Widersprüche in heldenepischem Erzählen

Abstract This article (re-)examines (marked) inconsistencies and incompatibilities in Middle High German heroic epic. Those contradictions may result from oral tradition, from the difficulties of transfering oral narratives into literacy, from the conditions of performing from memory, or from traditional narrative regularities of the genre. Frequently, they are striking side effects of a type of narration which is paradigmatic instead of syntagmatic, elliptic and aggregative, scenic and final, and therefore highly tolerant against contradictions of any kind. Contradictions and inconsistencies are (consciously or unconsciously) used (and imitated) as one of the constitutive stylistic features of heroic epic. In some cases, moreover, contradictions and inconsistencies are obviously part of an intentional poetics of contradiction ostentatiously accumulating and exhibiting different layers of knowledge and meaning. The textual strategies of heroic epic, in some respect perhaps of premodern narration in general, tend to favour discrepancies, contrasts, and contradiction instead of nuances, compromises, and smooth transitions.

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“Der Wald war sein Schicksal . . . .” An Ecocritical Reading of the Nibelungenlied

Amsterdamer Beiträge zur älteren Germanistik ◽

10.1163/18756719-12340031 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 76 (2) ◽

pp. 270-289

Author(s):

Albrecht Classen

Keyword(s):

Middle High German ◽

Symbolic Function ◽

Heroic Epic ◽

Interpretation Of Literature

This article explores, informed by recent ecocritical thinking regarding the interpretation of literature in past and present, the symbolic function of the forest space in the Middle High German heroic epic Nibelungenlied. Intriguingly, both the protagonist Siegfried and his nemesis Hagen operate in, through, and with the forest, but only Siegfried emerges as a true master of the forest, which provides him, through various channels, with much of his true strength and power. In many respects, the poet projects the forest as an ominous space where the lives of the courtly protagonists are reflected and determined. However, each protagonist responds to and engages with the forest in different way. This ecocritical approach uncovers a heretofore mostly ignored perspective regarding the importance of the forest in the Nibelungenlied.

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‘WE ARE A STORY-TELLING PEOPLE’: AN EXPLORATION OF THE ORIGIN TALES IN THE ORAL NARRATIVES OF THE NAGAS AND THE KHASIS OF INDIA’S NORTH EAST

Towards Excellence ◽

10.37867/te120214 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 141-149

Author(s):

Payel Dutta Chowdhury

Keyword(s):

Cultural Identity ◽

Oral Tradition ◽

Oral Narratives ◽

Distinguishing Characteristic ◽

Easy Task ◽

North East ◽

The Social ◽

Characteristic Features ◽

Written Word ◽

Roman Script

In the absence of a written literature and language for ages, the oral tradition was one of the distinguishing characteristic features of the various tribes of Nagaland and Meghalaya. In the case of the Khasis of Meghalaya, “…their alphabet is of very recent history, no older than when Thomas Jones, the Welsh Presbyterian missionary, introduced the Roman script in 1842, to form the essentials of the Khasi written word.” (Nongkynrih vii) For the Nagas, even the oral dialects spoken by the different indigenous tribes are different and hence, it was not an easy task to keep the oral tradition alive amidst so much of diversity. The origin tales that find mention in the oral narratives of both the Nagas and the Khasis play an important role in the comprehension of the unique culture and tradition of both the tribes. This paper is an attempt to explore the tales related to the origin of the Nagas and the Khasis, to explore their rich oral tradition, how these tales mirror the cultural identity of these tribes which have undergone several changes in today’s time and most importantly, to read in between the lines of the tales to explore their significance vis-à-vis the social and cultural make-up.

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WHAT IS AN ORAL HEROIC EPIC POETRY? – OVERCOMING THE LIMIT OF THE ILIAD

International Journal of Korean Humanities and Social Sciences ◽

10.14746/kr.2019.05.04 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 5 ◽

pp. 57-65

Author(s):

Jongseong Park

Keyword(s):

Oral Tradition ◽

General Pattern ◽

Epic Poetry ◽

Ancient Greek ◽

Narrative Poetry ◽

European Literature ◽

Heroic Epic ◽

Greek Epic ◽

General Aspects

The ancient Greek epic Iliad, including the oral epic and the written epic, has enjoyed a solid status as a ‘heroic epic’ (or ‘narrative poetry’) of European literature. But if a reader takes look at the general aspects of the heroic epic of oral tradition, it turns out that Iliad is not a typical work of a typical epic, but rather an individual one. Because the birth, trials, performance, and ending of a hero’s life are divided relatively evenly, and the general pattern of transferring the hero’s life to the heroic epic of oral tradition can be found in such cases as Manas, Jangar, Gesar and Mwindo.

