scholarly journals The Contribution of International Organizations, in Particular of the European Union, to the Fight against Global Health Threats: COVID-19 and its Challenges and Opportunities

Araucaria ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 359-382
Author(s):  
Francesca Delfino
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Global Health ◽  
Regional Integration ◽  
The European Union ◽  
International Treaties ◽  
Human Right ◽  
Health Crisis ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities ◽  
Global Threat ◽  
The Right

The protection of health, initially implemented in terms of charity, in favour of the poor and the destitute and by specific public and private bodies, with the conclusion of numerous international treaties becomes a fundamental human right that no longer falls within the exclusive competence of the State alone. The value and crucial role of the right to health have been recently rediscovered during the health emergency caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. Unfortunately, the outbreak of the serious health crisis found the international community and the European Union unprepared to give an unequivocal and coordinated response to guarantee the protection of this fundamental right. The article undertakes a critical analysis of the contribution made so far to tackling the global threat posed by COVID-19, on the one hand, by the WHO, the main international organization dealing with global health and, on the other hand, by the European Union, a regional integration organization to which States have not attributed competences in health matters.

scholarly journals Promoting EU values in international agreements

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
JANČÍKOVÁ Eva ◽  
PÁSZTOROVÁ Janka
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Industrial Relations ◽  
International Agreements ◽  
The European Union ◽  
International Treaties ◽  
European Union Law ◽  
New Model ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
The Right ◽  
High Level

Within the framework of external relations policy as a subject of international law, the European Union has the right to negotiate, conclude, amend and terminate international agreements on its own behalf, i.e., it has competences granted on it in this area by the Treaties. International agreements concluded at European level are results of an agreement between parties and belong to the sources of European Union Law. Current practice in concluding international agreements at the level of the European Union proves that trade and investment agreements contain provisions concerning civil society, labor relations andenvironment. The scientific study opens a discussion on a new model of international agreements which, in addition to trade relations, contain provisions on the social status of employees of the parties and on sustainable development. This new model of international treaties is supported by all Member States. The systems analysis shows that the European Union no longer acts as an economic-integration grouping towards third countries, but as an international organization that takes into account high level of environmental protection and the protection of employees' industrial relations.

scholarly journals The new European Union space policy in order to maintain Europe’s position among space leaders

2019 ◽  
pp. 20-31
Author(s):  
Piotr Kolczynski
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Outer Space ◽  
Public Institutions ◽  
Space Policy ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Private Companies ◽  
The Public ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities ◽  
The Right

This paper analyzes the current EU space strategy and confronts it with existing global challenges in the space sector. The ultimate aim of this research is to recommend a well-adjusted space policy for the European Commission to ensure effective and sustainable exploration and use of outer space for the benefit of all EU member-states. In order to draft the most efficient space policy, the uniqueness of Europe’s space sector is studied. This paper argues that the EU space policy has to focus on guaranteeing European autonomy in access and use of outer space. The author extensively analyzes the challenges and opportunities related to dynamic development of private space sector’s activities. Emphasis is made on the significance of symbiotic cooperation between the public institutions and private companies regarding mutual benefits. The paper concludes that it is the right time for the European Union to build a bold and prospective space policy.

scholarly journals The Right for Regional Integration Organisations to Protect Democracy: Legitimacy at the Regional Level?

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-47
Author(s):  
Katrin Nyman-Metcalf ◽  
Ioannis Papageorgiou
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Regional Integration ◽  
Economic Cooperation ◽  
Regional Level ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Effective Application ◽  
The People ◽  
Enforcement Mechanisms ◽  
The Right ◽  
National Governments

