Οἱ ἰατροὶ λέγουσι … – Erläuterungen zur anatomischen Terminologie in Περὶ τῆς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου κατασκευῆς

2019 ◽  
Vol 112 (3) ◽  
pp. 843-860
Author(s):  
Isabel Grimm-Stadelmann
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Latin Translation ◽  
Latin Text ◽  
Poetic Language ◽  
Medical Terminology ◽  
Ongoing Process ◽  
Anatomical Terminology ◽  
Latin Language ◽  
The One

Abstract The anatomical and physiological treatise Περὶ τῆς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου ἀνθρώπου κατασκευῆς is characterized by a peculiarity of medical terminology which is largely unknown from comparable texts: on the one hand, anatomical terms are put into relation with corresponding terms from poetic language, on the other hand they are precisely defined by descriptions of objects of everyday use. The considerable discrepancy between the Greek original and its Latin translation is of particular interest against the background of the renaissance of Περὶ τῆς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου κατασκευῆς in the 16th century AD. The multiple versions of the Latin translation show that medical terminology in Latin language was still in an ongoing process of development, for which reason many Greek anatomical terms were inserted untranslated into the Latin text due to a lack of an adequate Latin equivalents. For this reason Περὶ τῆς τοῦ τοῦ ἀνθρώπου κατασκευῆς plays a central role in the development of anatomical terminology, but also in its becoming more and more specific and precise.

Albrecht Durer and the 16TH Century Melancholy

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 37-49
Author(s):  
Marcel Henrique Rodrigues
Keyword(s):  
Religious Culture ◽  
The Other ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
The One ◽  
Deep Sense

Little has been discussed in academia about the close relationship between the Renaissance of the 16th century and melancholy humor, and esoteric elements arising mainly from Florentine Neoplatonism. The link between melancholy and esotericism becomes very clear when we analyze the gravure “Melencolia I” by Albrecht Dürer (1471-1528), composed of a significant number of symbols that refer to an esoteric religious culture that then emerged. Renaissance melancholy gained several nuances. On the one hand, it was considered a sin, a despicable mood characteristic of witches; on the other hand, a deep sense of inspiration typical of men of “genius”. This ambivalence also occurred in the firmament, as the melancholic people were guided by the dark planet Saturn, according to astrological belief. We also have the cultural scenario of the 16th century, especially in Dürer's Germany, which contributed to strengthening the melancholy issues.

scholarly journals Struktura znaczeniowa słownictwa anatomicznego w Nowym dykcjonarzu M.A. Troca

2020 ◽  
pp. 119-133
Author(s):  
Beata Kuryłowicz ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Analysis ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
Medical Terminology ◽  
Uniform Size ◽  
Semantic Relationships ◽  
Anatomical Terminology ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Lexical Field

This article is an attempt to perform a semantic analysis of anatomical vocabulary collected by Michał Abraham Troc in Nowy dykcjonarz, published in Lipsk in 1764. The aim of individual analyses based on the lexical field theory is to demonstrate the meaning of lexemes, to determine their place within a field, as well as to disclose semantic relationships: synonymy, polysemy and hyponymy. The semantic analysis presented in this article clearly demonstrates abundance and differentiation of 18th century anatomical vocabulary, as well as prevalence of native over borrowed words. Among 250 names, only eleven units are borrowings from foreign languages: seven Latin and four German ones. This provides evidence there is a fundamental role of native lexis, especially colloquial vocabulary, in the formation of Polish anatomical terminology, and, more extensively, also medical terminology, in the first phase of its development which continued until the end of the 18th century. Of note is also the non-uniform arrangement of lexemes in individual fields and asymmetry in their number. Selected lexical fields are characterised by non-uniform size, different level of semantic stratification and differentiated degree of generality of words they contain. On the other hand, semantic relations observed in the analysed anatomical vocabulary, especially synonymy and polysemy, confirm there is a differentiation of anatomical lexis, on the other hand, they indicate lack of precision in expressing content by the discussed lexical units.

scholarly journals On the History of Ante(s): Exaptation of Adverbial –s?

