Study of the pharmacokinetics of various drugs under conditions of antiorthostatic hypokinesia and the pharmacokinetics of acetaminophen under long-term spaceflight conditions

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexey V. Polyakov ◽  
Andrey A. Svistunov ◽  
Svetlana N. Kondratenko ◽  
Irina V. Kovachevich ◽  
Lyudmila G. Repenkova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Relative Rate ◽  
Pharmacological Action ◽  
Relative Bioavailability ◽  
Moderate Increase ◽  
Antiorthostatic Hypokinesia ◽  
Single Oral Administration ◽  
Increasing Trend ◽  
Ground Conditions ◽  
Rate Of Absorption

Abstract Objectives To study the pharmacokinetics and relative bioavailability of drugs of different chemical structure and pharmacological action under conditions simulating the effects of some factors of spaceflight, as well as the peculiarities of the pharmacokinetics of acetaminophen under long-term spaceflight conditions. Methods The pharmacokinetics of verapamil (n=8), propranolol (n=8), etacizine (n=9), furosemide (n=6), and acetaminophen (n=7) in healthy volunteers after a single oral administration under normal conditions (background) and under antiorthostatic hypokinesia (ANOH), the pharmacokinetics of acetaminophen in spaceflight members under normal ground conditions (background) (n=8) and under prolonged spaceflight conditions (SF) (n=5) were studied. Results The stay of volunteers under antiorthostatic hypokinesia had different effects on the pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of drugs: Compared to background, there was a decreasing trend in Vz for verapamil (−54 Δ%), furosemide (−20 Δ%), propranolol (−8 Δ%), and acetaminophen (−9 Δ%), but a statistically significant increase in Vz was found for etacizine (+39 Δ%); there was an increasing trend in Clt for propranolol (+13 Δ%) and acetaminophen (+16 Δ%), and a decreasing trend in Clt for etacizine, verapamil, and furosemide (−22, −23 and −9 Δ% respectively) in ANOH. The relative bioavailability of etacizine, verapamil, and furosemide in ANOH increased compared to background (+40, +23 and +13 Δ%, respectively), propranolol and acetaminophen decreased (−5 and −12 Δ% accordingly). The relative rate of absorption of etacizine and furosemide in ANOH decreased (−19 and −20 Δ%, respectively) while that of verapamil, propranolol, and acetaminophen increased (+42, +58 and +26 Δ%, respectively). A statistically significant decrease in AUC0-∞ (−57 Δ%), Cmax (−53 Δ%), relative bioavailability of acetaminophen (−52 Δ%) and a sharp increase in Clt (+147 Δ%), Tmax (+131 Δ%) as well as a trend towards a significant decrease in T1/2 (−53 Δ%), MRT (−36 Δ%) and a moderate increase in Vz (+24 Δ%) were found under control compared to background. Unidirectional changes in AUC0-∞, Clt, T1/2, MRT and relative bioavailability of acetaminophen, which are more pronounced in SF and opposite dynamics for Cmax, Tmax, Vz were found in ANOH and SP compared to background studies. Conclusions The data obtained allow recommending the studied drugs for rational pharmacotherapy in the possible development of cardiovascular disease in manned spaceflight.

scholarly journals Selection Response in Finite Populations

Genetics ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 144 (4) ◽  
pp. 1961-1974 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ming Wei ◽  
Armando Caballero ◽  
William G Hill
Keyword(s):  
Linkage Disequilibrium ◽  
Inbreeding Depression ◽  
Genetic Variance ◽  
Relative Rate ◽  
Selection Response ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Effective Population ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Model Account

Formulae were derived to predict genetic response under various selection schemes assuming an infinitesimal model. Account was taken of genetic drift, gametic (linkage) disequilibrium (Bulmer effect), inbreeding depression, common environmental variance, and both initial segregating variance within families (σAW02) and mutational (σM2) variance. The cumulative response to selection until generation t(CRt) can be approximated asCRt≈R0[t−β(1−σAW∞2σAW02)t24Ne]−Dt2Ne,where Ne is the effective population size, σAW∞2=NeσM2 is the genetic variance within families at the steady state (or one-half the genic variance, which is unaffected by selection), and D is the inbreeding depression per unit of inbreeding. R  0 is the selection response at generation 0 assuming preselection so that the linkage disequilibrium effect has stabilized. β is the derivative of the logarithm of the asymptotic response with respect to the logarithm of the within-family genetic variance, i.e., their relative rate of change. R  0 is the major determinant of the short term selection response, but σM2, Ne and β are also important for the long term. A selection method of high accuracy using family information gives a small Ne and will lead to a larger response in the short term and a smaller response in the long term, utilizing mutation less efficiently.

