scholarly journals Children’s restorative justice in an intergroup context

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xin Yang ◽  
Zhen Wu ◽  
Yarrow Dunham
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Restorative Justice ◽  
Group Membership ◽  
Color Preference ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Total N ◽  
Research Challenges ◽  
Standard Response

The present study investigated 3- to 6-year-old (total n = 158) children’s restoration behaviors both when they were second-party victims (Experiment 1) and when they were third-party bystanders (Experiment 2) of transgressions. We also explored how group membership (based on color preference) affects these behaviors. We found that children preferred restoration to punishment, and that they emphasized restorative justice not only for themselves but also for others. Furthermore, when they were victims of transgressions, the tendency to choose restoration over punishment was stronger in older than younger children. Second-party restoration behavior was influenced by group concerns in that children treated ingroup transgressors more leniently than outgroup and unaffiliated transgressors, but third-party restoration behavior was not. Our research challenges the view that punishment is the standard response to transgressions and suggests that alternative options like restoration are sometimes preferred over punishment by young children.

scholarly journals Young Children Police Group Members at Personal Cost

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Yudkin ◽  
Jay Joseph Van Bavel ◽  
Marjorie Rhodes
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Group Membership ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Reputation Management ◽  
Personal Cost ◽  
Costly Punishment ◽  
Younger Age ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Evolutionary Success ◽  
Sample Age

Humans’ evolutionary success has depended in part on their willingness to punish, at personal cost, bad actors who have not harmed them directly—a behavior known as costly third party punishment. Though this behavior has been widely observed in adults, important questions remain as to its underlying psychology. We approached these questions from a developmental perspective, using a novel, naturalistic experiment to study costly punishment in young children (age 3-6). Results showed that even the youngest children in our sample (age 3-4) enacted costly punishment. In addition, younger (age 3-4) children policed members of their own group when placed in a position of authority. These effects of group membership and authority, along with evidence of the emergence of costly punishment at an age prior to the development of reputational concerns, indicate that costly punishment is promoted in part by the desire to regulate the behavior of potential cooperative partners, not just by spite or reputation management. Overall, the results shed new light on a behavior critical for cooperation, with implications for theories of human development, altruism, and justice.

Altering distance and defining authority

2009 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 238-259 ◽  
Author(s):  
Minna Nevala
Keyword(s):  
Interpersonal Relationships ◽  
Group Membership ◽  
Social Identities ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Altering Distance ◽  
The Social ◽  
Person Reference ◽  
Social Deixis ◽  
Late Modern ◽  
Common Function

This article studies the use of nominal terms and pronouns as a means to refer to a third party, as well as to the writer him/herself and the addressee in written interaction. The purpose is to discuss the concepts of person reference and social deixis by looking at how the interactants’ social identities and interpersonal relationships are encoded in the use of referential terms in Late Modern English letters and journals. The results show that the term friend may be used when the writer has something to gain from it: an actual favour, a reciprocal act of solidarity, or an access to the addressee’s/referent’s in-group. In general, shifting between in-group/out-group membership appears to be a common function for the use of friend. The use of addressee- and self-oriented reference is in turn determined by the social and contextual aspects of appearance, attitude, and authority.

scholarly journals I think, therefore I forgive: The role of reasoning in forgiving accidental harms

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Indrajeet Patil ◽  
Bastien Trémolière
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Cognitive Style ◽  
Time Pressure ◽  
Moral Judgments ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Cognitive Resources ◽  
Reasoning Ability ◽  
Total N ◽  
Moral Condemnation

People experience a strong conflict while condemning someone who brought about an accidental harm, her innocent intention exonerating her, but the harmful outcome incriminating her. In the present research (total N = 4879), we explore how reasoning ability and cognitive style relate to how people choose to resolve this conflict and judge the accidental harms. A first set of studies (1a-c) showed that individual differences in cognitive style predicted severity of judgments in fictitious accidental harms scenarios, with more able (or willing) reasoners being less harsh in their judgments. A second set of studies (2a-c) relied on experimental manipulations of cognitive load (Dot matrix, Time pressure, Mortality Salience manipulations), aiming to tax available cognitive resources to participants while evaluating third-party harmful behaviors. These manipulations, however, failed to modulate people’s moral judgments for accidental harms. We discuss the importance of individual differences in reasoning ability in the assessment of accidental harms, and we also propose potential explanations for the failure of our experimental manipulations to affect severity of moral condemnation.

scholarly journals Many Labs 5: Registered Replication of LoBue and DeLoache (2008)

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 377-386 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ljiljana B. Lazarević ◽  
Danka Purić ◽  
Iris Žeželj ◽  
Radomir Belopavlović ◽  
Bojana Bodroža ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Visual Detection ◽  
The United States ◽  
Original Study ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Moderating Effects ◽  
Screen Size ◽  
Total N ◽  
Threat Stimuli