Languages ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 45
Author(s):  
Dorien Nieuwenhuijsen
Keyword(s):  
Historical Development ◽  
Quantitative Data ◽  
The Other ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
History Of ◽  
The One

In this paper we will describe the historical development of the Spanish doublet ante-antes (‘before’) and explore the question whether a process of exaptation is involved (cf. Lass 1990). We will argue that the final –s of antes, that originally marked the adverbial status of the word, in the course of time had become a kind of morphological ‘junk’ (cf. Lass 1990) and, subsequently, could be exploited in order to encode the semantic opposition between temporal meaning on the one hand, and adversative meaning on the other hand. However, based on quantitative data we will show that the incipient semantic redistribution over the course of the 16th century rather suddenly collapsed, leading to a differentiation between the prepositional ante and adverbial antes.

Power in Helmut Kohl's Republic: The Two Faces of German Democracy

2000 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 91-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Sa'adah
Keyword(s):  
Federal Republic ◽  
The Other ◽  
Berlin Wall ◽  
Half Century ◽  
Ongoing Process ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Industrial Democracies ◽  
The One

Even as the tenth anniversary of the opening of the Berlin Wall was being celebrated, a scandal was beginning that seems destined to bring the Kohl era, however it is defined, to a close. My purpose in this article is to propose a framework for thinking about the broader political meaning and possible impact of the CDU’s difficulties. In this instance as in many others, I will argue, events in the Federal Republic are best understood if approached simultaneously from two angles. On the one hand, Germany remains bound to, if not necessarily by, its multiple experiences of dictatorship. Viewed in this context, events acquire meaning and significance as part of an ongoing process of democratization, or of an effort to “master” a past to some degree enduringly unmasterable. On the other hand, a half-century after its creation, the Federal Republic is an established democracy with a remarkable record of success and a predictable roster of problems. From this perspective, developments in Germany illustrate dilemmas and dysfunctions common across the advanced industrial democracies.

The Politics of Robot Autonomy

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 341-360 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Burri
Keyword(s):  
Real Life ◽  
The Other ◽  
Ongoing Process ◽  
Autonomous Weapons ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Future ◽  
To Come ◽  
The One ◽  
Philosophical Understanding

The autonomy robots enjoy is understood in different ways. On the one hand, a technical understanding of autonomy is firmly anchored in the present and concerned with what can be achieved now by means of code and programming; on the other hand, a philosophical understanding of robot autonomy looks into the future and tries to anticipate how robots will evolve in the years to come. The two understandings are at odds at times, occasionally they even clash. However, not one of them is necessarily truer than the other. Each is driven by certain real-life factors; each rests on its own justification. This article discusses these two “views of robot autonomy” in depth and witnesses them at work at two of the most relevant events of robotics in recent times, namely the Darpa Robotics Challenge, which took place in California in June 2015, and the ongoing process to address lethal autonomous weapons in humanitarian Geneva, which is spurred on by a “Campaign to Stop Killer Robots”.

scholarly journals The emergence of the grammatical paradigm of nominal determiners in French and in Romance: Comparative and diachronic perspectives

2018 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 141-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Carlier ◽  
Béatrice Lamiroy
Keyword(s):  
Initial Position ◽  
The Other ◽  
Romance Languages ◽  
Latin Text ◽  
Syntactic Category ◽  
New Paradigm ◽  
Parallel Corpora ◽  
Pattern Characteristic ◽  
Syntactic Function ◽  
The One

AbstractThis article is devoted to the emergence of a new paradigm in French and Romance: that of nominal determiners. Latin had no articles, and although possessives, demonstratives and indefinites could determine the noun, they could also be used as pronouns or adjectives, so that the morpho-syntactic category of nominal determiners did not exist as such. We first examine the diachronic evolution of French, where a far-reaching grammaticalization process took place. Syntagmatically, all determiners end up in the NP-initial position as the only available syntactic slot, contributing to the highly configurational NP pattern characteristic of Modern French. From a paradigmatic viewpoint, determiners no longer correspond to a syntactic function, but to a separate morpho-syntactic category. We also evaluate to what extent this evolution took place in two other Romance languages, Italian and Spanish. Through the analysis of this particular evolution, based on parallel corpora consisting of a Latin text and its translations in Old, Middle, and Modern French on the one hand, and in Spanish and Italian on the other, our study also provides evidence for more general mechanisms, analogy in particular, at work in the creation of new paradigms.