RETROSPECTIVE ASSESSMENT OF UNREGULATED LATERAL INFLOWS OF THE KUIBYSHEVSKY (NOW ZHIGULYOVSKAYA HYDROPOWER PLANT) HYDRAULIC UNIT OF THE VOLGA RIVER BASIN

2021 ◽  
pp. 87-99
Author(s):  
G. KH. ISMAIYLOV ◽  
◽  
N. V. MURASCHENKOVA ◽  
I. G. ISMAIYLOVA
Keyword(s):  
River Basin ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Atmospheric Precipitation ◽  
Total Precipitation ◽  
Volga River ◽  
Hydraulic Unit ◽  
Seasonal Characteristics ◽  
Lateral Inflow ◽  
Increasing Trend

The results of the analysis and assessment of changes in annual and seasonal characteristics of hydrometeorological processes in a private catchment area of the Kuibyshev hydroelectric complex of the Volga river are presented. To analyze the temporal dynamics of the variability of the annual and seasonal characteristics of the hydrometeorological processes in the considered territory of the river basin we used more than 100 years of observations of annual and seasonal fluctuations of lateral inflow, total atmospheric precipitation and air temperature regimes on the Volgariver. Relationship equations for annual and seasonal changes in hydrometeorological characteristics in time are obtained. It was found that long-term fluctuations of hydrometeorological processes (lateral inflow, total atmospheric precipitation and air temperature) are characterized by tendencies (trends). The analysis of these trends showed that the non-standard climatic situation, starting from the 70s of the last century, had a very significant impact on the distribution of annual and especially on the seasonal (low-water and winter) characteristics of hydrometeorological processes. It has been established that non-standard unidirectional changes are found in the fluctuations in the total atmospheric precipitation. If the winter total precipitation is characterized over the 100-year period in question by a continuously decreasing trend,the summer-autumn period is an increasing trend. This leads to the fact that long-term fluctuations in total precipitation during the period of low water are formed as a stationary process. At the same time, the total precipitation of the spring flood and inflowing to the Kuibyshev hydroelectric unit is characterized by a constantly increasing trend.

scholarly journals Analysis of development of raw cow milk prices in the conditions of the Slovak Republic

10.5219/1196 ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 906-914
Author(s):  
Ivana Váryová ◽  
Zuzana Poláková ◽  
Iveta Košovská ◽  
Alexandra Ferenczi Vaňová ◽  
Renáta Krajčírová
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Slovak Republic ◽  
Future Trend ◽  
Stationary Time Series ◽  
Cow Milk ◽  
Moderate Increase ◽  
Monthly Data ◽  
Market Report ◽  
Milk And Dairy Products

The paper is focused on the evaluation of the price development of raw cow milk in the Slovak Republic. The aim of the paper is to analyse the development of average prices of the raw Q class cow´s milk in 2006 – 2018 and to forecast the trend of these prices by June 2019. Monthly data from the Market Report of Milk and Dairy Products issued by the Agricultural Information Department – ATIS, as part of the Agricultural Paying Agency, were the base of our information resource. These data were analyzed by using the statistical software called SAS. Box-Jenkins methodology was used to model the future trend of average purchase prices of the raw Q class cow´s milk, designed for modeling stationary and non-stationary time series and time series with seasonal components. During the period of 2006 – 2018 the Slovak dairy market showed significant changes in the prices of raw Q class cow´s milk. Three crisis periods of the dairy sector have been identified, during which the milk price has fallen below 0.30 € per kilogram. Long-term low prices of raw cow milk led to the liquidation of primary milk producers. In the next forecast period, by February 2019 a moderate increase in the average purchase price of raw Q class cow´s milk is expected, followed by a decrease by June 2019.

scholarly journals Satellite-based study of physico-optical properties of aerosols over a westernmost location of Brahmaputra valley

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jhuma Biswas 1
Keyword(s):  
Atmospheric Aerosols ◽  
Monsoon Season ◽  
Cloud Condensation Nuclei ◽  
Winter Season ◽  
Earth Observing System ◽  
Brahmaputra Valley ◽  
Increasing Trend ◽  
Long Term Trend ◽  
Term Analysis

