Penerapan Contempt Of Court sebagai Terobosan dalam Membangun Efektivitas Eksekusi Riil dalam Perkara Perdata

This study tried to parse the possibility of contempt of court application is a breakthrough to build for effectiveness of real execution of civil cases. The discussion in this study rests on two problem objects, namely; 1) What are the obstacles in the real execution of civil case decisions; and 2) How can a solution be proposed to encourage the effectiveness of the real execution of civil cases. This paper is used to normative legal research so that it rests on the statute approach. The results of this research to indicate that in addition to normative problems in execution arrangements, in practice it is often found that problems occur due to physical resistance from the losing party in the trial. Because of this reason, it is important to apply contempt of court as a legal formulation to create an effective and efficient execution system.Keyword: Contempt of court, Real Execution, Civil CaseAbstrakKajian ini mencoba mengurai kemungkinan Penghinaan terhadap Pengadilan yang merupakan terobosan untuk membangun efektivitas eksekusi nyata dalam perkara perdata. Pembahasan dalam penelitian ini bertumpu pada dua objek masalah, yaitu; 1) Apa saja kendala dalam pelaksanaan putusan perkara perdata; dan 2) Bagaimana solusi yang dapat diajukan untuk mendorong efektivitas pelaksanaan perkara perdata yang sebenarnya. Tulisan ini digunakan untuk penelitian hukum normatif sehingga bertumpu pada pendekatan undang-undang. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa selain masalah normatif dalam pengaturan eksekusi, dalam praktiknya sering ditemukan masalah yang terjadi karena adanya perlawanan fisik dari pihak yang kalah dalam persidangan. Oleh karena itu, penting untuk menerapkan Penghinaan terhadap Pengadilan sebagai rumusan hukum untuk menciptakan sistem eksekusi yang efektif dan efisien. Kata kunci; Penghinaan terhadap Pengadilan, Eksekusi Nyata, Perkara Perdata

The Course and Consequences of Justice Reform in Georgia

Judicial reform in Georgia has been in progress since the 90s. Significant changes have been made within the reform since 2012, including numerous positive changes that have taken place, namely: • Concrete steps were taken to free the High Council of Justice from political influence; • The activities of the Council of Justice have become much more transparent; • The role of the self-government of judges has increased; • An electronic case distribution system has been implemented; • The electronic services in court have improved; • Statistics on administrative case decisions have improved; • Improved statistics on criminal case decisions; Nevertheless, there are still significant problems in the judiciary. These problems concern both the review of cases and the management of the judiciary in general. These problems include: • Independence and impartiality of the judiciary; • Transparency of court hearings; • Violation of the rule of witness interrogation; • Low public confidence in the judiciary; • Delayed cases; • Overloaded court system. In this paper, the author has reviewed the positive steps in detail, taken for judicial reform. The main shortcomings in the current judicial system have also been discussed in detail. In this paper, the author offers her own opinions in order to eliminate the existing problems. At the end, special attention is paid to the need of bringing the justice system and the education system closer.

The Draft Fining Guidelines and the future of antitrust fines in China

Fines are a major part of the punishment and deterrence in China’s enforcement of its Antimonopoly Law. China has been drafting antitrust fining guidelines in the past several years and the current version is believed to be close to final. One natural question is: will the antitrust fining guidelines lead to harsher antitrust fines in China’s future enforcement? We attempt to answer this question by assessing whether fine recipients in China’s historical antitrust investigations would have received higher fines according to the Draft Fining Guidelines. Based on a large number of historical non-merger case decisions issued by China’s antitrust agencies through September 2019, our quantitative analysis shows that higher future fines should be expected in the future. We also explore several factors that might explain why historical fines were below the level predicted by the Draft Fining Guidelines.

The Landscape of Ontology Reuse Approaches

Ontology reuse aims to foster interoperability and facilitate knowledge reuse. Several approaches are typically evaluated by ontology engineers when bootstrapping a new project. However, current practices are often motivated by subjective, case-by-case decisions, which hamper the definition of a recommended behaviour. In this chapter we argue that to date there are no effective solutions for supporting developers’ decision-making process when deciding on an ontology reuse strategy. The objective is twofold: (i) to survey current approaches to ontology reuse, presenting motivations, strategies, benefits and limits, and (ii) to analyse two representative approaches and discuss their merits.

Putusan Mahkamah Agung Perlindungan Konsumen, Pasca Undang-Undang No. 21 Tahun 2011 Tentang Otoritas Jasa Keuangan

The majority of civil case decisions specifically consumer protection are closely correlated with the financial services sector. Looking at and studying the verdicts of consumer protection cases contained in the Supreme Court (MA) website, it can be concluded that the consumer protection cases have increased significantly in the last 3 (three) years, between 2013 and 2017, especially after the enactment of Act Number 21 the Year 2011 concerning Financial Fervices Authority. This paper will analyze non-financial service case decisions, at least from the point of view of whether non-financial service case decisions are appropriately handled and understood by Supreme Court judges, BPSK Members, and by disputing parties based on Act Number 9 of 1999 Concerning Consumer Protection. The purpose of writing is to know what has been exactly done by BPSK and the judge and to analyze what is not appropriate normatively. The decision analysis is based on the classification of consumers, business actors, and the authority of the Consumer Dispute Settlement Agency (BPSK). This paper will analyze 14 non-financial services Supreme Court (MA) decisions in the span of time between 2013 and 2017, and use the normative juridical research method. From the results of the verdict research, it appears that the understanding of MA judges, BPSK members, and the parties to the dispute has not fully understood the understanding of consumers, business actors, and the authority of BPSK in handling cases. Mayoritas putusan perkara perdata khusus perlindungan konsumen berkorelasi erat dengan bidang jasa keuangan. Melihat dan mempelajari putusan perkara perlindungan konsumen yang terdapat dalam laman Mahkamah Agung (MA) dapat disimpulkan bahwa perkara perlindungan konsumen mengalami peningkatan signifikan dalam kurun 3 (tiga) tahun terakhir, antara tahun 2013 sampai dengan tahun 2017, khususnya setelah berlakunya UU Nomor 21 Tahun 2011 tentang Otoritas Jasa Keuangan. Tulisan ini akan menganalisis putusan perkara non jasa keuangan, setidaknya dari sudut pandang apakah putusan perkara non jasa keuangan telah tepat ditangani dan dipahami oleh hakim MA, Anggota BPSK dan oleh para pihak yang bersengketa berdasarkan UU Nomor 9 Tahun 1999 Tentang Perlindungan Konsumen. Tujuan penulisan mengetahui apa yang telah tepat dilakukan oleh BPSK dan hakim serta menganalisis apa saja yang tidak tepat secara normatif. Analisis putusan dilakukan berdasarkan klasifikasi konsumen, pelaku usaha, dan kewenangan Badan Penyelesaian Sengketa Konsumen (BPSK). Tulisan ini akan menganalisis 14 putusan MA (MA) non jasa keuangan dalam rentang waktu antara tahun 2013 sampai dengan tahun 2017, dan menggunakan metode penelitian yuridis normatif. Dari hasil penelitian putusan nampak bahwa pemahaman hakim MA, Anggota BPSK dan para pihak yang bersengketa belum sepenuhnya memahami pengertian konsumen, pelaku usaha, dan kewenangan BPSK dalam menangani perkara.