AbstractRecently there have been several examples of different regional integration systems intervening to prevent unconstitutional events. The interventions can be based on explicit powers or be developed in response to events. This happens despite most regional integration systems having economic cooperation rather than explicit democratisation aims. Organs that issue laws or take constraining decisions must have a clear right to do this and a basis for exercising power-in other words, be legitimate. Where legitimacy comes from is debated, but as most countries today are democracies or purport to be, it somehow emanates from the people. National governments have a higher degree of legitimacy than regional integration organisations, possibly except the European Union. Regional integration organisations have to prove their legitimacy. The article examines if, to what extent, and on what basis regional integration systems have the right to exercise an independent role on the global stage. Legitimacy is a precondition for effective application of decisions of the organisation. Given the frequent lack of strong enforcement mechanisms, the question of legitimacy becomes even more important. With strong legitimacy, decisions taken by the regional integration organisation will be followed to a large extent even despite absence of effective enforcement mechanisms.

scholarly journals The Meaning of Regulatory Act Explained: Are There Any Significant Improvements for the Standing of Non-Privileged Applicants in Annulment Actions?

2013 ◽  
Vol 14 (9) ◽  
pp. 1851-1865
Author(s):  
Haakon Roer-Eide ◽  
Mariolina Eliantonio
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Fundamental Rights ◽  
European Convention ◽  
The European Union ◽  
International Treaties ◽  
Legal Remedy ◽  
Fundamental Freedoms ◽  
Charter Of Fundamental Rights ◽  
Effective Remedy ◽  
The Right

The right to an effective legal remedy is a generally accepted principle of modern legal systems and is enshrined in national constitutions as well as international treaties, such as the European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms. On the European Union (hereinafter EU) level, the right to an effective remedy is laid down in Article 47 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union.

scholarly journals Problems of financing sources for environmental protection in strategic documents of the European Union and Poland in the new financial perspective for 2021–2027

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 745-761
Author(s):  
Dagmara Hajdys
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Global Health ◽  
Environmental Protection ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Health Crisis ◽  
Structural Funds ◽  
Funding Sources ◽  
Financial Perspective ◽  
Weather Changes

Motivation: Over the past two decades, the world, and Poland with it, has faced a huge challenge of transforming its economy towards climate neutrality. The observed effects of climate change, such as abrupt weather changes (prolonged droughts, sudden downpours), increase in average temperatures, environmental pollution, call for systemic and social actions. It should be clearly noted that the responsibility for actions aimed at environmental protection is borne not only by public administration (central and local government), but also by the private sector, as the one using and influencing the environment. The year 2020 brought an unexpected global health crisis caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. MFF procedures developed up to that time were modified. The COVID-19 pandemic significantly affected the preparation of legislation, programs, and rules for obtaining funds from them for project implementation. Many legislative works have been postponed, causing delays. The fact of the pandemic has led to the implementation of the Instrument for Reconstruction and Enhancing Resilience, which includes large-scale financial support for public investments and areas such as green and digital projects, in addition to the regular financial perspective. Support will be provided in the form of loans (EUR 360 billion) and grants (EUR 312.5 billion). Aim: The aim of the study is to compare the financial instruments covered by the European Union financial perspectives 2021–2027 with 2014–2020 in the context of environmental funding sources in Poland. Results: Both in the financial perspective 2014–2020 and the new one for 2021–2027, environmental protection issues are one of the main priorities. The continuity of previous structural funds has been preserved and supplemented with new instruments in response to the unprecedented socio-economic situation that has arisen as a result of the global health crisis caused by the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. As a result of negotiations, EUR 76 billion will be made available to Poland under the EU’s cohesion policy and the Fund for Equitable Transformation, whereas in the previous one the amount was EUR 85.2 billion. The allocation of funds and the directions of spending will not only result from Poland’s development needs, but also (and perhaps above all) from the modified priorities of the Union as a response to the health situation of the EU community after the pandemic and the continuation of existing activities related to research, innovation, digitization, climate and the environment. The launch of individual programmes will allow ongoing analysis and evaluation of both the solutions adopted in strategic documents and their effects.

