
Ruslan Zhyrak ◽  
Ivan Krykhovetskyi

The purpose of this paper is to analyze and research the legal mechanisms which make it possible to improve agroecology through the organization of cultivation of Jerusalem artichoke.Methodology. The methodology includes comprehensive analysis and generalization of available scientific, theoretical, practical and applied material and development of relevant conclusions and recommendations. During the research, the following methods of scientific cognition were used: dialectical, terminological, historical and legal, logical and normative, systemic and structural, functional, normative and dogmatic, generalization methods. Results. The process of analysis and research highlighted the possibilities of cultivating Jerusalem artichoke for improving agroecology, namely improving the ecological state of the atmosphere air and soil, preparing them for organic farming. The article contains examples of practical application of tubers of Jerusalem artichoke and herbage for the production of therapeutic and prophylactic products, alternative energy and highly efficient building materials. Scientific novelty. The study found that the authors summarized and systematized the levels of legal regulation in the field of using Jerusalem artichoke for improving agroecology, preparing soil for organic farming, in particular: the inter-sectoral level which covers the interaction of agricultural and environmental law in terms of cultivation and use of Jerusalem artichoke; the level of integrated environmental and legal regulation; level of individual resource (floristic) legal regulation; the level of environmental protection (anthropoprotection) legislation.Practical importance. The results of the study can be used in law-making and environmental protection activities related to issues of cultivating and using the Jerusalem artichoke as a means of improving agroecology.


2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 116-128
Author(s):  
Wenjun Yan

Abstract In 2015, the All-China Environment Federation v Dezhou Jinghua Group Zhenhua Corporation Limited case was the first civil environmental public interest litigation (CEPIL) against air pollution in China. Constituting a milestone in the field of air pollution control in China, this case (i) confirms the eligibility of a non-governmental organisation (NGO) to file civil public interest litigations; (ii) discusses remedies for the ecological destruction caused by air pollution; (iii) assesses the ecological and environmental damage using the ‘virtual restoration cost’ method; and (iv) uses public apology as an innovative way for Zhenhua to assume liability. By applying and interpreting several important rules under the Environmental Protection Law of China (EPLC) for the first time, this case sets an example for future CEPILs against air pollution in China.


2020 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Mai Thanh Dung ◽  
Nguyen Minh Khoa ◽  
Phan Thi Thu Huong

The need for sustainable development underscores the role and importance of integrating environmental concerns in non-environmental policies because it is evident that environmental regulations only are insufficient to manage all environmental issues. Law enforcement on environmental protection in Vietnam clearly demonstrates this situation. Vietnam’s legal system of environmental protection is incompatible or overlapped with other sectoral laws and in fact many environmental matters have been implemented in accordance with sectoral laws while disregarding environmental considerations due to the lack of specific and explicit environmental provisions or requirements in sectoral laws and regulations. From that situation, the paper emphasizes the need to integrate environmental protection requirements into the sectoral laws of Vietnam and proposes some fundamental criteria and procedures to integrate environmental requirements into sectoral laws.


2012 ◽  
Vol 190-191 ◽  
pp. 1179-1182
Author(s):  
Xiu Zhi Meng ◽  
Zeng Zhi Zhang ◽  
Zong Sheng Wang

The mining boundary ultra-layer & cross-border of some small coal mines in the profit-driven results in a many of safety accidents, waste of resources and environmental damage while the state can not achieve the full uninterrupted supervision because of the backward monitoring tools and equipment. In this situation the real-time monitoring system for underground mining activities is designed based on explosion source location technology. Small and medium-sized coal mines tunnel by blasting operations. The P waves are picked up by acceleration vibration sensors buried underground that are identified and dealt by using wavelet transform. The bursting point is located by the Geiger algorithm and displayed in the mine’s electronic map. The monitor system has good stability, small positioning error by field-proven.


Tanjung Kelayang is a tourism special economic zones (SEZ) established in Belitung regency, Indonesia, as an alternative and sustainable income to the community after the decline of tin mining. The TSEZ is focusing on rural and heritage tourism although mining activities are actively and continuously conducted. SEZs have been successful in some countries; however, India, China, and African countries have experienced less success in several aspects. The TSEZ offers some benefits but is vulnerable to external shock, since it was not developed based on a comprehensive design, and is associated with horizontal conflicts. This study reviewed Tanjung Kelayang's TSEZ policy based on SEZ implementation in various countries as a comparative study by adjusting the context of the phenomena occurring in Tanjung Kelayang. This research produced a review related to the TSEZ’s design, facilities, rules and regulations, also efforts to overcome horizontal conflicts.


2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 547-560
Author(s):  
Wahyu Risaldi ◽  
Mujibussalim Mujibussalim ◽  
M. Gaussyah

Penelitian ini ingin mengetahui kesesuaian penerapan asas asas in dubio pro natura dalam putusan perkara lingkungan hidup, dan kemungkinan penerapan asas in dubio pro natura perkara pidana lingkungan hidup. Penerapan asas ini penting karena kerusakan lingkungan hidup akan mengancam umat manusia, sehingga penegakan hukum lingkungan harus dilakukan penegak hukum. Melalui Undang-Undang Perlindungan dan Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup, dikenal sistem penegakan melalui suatu asas yang diterapkan oleh hakim, yakni asas in dubio pro natura dan asas in dubio pro reo. Dengan menggunakan metode penelitian normatif, ditemukan bahwa penerapan asas in dubio pro natura dan in dubio pro reo sesuai dengan tujuan Undang-Undang Perlindungan dan Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup. Di samping itu, asas in dubio pro natura bisa juga diterapkan dalam perkara pidana. Penerapan asas ini efektif dalam penyelesaikan perkara lingkungan hidup. Implementation of the In Dubio Pro Natura and In Dubio Pro Reo Principles by the Environmental Judges This study aims to find out the suitability application of in dubio pro natura principles in environmental case decisions, and also the possibility of applying it’s principle in environmental crimes. The implementation of this principle is important because environmental damage will threaten humanity, so the enforcement of environmental law must be carried out by law enforcers. Through Environmental Protection and Management Law, it is known as a system of enforcement through principles applied by judges, that are the in dubio pro natura and the in dubio pro reo principles. This is normative research, it was found that the implementation of the in dubio pro natura and in dubio pro reo principles was in accordance with the objectives of the Environmental Protection and Management Law. In addition, the in dubio pro natura principle can also be applied in criminal cases. The implementation of this principle is effective in resolving environmental cases.


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