scholarly journals The Right for Regional Integration Organisations to Protect Democracy: Legitimacy at the Regional Level?

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-47
Author(s):  
Katrin Nyman-Metcalf ◽  
Ioannis Papageorgiou
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Regional Integration ◽  
Economic Cooperation ◽  
Regional Level ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Effective Application ◽  
The People ◽  
Enforcement Mechanisms ◽  
The Right ◽  
National Governments

AbstractRecently there have been several examples of different regional integration systems intervening to prevent unconstitutional events. The interventions can be based on explicit powers or be developed in response to events. This happens despite most regional integration systems having economic cooperation rather than explicit democratisation aims. Organs that issue laws or take constraining decisions must have a clear right to do this and a basis for exercising power-in other words, be legitimate. Where legitimacy comes from is debated, but as most countries today are democracies or purport to be, it somehow emanates from the people. National governments have a higher degree of legitimacy than regional integration organisations, possibly except the European Union. Regional integration organisations have to prove their legitimacy. The article examines if, to what extent, and on what basis regional integration systems have the right to exercise an independent role on the global stage. Legitimacy is a precondition for effective application of decisions of the organisation. Given the frequent lack of strong enforcement mechanisms, the question of legitimacy becomes even more important. With strong legitimacy, decisions taken by the regional integration organisation will be followed to a large extent even despite absence of effective enforcement mechanisms.

The Community Courts and Openness Within the European Union

1999 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 19-30
Author(s):  
Hans Ragnemalm
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Popular Sovereignty ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Public Power ◽  
The People ◽  
The Right ◽  
Community Courts

Government by the people presupposes that citizens are fully aware of public matters and properly informed. Nowadays, this is well understood and increasingly accepted. However, there is still disagreement as to how citizens are to check their government and what the limits of such control should be. In my view, it is essential that this scrutiny is generally available to all citizens and that it is provided in binding legal terms, the application of which is subject to legal appeal. However, a less stringent standard of scrutiny is often provided. Indeed, confusion between concepts is patent in this field and overshadows what is really at issue—the recognition of a fundamental right for citizens, which forms a basis for the exercise of several other rights. The right of citizens to review the exercise of public power is ultimately the foundation of both the principle of democracy and popular sovereignty.

scholarly journals The Contribution of International Organizations, in Particular of the European Union, to the Fight against Global Health Threats: COVID-19 and its Challenges and Opportunities

Araucaria ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 359-382
Author(s):  
Francesca Delfino
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Global Health ◽  
Regional Integration ◽  
The European Union ◽  
International Treaties ◽  
Human Right ◽  
Health Crisis ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities ◽  
Global Threat ◽  
The Right

The protection of health, initially implemented in terms of charity, in favour of the poor and the destitute and by specific public and private bodies, with the conclusion of numerous international treaties becomes a fundamental human right that no longer falls within the exclusive competence of the State alone. The value and crucial role of the right to health have been recently rediscovered during the health emergency caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. Unfortunately, the outbreak of the serious health crisis found the international community and the European Union unprepared to give an unequivocal and coordinated response to guarantee the protection of this fundamental right. The article undertakes a critical analysis of the contribution made so far to tackling the global threat posed by COVID-19, on the one hand, by the WHO, the main international organization dealing with global health and, on the other hand, by the European Union, a regional integration organization to which States have not attributed competences in health matters.

The Law & Politics of Brexit

2017 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Regional Integration ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The People ◽  
Successful Experiment ◽  
The Many ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
The Eu

The decision by the people of the United Kingdom (UK) to vote in a referendum on 23 June 2016 to leave the European Union (EU) has produced shock-waves across Europe and the world. While the Treaty on European Union explicitly allows a Member State to withdraw from the Union, no country thus far had ever decided to secede from what is arguably the most successful experiment in regional integration in history. Brexit, therefore, calls into question consolidated assumptions on the finality of the EU, and simultaneously opens new challenges—not only in the institutional fabric of Europe, but also in the UK constitutional settlement, eg in Northern Ireland and Scotland. This book provides a first comprehensive analysis of the challenges posed by Brexit, their causes, and their consequences. By combining the contributions of lawyers, political scientists, and political economists from across Europe, the book seeks to shed light on the manifold and complicated effects that Brexit creates—in the UK, and its internal constitutional settlement, as well as in the EU, and its institutional regime. While many uncertainties still surround the process of the UK’s withdrawal from the EU, so much is already on the table: this book thus avoids speculation and focuses instead on the many and difficult political, legal, and economic issues that Brexit exposed.

