scholarly journals Effect of the Rearing System on the Establishment of Different Functional Groups of Microorganism in the Rumen of Kid Goats / Uticaj Sistema Uzgoja Na Uspostavljanje Različitih Funkcionalnih Grupa Mikroorganizama U Buragu Jaradi

2015 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 175-190 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastián Paez Lama ◽  
Diego Grilli ◽  
Vanina Egea ◽  
María Cerón Cucchi ◽  
Mercedes Fucili ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Functional Groups ◽  
Goat Milk ◽  
Solid Food ◽  
Cellulolytic Bacteria ◽  
Alfalfa Hay ◽  
Rumen Development ◽  
Ground Corn

Abstract This study was aimed to determine the effect of the rearing system on the establishment and development of different functional groups of microorganisms in the rumen of kid goats. Fifty kids were fed on goat milk until weaning at 45 (TR, traditional rearing system, n = 25) and 30 days of age (alternative rearing system, AR, n = 25). In addition, only AR group was offered with rumen starter from birth. Both groups consumed alfalfa hay and ground corn between 30 and 90 days of age. Five kids from each group were slaughtered at 21, 30, 45, 70 and 90 days old. It was determined the total number of protozoa, anaerobic, amylolytic and cellulolytic bacteria present in the rumen. Kids of AR were lighter in weight than TR kids between 42 and 56 days old. In both rearing systems, anaerobic and amylolytic bacteria were found at 21 days of age, while cellulolytic and protozoa were not found until 45 days of age. Kids of AR had higher quantities of anaerobic and amylolytic bacteria until 30 and 45 days of age, respectively. These results demonstrate the rearing system does not affect the sequence and time in which the functional groups of microorganisms are established in the rumen. However, the alternative rearing system with early intake of solid food allowed the establishment of greater amount of bacteria and protozoa. Nevertheless, the effect of weaning on growth rate was more marked in kids from alternative rearing system, despite its greater microbiological rumen development.

scholarly journals Teat order affects postweaning behaviour in piglets

2015 ◽  
Vol 45 (9) ◽  
pp. 1660-1666 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberta Sommavilla ◽  
Osmar Antonio Dalla Costa ◽  
Luciana Aparecida Honorato ◽  
Clarissa Silva Cardoso ◽  
Maria José Hötzel
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Solid Food ◽  
The Other ◽  
Agonistic Interaction ◽  
Weaning Weight ◽  
Solid Diet ◽  
Suckling Piglets ◽  
Time Eating

<p>The objective of this study was to investigate if piglets that suck anterior teats differ from the others in the litter in birth weight, if they have higher growth rate during lactation, and if this affects behaviour and post-weaning weight gain, when piglets change to a solid diet. For this, the teat order of 24 litters was determined during suckling. Piglets were weaned on the 28<sup>th</sup>day of age, and 24 groups were formed, composed of one piglet that sucked on the first two pairs of teats (AT) and three piglets that sucked on the other teats (OT). Even though weight at birth did not vary according to teat order, weight gain at weaning differed between the groups (AT: 6.64, S.E. 0.20kg, OT: 5.73, S.E. 0.13kg; P<0.001). After weaning, AT piglets spent more time lying (P<0.01) and less time eating (P<0.01) and vocalizing (P<0.01), than the other piglets. Other behaviours (agonistic interaction, escape attempt and drinking) did not differ between the groups. Piglets that sucked anterior teats gained more weight until weaning, suggesting they took in more milk; this fact might have lead them to have less contact with solid food before weaning, influencing their post-weaning alimentary behaviour.</p>

scholarly journals Graminoids vary in functional traits, carbon dioxide and methane fluxes in a restored peatland: implications for modeling carbon storage

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ellie M Goud ◽  
Sabrina Touchette ◽  
Ian B Strachan ◽  
Maria Strack
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Functional Groups ◽  
Carbon Storage ◽  
Plant Traits ◽  
Carbon Sink ◽  
Functional Variation ◽  
Considerable Uncertainty ◽  
Leaf Physiology ◽  
Gas Fluxes ◽  
Continuous Plant