Across three studies, LoBue and DeLoache (2008) provided evidence suggesting that both young children and adults exhibit enhanced visual detection of evolutionarily relevant threat stimuli (as compared with nonthreatening stimuli). A replication of their Experiment 3, conducted by Cramblet Alvarez and Pipitone (2015) as part of the Reproducibility Project: Psychology (RP:P), demonstrated trends similar to those of the original study, but the effect sizes were smaller and not statistically significant. There were, however, some methodological differences (e.g., screen size) and sampling differences (the age of recruited children) between the original study and the RP:P replication study. Additionally, LoBue and DeLoache expressed concern over the choice of stimuli used in the RP:P replication. We sought to explore the possible moderating effects of these factors by conducting two new replications—one using the protocol from the RP:P and the other using a revised protocol. We collected data at four sites, three in Serbia and one in the United States (total N = 553). Overall, participants were not significantly faster at detecting threatening stimuli. Thus, results were not supportive of the hypothesis that visual detection of evolutionarily relevant threat stimuli is enhanced in young children. The effect from the RP:P protocol ( d = −0.10, 95% confidence interval = [−1.02, 0.82]) was similar to the effect from the revised protocol ( d = −0.09, 95% confidence interval = [−0.33, 0.15]), and the results from both the RP:P and the revised protocols were more similar to those found by Cramblet Alvarez and Pipitone than to those found by LoBue and DeLoache.

Revenge, Gossip, and Restorative Justice

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan-Willem van Prooijen
Keyword(s):  
Restorative Justice ◽  
Control Function ◽  
Behavioral Control ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Reputational Concerns

Besides formal third-party punishment, punishment can take alternative forms such as revenge, gossip, and restorative justice. This chapter examines these alternative punishment forms in light of the idea that punishment is a basic moral instinct. Revenge means that the victim (or people close to the victim) directly punishes the perpetrator. Revenge has a behavioral-control function similar to third-party punishment’s, but it is less successful due to a lack of legitimacy and proportionality. Gossip enables group members to harm an offender’s reputation. These reputational concerns stimulate cooperation, even among the most powerful members of the group, if group members are likely to gossip. Finally, although restorative justice (e.g., healing an injustice through victim–offender mediation) is frequently portrayed as alternative to punishment, it actually works best if it contains punishment. Restorative justice is mostly an improved procedure to implement punishment, increasing fairness and hence cooperation.

scholarly journals Strategies to Increase Time in Range in Children Wearing Continuous Glucose Monitors

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Will Bridgeman ◽  
Linda DiMeglio
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Young Children ◽  
Severe Hypoglycemia ◽  
Educational Interventions ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Activity Levels ◽  
Peace Of Mind ◽  
Fear Of Hypoglycemia ◽  
Time In Range ◽  
Continuous Glucose Monitors

Background and Hypothesis: Optimal management of Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) requires careful orchestration of insulin dosing with blood glucose values, food intake, activity levels, and concurrent illness. This is particularly burdensome for caretakers of very young children. Continuous glucose monitors (CGMs) provide useful real-time blood glucose information. Yet, data suggest that their use in young children can reduce severe hypoglycemia but does not consistently improve the time that blood glucose values are in an optimal range. Project Methods: We first analyzed survey data from a study of CGM use in 143 children 2-8 years of age). We then developed a semi-structured qualitative interview, and queried parents of children using CGM under 9 years of age (mean age 5.2±1.6 years, A1c 7.8±0.9%). Results: Recurrent themes identified included: CGMs and remote monitoring brought parents peace of mind and permitted more flexibility in care. Trend arrows indicating rapid glucose decreases induced “anxiety” and “panic” in caretakers, due to fear of hypoglycemia and immediate safety. Rising trend arrows induced frustration, but were less likely to change management decisions, due to lack of immediacy of risk of long-term complications. CGM data can be “overwhelming”, but third party apps and “experience” increase helpfulness. Conclusion/Potential Impact: Our initial data suggest that behavioral/educational interventions to improve time in range must incorporate implementable strategies, potentially using apps, to encourage parents to respond to and reduce time spent in higher blood glucose ranges.

scholarly journals Telaah Yuridis terhadap Pengaturan Restorative Justice di Kepolisian

Wajah Hukum ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 562
Author(s):  
Rena Yulia ◽  
Aliyth Prakarsa
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Restorative Justice ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Criminal Investigation ◽  
Criminal Cases ◽  
Legal Research ◽  
Police Investigation ◽  
Perpetrators And Victims ◽  
Investigation Process