The Community Courts and Openness Within the European Union

1999 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 19-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans Ragnemalm
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Popular Sovereignty ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Public Power ◽  
The People ◽  
The Right ◽  
Community Courts

Government by the people presupposes that citizens are fully aware of public matters and properly informed. Nowadays, this is well understood and increasingly accepted. However, there is still disagreement as to how citizens are to check their government and what the limits of such control should be. In my view, it is essential that this scrutiny is generally available to all citizens and that it is provided in binding legal terms, the application of which is subject to legal appeal. However, a less stringent standard of scrutiny is often provided. Indeed, confusion between concepts is patent in this field and overshadows what is really at issue—the recognition of a fundamental right for citizens, which forms a basis for the exercise of several other rights. The right of citizens to review the exercise of public power is ultimately the foundation of both the principle of democracy and popular sovereignty.

scholarly journals Sedat Laciner, Mehmet Ozcan and Ihsan Bal: European Union with Turkey: The Possible Impact of Turkey’s Membership on the European Union

ICR Journal ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 536-539
Author(s):  
Christoph Marcinkowski
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Regional Integration ◽  
Right Wing ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Double Standards ◽  
Eu Membership ◽  
Turkish Government ◽  
Accession Process ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Eu

Turkey’s 22 July 2007 parliamentary elections resulted in a clear victory for the ruling Justice and Development Party, in Turkish known as Adaket ve Kalkinma Partisi or AKP. AKP is part of the right-wing, conservative spectrum of the Turkish political arena. In the West (with the post 9/11 scenario of distrust of anything smacking of ‘Muslim revivalism’) as well as among Turkey’s secular-minded elites and many citizens, the AKP is often perceived as ‘Islamist’ and thus as a danger and detriment to Turkey’s EU membership, regardless of the fact that it had been the AKP government which carried out drastic reforms of its legal and economic, and institutional system. Based on what it views as merely lukewarm support for its accession to the EU and alleged double standards in its negotiations, the Turkish public has become increasingly ‘eurosceptic’ in recent times, as revealed by several surveys. Ankara has been trying desperately to comply with EU legislation and standards, but Brussels has so far refused to back 2013 as a deadline for Turkey’s EU membership. It is believed that the accession process will take at least 15 years, if not longer. In spite of Turkey’s impressive record in terms of moving towards regional integration, the issue of the country’s future EU accession constitutes to date the central controversy of the ongoing enlargement of the EU. Among the Turkish public as well as the present Turkish government (both of which had been rather enthusiastically supportive of the bid for EU membership in the past) significant changes of ‘mood’ in this regard are noticeable.

Ensuring sustainable foreign economic relations of countries at the forefront and outskirts of the European Union

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (10) ◽  
pp. 1980-1996
Author(s):  
T.S. Malakhova
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
International Organizations ◽  
Economic Cooperation ◽  
Structure Model ◽  
Methodological Framework ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Early 21St Century ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Economic Bloc ◽  
The Eu

Subject. Foreign economic and trade ties among countries are getting tighter and less predictable in the early 21st century. This directly stems from a growing disparity of partners, especially if it goes about their future cooperation as part of integration groups or international organizations. Communities of experts suggest using various approaches to locally adjusting integration phases, especially implementing the two-speed integration in the European Union. Objectives. The study is an attempt to examine an improvement of foreign economic cooperation and suggest its implementation steps for the European Union. This all is due to considerable inner controversies and problems within the EU, which grow more serious year by year. Methods. The methodological framework comprises the historical logic, dialectical principles, scientific abstraction method. The process and system approach was especially important for justifying the implementation of the above steps. It was used to examine foreign economic relations of partners in the European Union. Results. The article sets forth the theoretical and methodological framework for the geostrategic economic bloc, including a conceptual structure model. I present steps to implement a foreign economic cooperation of partners in the EU in terms of its form. Conclusions and Relevance. Should the form of the foreign economic relations among the EU countries be implemented, counties at the periphery of the EU will be able to become active parties to the integration group.

New European Union strategy for Central Asia

2020 ◽  
pp. 72-79
Author(s):  
S. Gavrilova
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Central Asia ◽  
Economic Cooperation ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
Energy Potential ◽  
High Importance ◽  
Central Asian ◽  
New Strategy ◽  
Central Asian Countries

For several decades, the European Union has been steadily increasing its presence in Central Asian countries. The EU's interests in the region are due to a number of reasons, including the desire to expand its influence in the Central Asian countries, the high importance of the region as a transit corridor between Europe and China, the prospects for economic cooperation, and the importance of the region's energy potential. In May 2019 The European Union has presented a new Strategy for Central Asia, designed to intensify cooperation in a number of areas of interaction. The new strategy is aimed at both implementing these interests and expanding cooperation in a number of other areas.

scholarly journals The Rise of Right-Wing Extremism in European Union

2015 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-57
Author(s):  
Ljupcho Stevkovski
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Young People ◽  
Economic Crisis ◽  
Living Standards ◽  
Radical Right ◽  
Right Wing ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Balkan Countries ◽  
The Right ◽  
Right Wing Extremism

It is a fact that in the European Union there is a strengthening of right-wing extremism, radical right movement, populism and nationalism. The consequences of the economic crisis, such as a decline in living standards, losing of jobs, rising unemployment especially among young people, undoubtedly goes in favor of strengthening the right-wing extremism. In the research, forms of manifestation will be covered of this dangerous phenomenon and response of the institutions. Western Balkan countries, as a result of right-wing extremism, are especially sensitive region on possible consequences that might occur, since there are several unresolved political problems, which can very easily turn into a new cycle of conflicts, if European integration processes get delayed indefinitely.

Jungtinių Tautų ir Europos Sąjungos tikslinės finansinės ribojamosios priemonės: poreikis užtikrinti teisę į teisingą procesą

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Viltė Kristina Steponėnaitė
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
United Nations ◽  
Fair Trial ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The United Nations ◽  
The Right ◽  
Restrictive Measures

Targeted financial restrictive measures of the United Nations and the European Union: necessity to ensure the right to a fair trial

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