One metric of peatland restoration success is the re-establishment of a carbon sink, yet considerable uncertainty remains around the timescale of carbon sink trajectories. Conditions post-restoration may promote the establishment of vascular plants such as graminoids, often at greater density than would be found in undisturbed peatlands, with consequences for carbon storage. Although graminoid species are often considered as a single plant functional type (PFT) in land-atmosphere models, our understanding of functional variation among graminoid species is limited, particularly in a restoration context. We used a traits-based approach to evaluate graminoid functional variation and to assess whether different graminoid species should be considered a single PFT or multiple types. We tested hypotheses that greenhouse gas fluxes (CO2, CH4) would vary due to differences in plant traits among five graminoid species in a restored peatland in central Alberta, Canada. We further hypothesized that species would form two functionally distinct groupings based on taxonomy (grass, sedge). Differences in gas fluxes among species were primarily driven by variation in leaf physiology related to photosynthetic efficiency and resource-use, and secondarily by plant size. Multivariate analyses did not reveal distinct functional groupings based on taxonomy or environmental preferences. Rather, we identified functional groups defined by continuous plant traits and carbon fluxes that are consistent with ecological strategies related to differences in growth rate, resource-acquisition, and leaf economics. These functional groups displayed larger carbon storage potential than currently-applied graminoid PFTs. Existing PFT designations in peatland models may be more appropriate for pristine or high-latitude systems than those under restoration. Although replacing PFTs with continuous plant traits remains a challenge in peatlands, traits related to leaf physiology and growth rate strategies offer a promising avenue for future applications.

scholarly journals Signs of hunger in dairy calves indicate suboptimal periods in two weaning methods.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonia Patt ◽  
Lorenz Gygax ◽  
Edna Hillmann ◽  
Nina M. Keil
Keyword(s):  
Solid Food ◽  
The Other ◽  
Dairy Calves ◽  
Rumen Development ◽  
Feeding Regimes ◽  
Weaning Age ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Individual Capacity

Abstract In order to promote rumen development by stimulating concentrate intake, dairy calves are usually fed low amounts of milk, however this may result in prolonged hunger. Furthermore, calves are often weaned off milk without considering individual capacity to feed on solid food. We investigated the effects of two feeding regimes differing in milk allowance and in how milk was reduced on signs of hunger and concentrate intake. After birth, 17 calves were housed individually for two weeks. Then, calves were moved to a group pen and nine calves were assigned to the weaning method "individual weaning" (restricted milk amount before gradual weaning, gradual weaning off milk dependent on concentrate intake), the other eight calves to "ad libitum" (high amount of milk before gradual weaning, gradual weaning off milk on a fixed schedule). Average weaning age did not differ between treatments but varied greatly between individual calves. Before gradual weaning, individually weaned calves engaged in more unrewarded visits to the milk feeder than ad libitum calves. During gradual weaning, the number of unrewarded visits of individually weaned calves decreased, while it increased in ad libitum calves. During unrewarded visits, the number of contacts with the teat increased during gradual weaning in both weaning treatments. Whereas the increase was only marginal in individually weaned calves, it was considerable in ad libitum calves. Concentrate consumption increased in both groups from before to during gradual weaning. However, both before and during gradual weaning, individually weaned calves consumed a higher proportion of their daily concentrate allowance. On average, individually weaned calves consumed less milk and more concentrate over the course of the weaning process. The findings regarding unrewarded visits to the feeder, however, indicate that calves in both treatments showed signs of prolonged hunger before and/or during gradual weaning and stress the importance of further improving weaning treatments.

scholarly journals Effect of rearing system on pre-weaning growth, rumen development and its influence on post-weaning performance of lambs

