CHAPTER FIVE. Third-Party Governance and Group Membership: Minilateral Trade Liberalization

1992 ◽  
pp. 86-110
Keyword(s):  
Trade Liberalization ◽  
Group Membership ◽  
Third Party

Altering distance and defining authority

2009 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 238-259 ◽  
Author(s):  
Minna Nevala
Keyword(s):  
Interpersonal Relationships ◽  
Group Membership ◽  
Social Identities ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Altering Distance ◽  
The Social ◽  
Person Reference ◽  
Social Deixis ◽  
Late Modern ◽  
Common Function

This article studies the use of nominal terms and pronouns as a means to refer to a third party, as well as to the writer him/herself and the addressee in written interaction. The purpose is to discuss the concepts of person reference and social deixis by looking at how the interactants’ social identities and interpersonal relationships are encoded in the use of referential terms in Late Modern English letters and journals. The results show that the term friend may be used when the writer has something to gain from it: an actual favour, a reciprocal act of solidarity, or an access to the addressee’s/referent’s in-group. In general, shifting between in-group/out-group membership appears to be a common function for the use of friend. The use of addressee- and self-oriented reference is in turn determined by the social and contextual aspects of appearance, attitude, and authority.

scholarly journals Children’s restorative justice in an intergroup context

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xin Yang ◽  
Zhen Wu ◽  
Yarrow Dunham
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Restorative Justice ◽  
Group Membership ◽  
Color Preference ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Total N ◽  
Research Challenges ◽  
Standard Response

The present study investigated 3- to 6-year-old (total n = 158) children’s restoration behaviors both when they were second-party victims (Experiment 1) and when they were third-party bystanders (Experiment 2) of transgressions. We also explored how group membership (based on color preference) affects these behaviors. We found that children preferred restoration to punishment, and that they emphasized restorative justice not only for themselves but also for others. Furthermore, when they were victims of transgressions, the tendency to choose restoration over punishment was stronger in older than younger children. Second-party restoration behavior was influenced by group concerns in that children treated ingroup transgressors more leniently than outgroup and unaffiliated transgressors, but third-party restoration behavior was not. Our research challenges the view that punishment is the standard response to transgressions and suggests that alternative options like restoration are sometimes preferred over punishment by young children.

scholarly journals Group Membership Modulates the Neural Circuitry Underlying Third Party Punishment

PLoS ONE ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. e0166357 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosalba Morese ◽  
Daniela Rabellino ◽  
Fabio Sambataro ◽  
Felice Perussia ◽  
Maria Consuelo Valentini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Group Membership ◽  
Neural Circuitry ◽  
Third Party

scholarly journals Young Children Police Group Members at Personal Cost

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Yudkin ◽  
Jay Joseph Van Bavel ◽  
Marjorie Rhodes
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Group Membership ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Reputation Management ◽  
Personal Cost ◽  
Costly Punishment ◽  
Younger Age ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Evolutionary Success ◽  
Sample Age

Humans’ evolutionary success has depended in part on their willingness to punish, at personal cost, bad actors who have not harmed them directly—a behavior known as costly third party punishment. Though this behavior has been widely observed in adults, important questions remain as to its underlying psychology. We approached these questions from a developmental perspective, using a novel, naturalistic experiment to study costly punishment in young children (age 3-6). Results showed that even the youngest children in our sample (age 3-4) enacted costly punishment. In addition, younger (age 3-4) children policed members of their own group when placed in a position of authority. These effects of group membership and authority, along with evidence of the emergence of costly punishment at an age prior to the development of reputational concerns, indicate that costly punishment is promoted in part by the desire to regulate the behavior of potential cooperative partners, not just by spite or reputation management. Overall, the results shed new light on a behavior critical for cooperation, with implications for theories of human development, altruism, and justice.

The many faces of obligation

2020 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Tomasello
Keyword(s):  
Third Party ◽  
The Many ◽  
Sense Of Obligation

Abstract My response to the commentaries focuses on four issues: (1) the diversity both within and between cultures of the many different faces of obligation; (2) the possible evolutionary roots of the sense of obligation, including possible sources that I did not consider; (3) the possible ontogenetic roots of the sense of obligation, including especially children's understanding of groups from a third-party perspective (rather than through participation, as in my account); and (4) the relation between philosophical accounts of normative phenomena in general – which are pitched as not totally empirical – and empirical accounts such as my own. I have tried to distinguish comments that argue for extensions of the theory from those that represent genuine disagreement.

A Macintosh Interface for the Cameca Camebax-Micro Electron Microprobe

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 438-439
Author(s):  
Carl E. Henderson
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microprobe ◽  
Processing Speed ◽  
Word Processing ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Computer Control ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Disk Storage ◽  
The Past ◽  
User Facility ◽  
Instrument Control

Over the past few years it has become apparent in our multi-user facility that the computer system and software supplied in 1985 with our CAMECA CAMEBAX-MICRO electron microprobe analyzer has the greatest potential for improvement and updating of any component of the instrument. While the standard CAMECA software running on a DEC PDP-11/23+ computer under the RSX-11M operating system can perform almost any task required of the instrument, the commands are not always intuitive and can be difficult to remember for the casual user (of which our laboratory has many). Given the widespread and growing use of other microcomputers (such as PC’s and Macintoshes) by users of the microprobe, the PDP has become the “oddball” and has also fallen behind the state-of-the-art in terms of processing speed and disk storage capabilities. Upgrade paths within products available from DEC are considered to be too expensive for the benefits received. After using a Macintosh for other tasks in the laboratory, such as instrument use and billing records, word processing, and graphics display, its unique and “friendly” user interface suggested an easier-to-use system for computer control of the electron microprobe automation. Specifically a Macintosh IIx was chosen for its capacity for third-party add-on cards used in instrument control.

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