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Oral Traditions

10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199978427.013.2 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Chip Colwell

Keyword(s):

Oral Tradition ◽

Oral Traditions ◽

Oral Narratives ◽

Oral Histories ◽

Southwest Archaeology ◽

The Past ◽

Ways Of Thinking ◽

Native Literature ◽

Descendant Communities

Never before have oral narratives been more important in Southwest archaeology than they are today. Spoken histories—variously known as oral traditions, oral histories, Native literature, and verbal arts—play key roles in fostering a dialogue between descendant communities and archaeologists, affording broader anthropological understandings of Native cultures and their heritage, and providing novel and more informed understandings of the past. Ultimately, oral traditions are a cultural act of memory, often enveloped in metaphor but grounded in real historic events, personalities, and processes. Oral tradition and archaeology are, at base, not irreconcilably different, but rather two complementary ways of thinking and talking about the past.

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A Critical Note on “The Epic of Samori Toure”

History in Africa ◽

10.2307/3172161 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 29 ◽

pp. 219-229 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Jan Jansen

Keyword(s):

Oral Tradition ◽

Oral Narratives ◽

Oral Narrative ◽

Critical Note

Samori Toure (d. 1900) is celebrated, both in written history and oral tradition, in Mali and Guinea because of the empire he founded and his fierce resistance against the French, as they sought to occupy their future colony of the French Sudan. Recently published anthologies of African epic (Johnson/Hale/Belcher 1997; Kesteloot/Dieng 1997; Belcher 1999) attest that an orally transmitted Samori epic exists in these countries. In this paper the texts hitherto presented as the Samori epic will be compared to some oral sketches about Samori which I recorded during two years of fieldwork conducted in southwestern Mali and northeastern Guinea. I will hypothesize that a Samori epic may be in the making, but does not yet exist. The texts hitherto presented as the epic of Samori are largely oral narratives produced more or less in concord with expectations about what an epic should look like. The focus is on Samori as a hero on the battefield, and this is not representative for the present-day oral narrative on Samori. Therefore, an epic of Samori, if it ever does come into being and takes the form of a standardized oral narrative, might deal with different issues than one might expect from reading the texts presented in the anthologies.

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Gastric Ulcers Produced by Cisplatin

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100099337 ◽

1981 ◽

Vol 39 ◽

pp. 582-583

Author(s):

S.K. Aggarwal ◽

J. San Antonio

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscopy ◽

Single Dose ◽

Side Effects ◽

Antitumor Agent ◽

Gastric Ulcers ◽

Enzyme Cytochemistry ◽

Intestinal Toxicity ◽

Ovarian Cancers ◽

Inner Surface

Cisplatin (cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II)) a potent antitumor agent is now available for the treatment of testicular and ovarian cancers. It is however, not free from its serious side effects including nephrotoxicity, gastro intestinal toxicity, myelosuppression, and ototoxicity. Here we now report that the drug produces peculiar bloating of the stomach in rats and induces acute ulceration.Wistar-derived rats weighing 200-250 g were administered cisplatin(9 mg/kg) ip as a single dose in 0.15 M NaCl. After 3 days the animals were sacrificed by decapitation. The stomachs were removed, the contents analyzed for pepsin and acidity. The inner surface was examined with a dissecting microscope after a moderate stretching for ulcers. Affected areas were fixed and processed for routine electron microscopy and enzyme cytochemistry.The drug treated animals kept on food and water consistently showed bloating and lesions (Fig. 1) with a frequency of 6-70 ulcers in the rumen section of the stomachs.

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Effects of cisplatin treatment on the rat neurohypophysis

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100142256 ◽

1986 ◽

Vol 44 ◽

pp. 122-123

Author(s):

J.M. Fadool ◽

P.J. Boyer ◽

S.K. Aggarwal

Keyword(s):

Side Effects ◽

Urine Output ◽

Morphological Changes ◽

Limiting Factor ◽

Antineoplastic Drugs

Cisplatin (CDDP) is currently one of the most valuable antineoplastic drugs available. However, it has severe toxic side effects of which nephrotoxicity is the major dose limiting factor in its use. It induces morphological changes in the kidney with hampered urine output. The present study is an effort to determine the influence of the drug on the neurohypophysis for any antidiuretic effects on the kidney.

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Severe Drooling and Treatment With Botulinum Toxin

Perspectives on Swallowing and Swallowing Disorders (Dysphagia) ◽

10.1044/sasd21.1.15 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

pp. 15-21

Author(s):

Merete Bakke ◽

Allan Bardow ◽

Eigild Møller

Keyword(s):

Botulinum Toxin ◽

Side Effects ◽

Health Risk ◽

Flow Rate ◽

Clinical Evidence ◽

Acetylcholine Release ◽

Psychosocial Problems ◽

Rate Reduction ◽

Local Inhibition ◽

Surgical Treatments

Severe drooling is associated with discomfort and psychosocial problems and may constitute a health risk. A variety of different surgical and non-surgical treatments have been used to diminish drooling, some of them with little or uncertain effect and others more effective but irreversible or with side effects. Based on clinical evidence, injection with botulinum toxin (BTX) into the parotid and submandibular glands is a useful treatment option, because it is local, reversible, and with few side effects, although it has to be repeated. The mechanism of BTX is a local inhibition of acetylcholine release, which diminishes receptor-coupled secretion and results in a flow rate reduction of 25–50% for 2–7 months.

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