This study examines the long term trend of the radiatively active atmospheric aerosols which can influence the Earth’s energy budget directly by scattering and absorbing radiation and indirectly by acting as cloud condensation nuclei. MODIS sensor on board the NASA Earth Observing System Terra and Aqua satellite based Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) data are used for long term analysis of aerosols over Bongaigaon, Assam for the period August, 2002 to March, 2017. Highest AOD values are observed in pre-monsoon (March-May) season due to long range transportation as well as intense biomass burning activities especially as a part of Jhum cultivation. In general, AOD values are low in post-monsoon (October-November) season which may be due to wash out of aerosols by rain in the preceding months without enough replacement. The monthly AOD values vary from its highest value 0.949 in April, 2016 to its lowest value 0.107 in November, 2002 for the study period. From the comparison of MODIS Terra and Aqua AOD at 550 nm, it is clearly seen that generally Terra AOD at 10:30 hr is higher than the Aqua AOD at 13:30hr. A slowly increasing trend of both Aqua and Terra AOD at 550 nm is observed over the study location. The observed Ångström exponent value varies from its minimum value in monsoon season to its maximum value in winter season. With increasing AOD values, horizontal visibility decreases over Bongaigaon.

Abstract 12971: Positive Psychological Growth Post Cardiac Arrest Survivorship: A Pilot Study

Circulation ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 144 (Suppl_2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rakan AlQaqaa ◽  
Tara Keshavarz Shirazi ◽  
Ian Jaffe ◽  
Anelly Gonzales ◽  
Sam Parnia
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Arrest ◽  
Personality Traits ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Sign Test ◽  
Moderate Increase ◽  
Psychological Growth ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Psychological Traits

Background: Cardiac arrest (CA) has an annual US incidence of >500,000 with survival rates ~10%. Although most studies focus on survival and neurological outcomes, understanding long-term psychological consequences is of equal importance. Some have reported negative psychological outcomes such as anxiety, depression, and PTSD; however, since survivors of other adverse life-threatening disorders, including cancer, report positive psychological growth, we sought to test the hypothesis that CA survival may also be associated with growth of positive psychological traits. Method: Invitations were sent to CA survivors through their local hospitals or national registries to participate in an online pilot cross sectional study. Overall, 47 agreed and were given a series of standardized questionnaires to assess the following positive personality traits: empathy, compassion, forgiveness, altruism, optimism, gratitude, positivity, spirituality, consideration for others’ needs, and happiness. Using a 5-point Likert scale, they then estimated the relative change in these traits since their CA event, where 1=significant decrease, 2=moderate decrease, 3=no change, 4 =moderate increase, and 5=significant increase. Results: Overall 42 of 47 (89%) reported a return to their daily functional activities. Personality trait ratings were analyzed using a sign test relative to a population median score of 3 (i.e. no change) for statistical analysis. Participants showed statistically significant differences in all the assessed personality traits: gratitude (median=4, p<0.0001), compassion (median=4, p= p<0.0001), altruism (median=4, p<0.0001), empathy (median=4, p<0.0001), spirituality(median=4, p<0.0001), consideration for others’ needs (median=4, p<0.0001), forgiveness(median=4, p<0.0005), optimism (median=4, p<0.001), positivity (median=4, p<0.005), and happiness(median=4, p<0.05). Conclusions: Long-term psychological sequelae of CA survivorship remains ill understood. However, some CA survivors may develop greater positive psychological traits following CA. Further studies are required to assess the relationship between CA and long-term positive changes and quality of life, as well as possible therapeutic interventions.

scholarly journals Emergency slaughters in pigs in the CzechRepublic during the period of 1997–2002 

2012 ◽  
Vol 49 (No. 10) ◽  
pp. 365-369 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Kozak ◽  
M. Malena ◽  
J. Holejsovsky ◽  
B. Bartosek
Keyword(s):  
Health Status ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Future Development ◽  
Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Musculoskeletal Diseases ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Digestive Diseases ◽  
Increasing Trend ◽  
Emergency Slaughter

The aim of the present work was to determine the most frequent causes of emergency slaughters in pigs and the trends of future development. Records from emergency slaughters of pigs all over the CzechRepublic were studied for the period of 1997&ndash;2002. The causes of emergency slaughters were divided into the following groups: infectious diseases, respiratory diseases, digestive diseases, musculoskeletal diseases, complications post partum, diseases of miscellaneous aetiology. The trends of future development were determined as an index equal to the ratio of relative occurrence of the findings during the period of 2000&ndash;2002 to the same figures from the period of 1997&ndash;1999. Musculoskeletal diseases were the most frequently found condition (42.39%) with stable figures in the long term (index 1.00). Neither any significant increase nor decrease in the occurrence of this type of diseases were found. Furthermore there was also high occurrence of the diseases of miscellaneous aetiology (29.51%), accounting in particular for the disease of the heart, liver and kidneys. There was a slightly increasing trend in this category of diseases (index 1.16), which was confirmed to be highly significant. The occurrence of respiratory diseases was also high (21.21%), showing the trend of slight decrease (index 0.88), which was nevertheless highly significant. The cases of emergency slaughter were reflected in the total number of condemnations in porcine carcasses (27.56%). This figure showed long-term increase (index 1.19), which was confirmed to be highly significant. It can be concluded that appropriate measures are necessary for the improvement of health status of pigs and reduction of numbers of emergency slaughters. Such measures should be in particular aimed at prevention of musculoskeletal diseases.

