scholarly journals Improving disease prevention and treatment in controlled fish culture

2016 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 115-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elżbieta Terech-Majewska
Keyword(s):  
Disease Prevention ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Fish Culture ◽  
Long Term Results ◽  
Simultaneous Action ◽  
Primary Methods ◽  
Environmental Threats ◽  
Fish Diseases ◽  
Prevention And Treatment ◽  
Other Substances

Abstract The aim of the work was to evaluate long-term results of studies focusing on improving methods for preventing and treating fish diseases using selected natural and syntetic immunomodulators and vaccines in fish culture. Simultaneously, attention is drawn to infectious or environmental threats against which appropriately composed immunoprophylaxis can be used in production cycles. Fish culture is intensifying in Poland and globally, which means that the role of prevention and well-designed prophylaxis is of increasing significance to the prevention and treatment of fish diseases. Currently, 33 fish species are cultured in Poland as stocking material or for production. The primary methods for preventing diseases in controlled fish culture are ensuring the welfare of fish and other prophylactic methods, including immunoprophylaxis. Many infectious and non-infectious threats that can cause direct losses and limit fish culture are present in the aquatic environment. Fish diseases generally stem from the simultaneous action of many factors that coincide and are difficult to distinguish. Pesticides (organochlorine insecticides, organophosphorus herbicides), aromatic hydrocarbons, pentachlorophenol, heavy metals, and chemotherapeutics are particularly toxic to fish. Biodegradation, which is continual in aquatic environments, is a process by which toxic and other substances that negatively affect fish become bioavailable and impact the immune system, the functioning of which is a specific bioindicator of environmental quality. Innate immunity plays a key role in the defense against disadvantageous factors, which also include pathogens. Immunomodulation methods can protect resistance mechanisms, thereby increasing disease prevention and treatment in controlled fish culture.

scholarly journals Natural products for treating or preventing influenza

2010 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 2
Author(s):  
Catherine Ulbricht ◽  
Wendy Chao ◽  
Dawn Costa
Keyword(s):  
Natural Products ◽  
Disease Prevention ◽  
Alternative Medicine ◽  
Therapeutic Strategies ◽  
The Other ◽  
Historical Significance ◽  
Mainstream Medicine ◽  
Prevention And Treatment ◽  
Other Substances ◽  
Medical Traditions

Natural products – including botanicals, minerals, and other substances produced by organisms – not only hold historical significance in various medical traditions, but they also form the basis of many modern-day drugs. On one hand, natural products are considered to be a form of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM); as with many CAM therapies, natural products are often used for primary disease prevention and treatment – or as adjuncts to conventional therapies – despite uncertain effectiveness or safety. On the other hand, natural products have given rise to numerous conventional drugs, which are widely used in mainstream medicine and compose the primary therapeutic strategies for numerous conditions (including influenza). In this review, the available evidence on the use of select natural products for the treatment or prevention of influenza is discussed. Finally, a brief overview of an established influenza drug with botanical origins is provided.

GENETIC DESIGN OF PIGS AS EXPERIMENTAL MODELS IN THE COMBAT BETWEEN CHRONIC DISEASES AND HEALTHY AGING

2013 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 321
Author(s):  
Lars Bolund
Keyword(s):  
Disease Prevention ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Healthy Aging ◽  
Ectopic Expression ◽  
Dominant Negative ◽  
Model Systems ◽  
Laboratory Animals ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Gain Of Function ◽  
Prevention And Treatment