2011 ◽  
Vol 54 (5) ◽  
pp. 525-534 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. Norouzian ◽  
R. Valizadeh
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Dna Content ◽  
Glucose Concentration ◽  
Carcass Characteristics ◽  
Hydroxybutyric Acid ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Morphologic Characteristics ◽  
Rumen Development ◽  
Stomach Weight ◽  
Rna Concentration

Abstract. Twenty-four 21-day-old Balouchi male lambs were equally divided into two groups. Twelve subjects were artificially reared (AR), twelve others were ewe reared (ER) and used as control. AR in comparison of ER lambs maintained higher concentrations of blood beta- Hydroxybutyric acid (BHBA); however glucose concentration was not affected by rearing system. Unlike the DNA content and cell size, the RNA concentration and ribosomal capacity (Cs) of AR groups were significantly (P<0.05) higher than that of ER lambs. Rearing system did not affect morphologic characteristics of rumen wall except thickness of keratinized layer that was thickest in AR, 20 % less than in ER lambs (P<0.05). Stomach weight and capacity in AR animals were significantly (P=0.05) higher than ER lambs. Neither post-weaning growth rate nor feed conversion efficiency were affected (P>0.05) by rearing method. Also there were no differences with respect to slaughter and dissection data between groups in postweaning phase. In conclusion, the results of this study showed that naturally rearing system gave rise to developmental and carcass characteristics similar to those observed in artificial raised lambs.

The effects of hay and silage on growth and rumen function in young Holstein calves

1991 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 145-153
Author(s):  
Roy S. Bush
Keyword(s):  
Plant Cell Wall ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Wall Material ◽  
Animal Performance ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Alfalfa Hay ◽  
In Vitro Gas Production ◽  
Rumen Development

Newborn calves were fed one of four different roughages (timothy hay, alfalfa hay, grass silage or two parts grass silage mixed with one part alfalfa hay) and a starter ration to a maximum of 2000 g d−1 beginning at 10 d of age along with whole milk to weaning at 28 d of age to measure the effect of forage type and method of conservation on voluntary intake and animal performance up to 112 d of age. Rumen fluid was sampled to determine whether the type of forage had a measureable effect on some gross parameters associated with rumen development. Forage dry matter became a larger proportion of total feed consumed as the animals became older. Overall alfalfa hay and silage:alfalfa mixture were consumed more than timothy hay (P < 0.01). Calves fed silage:alfalfa grew more rapidly than those fed timothy (P < 0.01). These differences were attributable to differences in forage protein and plant cell wall material. The differences in rumen fluid volatile fatty acid composition, pH, or in vitro gas production were found for treatments in only two sampling periods. In the 3rd period, gas production was more rapid from alfalfa hay than from silage (P < 0.05) and in the 4th period, pH was greater for alfalfa hay than timothy hay (P < 0.05). Rumen pH increased in the 3rd and 4th periods (P < 0.01). The acetate:propionate ratio increased over time when the propionate values decreased from the 2nd to the 3rd period (P < 0.01) and acetate values increased from the 3rd to the 4th period (P < 0.01). Silage was equal to hay in terms of consumption, animal performance and those rumen fluid parameters examined and can be fed to young calves without any anticipated problems. Key words: Silage, hay, rumen, development, methane, calves

scholarly journals Effect of the dietary delivery matrix on vitamin D3 bioavailability and bone mineralisation in vitamin-D3-deficient growing male rats

2017 ◽  
Vol 119 (2) ◽  
pp. 143-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alison J. Hodgkinson ◽  
Olivia A. M. Wallace ◽  
Marlena C. Kruger ◽  
Colin G. Prosser
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Vitamin D3 ◽  
Goat Milk ◽  
Solid Food ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Cow Milk ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Egg Albumin ◽  
Skimmed Milk ◽  
Bone Mineralisation