scholarly journals Sedat Laciner, Mehmet Ozcan and Ihsan Bal: European Union with Turkey: The Possible Impact of Turkey’s Membership on the European Union

ICR Journal ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 536-539
Author(s):  
Christoph Marcinkowski
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Regional Integration ◽  
Right Wing ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Double Standards ◽  
Eu Membership ◽  
Turkish Government ◽  
Accession Process ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Eu

Turkey’s 22 July 2007 parliamentary elections resulted in a clear victory for the ruling Justice and Development Party, in Turkish known as Adaket ve Kalkinma Partisi or AKP. AKP is part of the right-wing, conservative spectrum of the Turkish political arena. In the West (with the post 9/11 scenario of distrust of anything smacking of ‘Muslim revivalism’) as well as among Turkey’s secular-minded elites and many citizens, the AKP is often perceived as ‘Islamist’ and thus as a danger and detriment to Turkey’s EU membership, regardless of the fact that it had been the AKP government which carried out drastic reforms of its legal and economic, and institutional system. Based on what it views as merely lukewarm support for its accession to the EU and alleged double standards in its negotiations, the Turkish public has become increasingly ‘eurosceptic’ in recent times, as revealed by several surveys. Ankara has been trying desperately to comply with EU legislation and standards, but Brussels has so far refused to back 2013 as a deadline for Turkey’s EU membership. It is believed that the accession process will take at least 15 years, if not longer. In spite of Turkey’s impressive record in terms of moving towards regional integration, the issue of the country’s future EU accession constitutes to date the central controversy of the ongoing enlargement of the EU. Among the Turkish public as well as the present Turkish government (both of which had been rather enthusiastically supportive of the bid for EU membership in the past) significant changes of ‘mood’ in this regard are noticeable.

scholarly journals The Rise of Right-Wing Extremism in European Union

2015 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-57
Author(s):  
Ljupcho Stevkovski
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Young People ◽  
Economic Crisis ◽  
Living Standards ◽  
Radical Right ◽  
Right Wing ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Balkan Countries ◽  
The Right ◽  
Right Wing Extremism

It is a fact that in the European Union there is a strengthening of right-wing extremism, radical right movement, populism and nationalism. The consequences of the economic crisis, such as a decline in living standards, losing of jobs, rising unemployment especially among young people, undoubtedly goes in favor of strengthening the right-wing extremism. In the research, forms of manifestation will be covered of this dangerous phenomenon and response of the institutions. Western Balkan countries, as a result of right-wing extremism, are especially sensitive region on possible consequences that might occur, since there are several unresolved political problems, which can very easily turn into a new cycle of conflicts, if European integration processes get delayed indefinitely.

Jungtinių Tautų ir Europos Sąjungos tikslinės finansinės ribojamosios priemonės: poreikis užtikrinti teisę į teisingą procesą

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Viltė Kristina Steponėnaitė
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
United Nations ◽  
Fair Trial ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The United Nations ◽  
The Right ◽  
Restrictive Measures

Targeted financial restrictive measures of the United Nations and the European Union: necessity to ensure the right to a fair trial

The Right to Healthcare in the Common European Asylum System

2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-156
Author(s):  
Marco Inglese
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Fundamental Rights ◽  
European Convention ◽  
Undocumented Migrants ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Common European Asylum System ◽  
The Common ◽  
Interpretative Approach ◽  
The Right

Abstract This article seeks to ascertain the role of healthcare in the Common European Asylum System (CEAS). The article is structured as follows. First, it outlines the international conceptualisation of healthcare in the International Covenant of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) and the European Social Charter (ESC) before delving into the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR). Second, focusing on the European Union (EU), it analyses the role of Article 35 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union (the Charter) in order to verify its impact on the development of the CEAS. Third, and in conclusion, it will argue that the identification of the role of healthcare in the CEAS should be understood in light of the Charter’s scope of application. This interpretative approach will be beneficial for asylum seekers and undocumented migrants, as well as for the Member States (MSs).

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