Chronic, dysregulatory disease processes are becoming a major medical problem in the aging populations of our world. Metabolic syndrome (obesity, diabetes, atherosclerosis, and hypertension), cardiovascular diseases, neurodegeneration (e.g. Alzheimer syndrome), inflammatory diseases, and cancers affect a rapidly increasing number of people. The sequencing of the human genome should help in disease prevention by allowing mapping and characterisation of “illness” and “wellness” gene variants that convey susceptibility or resistance to the dysregulatory and degenerative disease processes. Common chronic disorders are genetically very heterogeneous with some subtypes showing Mendelian inheritance with quite high penetrance. Finding such monogenetic causes will allow truly personalized prevention and treatment. However, genetics is just the first step – functional studies in model systems will be necessary. The pig is an excellent model for medical research as well as for testing of new methods and drugs for disease prevention and treatment. Its size and longevity makes it especially useful for the study of chronic disease processes that can be monitored and repeatedly biopsied for long periods with and without intervention. The genome of different pig breeds have been sequenced, revealing that the pig is genetically more similar to man than conventional laboratory animals – in agreement with the similarities in organ development, physiology and metabolism. Genetically designed minipigs (Göttingen and Yucatan) are obtained by genetic engineering of somatic cells and animal cloning by somatic cell nuclear transfer. Primary minipig fibroblasts are genetically modified in culture by transposon-based transgenesis and/or homologous recombination with AAV-transduced constructs. The designed pig cells are electro-fused with enucleated oocytes (from normal slaughtered pigs) and the reconstructed oocytes develop in vitro into blastocysts that are transferred to surrogate production sows giving birth to clones of the designed pigs. Our HMC (hand made cloning) technology is very cost-efficient and allows large-scale production, without a need for micromanipulation. Thus, minipigs have been produced that should be prone to develop disease processes such as neurodegeneration (dominant negative human AAP and/or PS1 expression), atherosclerosis (human gain-of-function PCSK9 expression, ApoE knockout, LDL-R knockout), inflammation (ectopic expression of human α2 and β1 integrins in suprabasal epidermis), and cancer (BRCA1 knockout). Interesting phenotypes are observed in many of these minipigs. The Yucatan pigs with liver-specific expression of gain-of-function PCSK9, for example, display reduced hepatic LDL-R levels, impaired LDL clearance, severe hypercholesterolemia with accumulation of ApoB100-containing lipoproteins, and spontaneous development of progressive atherosclerotic lesions in multiple vascular beds. The genetic load can be further increased or modulated by breeding or cross-breeding of the different model pigs. We can also produce clones of pigs, some disease prone and some fluorescing, to perform experiments in regenerative medicine where the fate of healthy fluorescent cells can be followed in the, basically identical, disease prone animals. It is also our hope that our pig models can contribute to the digital revolution in medicine, combining detailed genomic sequencing and analysis with the introduction of wireless biosensors and advanced imaging methods. “Digitalized” pigs should teach us how to apply these fantastic new possibilities clinically. We envisage that this will become one of the biggest shake-ups in the history of medicine.

scholarly journals A network pharmacology-based study on Alzheimer disease prevention and treatment of Qiong Yu Gao

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jie-shu You ◽  
Chen-yue Li ◽  
Wei Chen ◽  
Xia-lin Wu ◽  
Li-jie Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer Disease ◽  
Disease Prevention ◽  
Network Pharmacology ◽  
Prevention And Treatment

scholarly journals Regulation of blood viscosity in disease prevention and treatment

2012 ◽  
Vol 57 (16) ◽  
pp. 1946-1952 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gan Chen ◽  
Lian Zhao ◽  
YaoWen Liu ◽  
FuLong Liao ◽  
Dong Han ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Prevention ◽  
Blood Viscosity ◽  
Prevention And Treatment

scholarly journals Socio-cultural aspects of non-communicable disease prevention in three villages in the West Java

2021 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 340
Author(s):  
Erna Herawati ◽  
Yulia Sofiatin
Keyword(s):  
Disease Prevention ◽  
Communicable Disease ◽  
Social Institutions ◽  
Communicable Diseases ◽  
West Java ◽  
Non Communicable Diseases ◽  
Cultural Aspects ◽  
Audiovisual Aids ◽  
Prevention And Treatment ◽  
Non Communicable Disease

Community responses to disease, including non-communicable diseases, are influenced by the socio-cultural system. The system shapes community knowledge and belief on diseases, as well as community attitude and practice towards prevention and treatment. Drawing on the case in West Java Province, this study aims at identifying socio-cultural aspects in preventing non-communicable diseases. This study was conducted by using a qualitative design. The data were collected through in-depth interviews and archival study. This study found four socio-cultural aspects related to disease and the prevention and treatment of disease in West Java: 1) knowledge and practice of medicine covered in a local knowledge system about the prevention and treatment of non-communicable diseases, 2) local institutions, involving social institutions ranging from families, mosque neighborhood groups, and recitation groups, 3) social actors involved, such as ustaz, traditional leaders, and youth groups, 4) local health communication, using visual and audiovisual aids. This study concludes that these four aspects must be considered in designing a socio-cultural-based non-communicable disease prevention strategy, to be effective and in accordance with the socio-cultural context in West Java.

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