AbstractThis study assessed bioavailability and utilisation of vitamin D3 in two feeding trials using young, growing Sprague–Dawley male rats. Trial one fed animals standard AIN-93G diet (casein protein) containing no vitamin D3 and goat or cow skimmed milk supplemented with vitamin D3. Trial two fed animals modified dairy-free AIN-93G diet (egg albumin) containing no vitamin D3 and goat or cow skimmed or full-fat milk supplemented with vitamin D3. Control groups received AIN-93G diets with or without vitamin D, and water. At 8 weeks of age, blood samples were collected for vitamin and mineral analysis, and femurs and spines were collected for assessment of bone mineralisation and strength. In both trials, analyses showed differences in bioavailability of vitamin D3, with ratios of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 to vitamin D3 intake more than 2-fold higher in groups drinking supplemented milk compared with groups fed supplemented solid food. Bone mineralisation was higher in groups drinking supplemented milk compared with groups fed supplemented solid food, for both trials (P<0·05). There was no difference in the parameters tested between skimmed milk and full-fat milk or between cow milk and goat milk. Comparison of the two trials suggested that dietary protein source promoted bone mineralisation in a growing rat model: modified AIN-93G with egg albumin produced lower bone mineralisation compared with standard AIN-93G with casein. Overall, this study showed that effects of vitamin D3 deficiency in solid diets were reversed by offering milk supplemented with vitamin D3, and suggests that using milk as a vehicle to deliver vitamin D is advantageous.

Rumen development and growth of Balouchi lambs offered alfalfa hay pre- and post-weaning

2011 ◽  
Vol 43 (6) ◽  
pp. 1169-1174 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Ali Norouzian ◽  
Reza Valizadeh ◽  
Payam Vahmani
Keyword(s):  
Alfalfa Hay ◽  
Rumen Development

Causes of differences in urinary excretion of purine derivatives in buffaloes and cattle

2006 ◽  
Vol 82 (3) ◽  
pp. 355-358 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vo Thi Kim Thanh ◽  
E. R. Ørskov
Keyword(s):  
Bottle Feeding ◽  
Solid Food ◽  
Purine Derivatives ◽  
Buffalo Calves ◽  
Purine Derivative ◽  
Period 2 ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Rumen Development ◽  
Swamp Buffalo ◽  
The Difference

AbstractIn experiment 1, three male calves of Vietnamese cattle and three maleVietnamese swamp buffalo calves were weaned after receiving colostrum and reared by bottle feeding of milk. During the 1st month the animal did not have access to solid food. Urine was collected to determine differences in endogenous excretion of purine between the two types of animal. After that they were given access to equal amount of solid food for 2 months to stimulate rumen development, urine was again collected to determine the differences in purine excretion. In experiment 2, the same animals were given milk mixed with purines in three treatments (0, 1·7 and 3·4 g/day). The same animals were used in experiment 3 for intravenous allantoin infusion, to test the effect of purines themselves introduced into the plasma.The results showed that in period 1 of experiment 1 there was no significant difference in purine excretion between the two types of animal. The excretion being 0·65 mmol/kg M 0·75 for cattle and 0·69 mmol/kg M 0·75for buffaloes calves, respectively. For period 2, after rumen development there were significant differences between two types of animal. The excretion from buffaloes (0·26 mmol/kg M0·75) being less than half that of cattle (0·69 mmol/kg M 0·75).In experiment 2 the regression of purine excretion mmol/day (y) was y=0·6279x+9·1496 for cattle calves and y=0·2618x+5·8594 for buffalo calves where x was the purine given.In experiment 3, from each mmol of allantoin infusion, the recovery was about 0·70 in cattle but only half (0·32) in buffaloes ( P<0·01).It is clearly shown that the difference in purine derivative excretion occur only after rumen development It is suggested that glomerular filtration rate may be lower in buffaloes than cattle leaving more time in the blood thus more time for recycling to the rumen and metabolized by bacteria or the permeability from the blood to the rumen is greater in buffaloes than cattle.

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