Gerardus Joannes Vossius (1577–1649) and the study of Latin grammar

1988 ◽  
Vol 15 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 109-128
Author(s):  
Cornelis S. M. Rademaker
Keyword(s):  
17Th Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Port Royal ◽  
Latin Language ◽  
New Directions ◽  
Complete Survey ◽  
Humanist Tradition ◽  
The One ◽  
Made In

Summary Gerardus Joannes Vossius (1577–1649) published his De arte grammatica libri septem in 1635. From the second edition in 1662 the work became known as Vossius’s Aristarchus. This important Latin grammar of Vossius, and also his other publications devoted to Latin, have their particular place in the evolution of grammatical studies in the 17th century. Vossius’s works were used in the first place because in them he had given a complete survey and systematization of all the scholarly information concerning Latin existing up to his own days. Neoscholastic Aristotelism was the philosophical basis of his treatment with Latin language and grammar. However, we find at the same time in Vossius’s work sometimes hints at a new approach to the study of Latin grammar. He followed in many respects the new directions pointed out by men like Scaliger and Sanctius. Thus, on the one hand, Vossius stood in the Humanist tradition of his day while, on the other, his work could be used profitably also by the Port-Royal grammarians and other philologist of the late 17th and 18th centuries. Following an appraisal of Vossius’s place in the Humanist tradition and of the contribution he made in his Aristarchus, the paper deals at some length with the analogy principle as used by Vossius and his successors. It concludes with sections on the evolution of grammatical ideas in the 17th and early 18th centuries marked especially by the tradition associated with the works of Sanctius, Vossius, and Port-Royal.

scholarly journals POS-tagging a bilingual parallel corpus: methods and challenges

2017 ◽  
pp. 35-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irene Doval
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Major Error ◽  
Error Patterns ◽  
Parallel Corpus ◽  
Pos Tagging ◽  
Ongoing Process ◽  
Part Of Speech ◽  
Improve Accuracy ◽  
The One ◽  
Speech Information

This paper reviews the author’s experiences of tokenizing and POS tagging a bilingual parallel corpus, the PaGeS Corpus, consisting mostly of German and Spanish fictional texts. This is part of an ongoing process of annotating the corpus for part-of-speech information. This study discusses the specific problems encountered so far. On the one hand, tagging performance degrades significantly when applied to fictional data and, on the other, pre-existing annotation schemes are all language specific. To further improve accuracy during post-editing, the author has developed a common tagset and identified major error patterns.

scholarly journals Nazwy roślin „z naśienia śię rodzących na ogrodźiech ku żywonośći ludzkiey" u Krescencjusza a wybrane XVI-wieczne zielniki

2009 ◽  
pp. 115-126
Author(s):  
Joanna Kamper-Warejko ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
The Other ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The One

The article attempts to describe fitonimy registered in the Polish translation of a popular medieval household guide by Piotr Krescencjusz. The material has been excerpted from the first part of the IV book of the second edition of the text of 1571, and compared with selected 16th century herbariums. The analysis revealed differences and similarities between the handbook and the herbariums in the scope of a number of collected names and their references to a designate. Majority, i.e. as many as 42 out of 64 discussed names, are included in the 16th century herbariums. However, three of them (home and garden saffron, buttercup) were introduced by Krescencjusz to name other plant species. We deal here with a phenomenon characteristic of this group of words, i.e. polysemy. Despite apparent similarities to the herbariums in a compositional and contentsrelated level, Kresencjusz’s guidebook enriches fitonimic vocabulary. On the one hand, it stored words which were already rare in the 16th century, and on the other hand, it introduced new occasional words, including some to be found in later texts.

scholarly journals Przekształcenia w obrębie systemu imiesłowów czynnych w języku starobiałoruskim na przykładzie wybranych latopisów białorusko-litewskich

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
pp. 207-220
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Grabowska ◽  
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Past Participle ◽  
Common Part ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Grand Duchy Of Lithuania ◽  
The One ◽  
Grand Duchy

This article focuses on 16th-century written monuments of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, representing the first and second Belarusian-Lithuanian redactions. Their common part – the Chronicle of Grand Dukes of Lithuania – was created in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The article analyses the changes occurring in the system of Old Belarusian active participles and compares them with all-Ruthenian state. The analysis has shown that in the participle system, on the one hand, some forms, such as inflectional forms of complex declension of active participles, tended to decline. On the other hand, a new morphological category was emerging, namely, undeclinable adverbial present and past participle.

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