Police institutions are the first and main gate in law enforcement efforts. First, the police institution in charge of carrying out each criminal case’s enforcement, then the next stage will be determined by the police. The practice of law enforcement so far tends to be retributive justice, so that only a few cases can be resolved in the police investigation process. Restorative justice appears by offering various advantages, including a simple settlement process, involving both parties, both perpetrators and victims, and the role of a third party to mediate, so that cases can be resolved according to the agreement. The police, as the first institution in the law enforcement process, had already issued regulations regarding the application of restorative justice, as a form of law enforcement efforts to change retributive law enforcement. The purpose of this research judicially examined the regulation of restorative justice at the police investigation phase in line with the enactment of the regulation of the Chief of Police Number: SE/8/VII/2018 concerning the Application of Restorative Justice in the Settlement of Criminal Cases and the Regulation of the Chief of the Indonesian Police Number 6 of 2019 concerning Criminal Investigation. This research used a qualitative research method with the type of normative legal research through a statutory approach

scholarly journals Life Beyond the Home: Nutritional, Occupational, Social and Environmental Predictors of Common Mental Disorders Among Indian Mothers with 6- to 23-Month-old Infants (P11-026-19)

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel Scott ◽  
Alejandra Arrieta ◽  
Neha Kumar ◽  
Purnima Menon ◽  
Agnes Quisumbing
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Young Children ◽  
Food Insecurity ◽  
Group Membership ◽  
Common Mental Disorders ◽  
Mental Wellbeing ◽  
Indian States ◽  
Agricultural Work ◽  
Self Reporting Questionnaire

Abstract Objectives The mental wellbeing of mothers with young children has been shown to positively affect child development. Little, however, is known about which factors are related to optimal maternal mental health in high poverty rural contexts where women face a broad array of challenges at multiple levels daily. Methods Data were from 1644 mother-infant pairs in five Indian states as part of the Women Improving Nutrition through Group-based Strategies study. Common mental disorders (CMD) were assessed through the 20-item Self Reporting Questionnaire. We report on factors spanning nutritional (women's weight, fertility, food security, child illness), occupational (self-reported type of work, time spent in labor, domestic and caretaking activities), social (group membership, decision-making, gender attitudes, household dependents) and environmental (shocks, water, sanitation) aspects of life. Logistic regression models with district controls were used to examine associations between these factors and CMD. Results On average, women were 26 years old and their children were 15 months old. CMD was present in 262 (16%) of the mothers. Risk factors for CMD included having a failed pregnancy (AOR 1.40, 95% CI 1.01-1.93), and food insecurity (1.13, 1.07-1.20). Protective factors included being engaged in agricultural labor as a main occupation relative to being a housewife (0.20, 0.11-0.35) more time working (AOR associated with 1 more hour of work: 0.88, 0.81-0.97), higher decision-making (0.91, 0.86-0.96), group membership (non-significant trend; 0.76, 0.56-1.02), and having an improved toilet (0.51, 0.35-0.73). Conclusions In a sample of rural and mostly tribal Indian households, we found a moderate prevalence of poor mental wellbeing among mothers with young children. We also found that the determinants span a range of factors. Future research should aim to better understand the ways in which working outside the home, albeit in rigorous agricultural work, appears to protect the wellbeing of women in this context. It is plausible that agricultural work mitigates food insecurity, connects women with others and generates income, but these pathways need empirical and ethnographic examination. Funding Sources Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation; CGIAR Research Program on Agriculture for Nutrition and Health.

scholarly journals Young Children Use Discovery and Creation Significantly More Than Adults for Deciding Ownership

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Gustavo Faigenbaum ◽  
Mariano Sigman ◽  
Leandro Pablo Casiraghi
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Quantitative Evidence

The present study attempted to determine differences between children and adults in the resolution of third-party property disputes involving different claims for ownership. Children (n = 110; mean age ± SD = 6.3 ± 1.2) and adults (n = 74; 37.5 ± 12.6) watched videos depicting ownership conflicts between two characters who held opposing claims over an object and were asked to decide who should own it. In the stories, each character based her claim on one of four distinct arguments: Discovery, Creation, Occupation, and Transaction. A key difference between these claims lies in the presence or absence of a “first possession” element: Discovery and Creation imply prior possession of the discovered or created object, whereas Occupation and Transaction necessarily involve a preexisting owner. We found that children assigned ownership to prior possessors in the stories twice as much as adults (Medians = 4 and 2, out of four cases, respectively; p < 0.001) and favored discoverers and creators substantially more than adults. Previous studies have demonstrated the importance of first possession in the adjudication of ownership for both children and adults. The present study deals with first possession as instantiated in Discovery and Creation episodes and provides novel quantitative evidence that children value first possession significantly more than adults. In contrast with previous studies, we found that discovery trumps creation in certain contexts, suggesting that narrative and contextual details influence children’s reasoning.

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