Structural Characteristics and Stability of the Aggregates in the Orchard Soils with Different Cultivation Years in Northern China

2013 ◽  
Vol 864-867 ◽  
pp. 2569-2576
Author(s):  
Wen Li Liu ◽  
Jing Gui Wu ◽  
Xin Yu Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Fractal Dimension ◽  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Northern China ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
Annual Growth ◽  
Annual Average ◽  
Average Decrease ◽  
Increasing Trend ◽  
Orchard Soils

With dry sieving and wet sieving methods, we studied the distribution characteristics and stability of the aggregates in the typical orchard soils with different cultivation years in northern China under long-term freezing-thawing conditions. The results show that: the contents of the aggregates with particle size above 10 mm or between 0.25 and 10 mm are significantly increased with cultivation years and annual growth rates were respectively 1.28% and 0.078%. Fractal dimension in the orchard soils was gradually decreased and lower than that in uncultivated area near the orchard in corresponding cultivation year. MWD of orchard soils shows annual increasing trend of 0.76%. The content of the water stable macro aggregates in orchard soils was increased with the cultivation years and was about 11.65%-20.18% higher than that of uncultivated soils near the orchard. Average annual growth of orchard soils was 0.37%. Fractal dimension was decreased year by year on the water stable macro aggregates. MWD of the water stable macro aggregates was significantly greater than that of uncultivated soils near the orchard and increased with cultivation years. Aggregate destruction rate was gradually decreased to 31.61% of that in the 60th year and annual average decrease rate was 0.91%. Soil bulk density was gradually decreased.

Long-term antiorthostatic hypokinesia stimulates storage of osmotically inactive sodium in the human body

2008 ◽  
Vol 34 (5) ◽  
pp. 608-616 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. M. Larina ◽  
T. M. Smirnova ◽  
B. V. Morukov
Keyword(s):  
Human Body ◽  
Antiorthostatic Hypokinesia

scholarly journals Investigation of X-ray timing and spectral properties of ESO 243-49 HLX-1 with long-term Swift monitoring

2019 ◽  
Vol 491 (4) ◽  
pp. 5682-5692 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lupin Chun-Che Lin ◽  
Chin-Ping Hu ◽  
Kwan-Lok Li ◽  
Jumpei Takata ◽  
David Chien-Chang Yen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Orbital Period ◽  
Power Law Model ◽  
Thermal Component ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Stochastic Fluctuations ◽  
Spectral Behaviour ◽  
Increasing Trend ◽  
Photon Index

ABSTRACT The long-term Swift monitoring of ESO 243–49 HLX−1 provides an opportunity to investigate the detailed timing and spectral behaviour of this hyperluminous X-ray source. Swift has detected seven outbursts since 2009 mid-August. Using different dynamical timing algorithms, we confirm an increasing trend for the time intervals between outbursts, which is manifest in the delays between the latest outbursts. The X-ray spectra of HLX−1 in quiescence can be described with a single power-law model while the thermal component dominates the X-ray emission during outburst. There is only marginal evidence for photon index (or spectral hardness) changes between quiescent states with about 1σ deviation. With the updated temporal and spectral features, we re-examine different scenarios to explain the origin of the quasi-periodic modulation of HLX−1. A significantly increasing trend without obvious stochastic fluctuations on the time-scale of the detected quasi-period may not fully support an orbital period origin as might be due to mass transfer episodes from a donor star at periastron of an extremely eccentric orbit. The outburst profile seems to be consistent with the effect of tidal-induced-precession of an accretion disc or an oscillating wind scenario in the inner disc. Based on these models, we speculate that the true orbital period is much shorter than the detected quasi-periodicity.

scholarly journals Effect of electrode shape on grounding resistances — Part 2: Experimental results and cryospheric monitoring

Geophysics ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 81 (1) ◽  
pp. WA169-WA182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Soňa Tomaškovičová ◽  
Thomas Ingeman-Nielsen ◽  
Anders V. Christiansen ◽  
Inooraq Brandt ◽  
Torleif Dahlin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Winter Season ◽  
Frozen Ground ◽  
Resistivity Tomography ◽  
Grounding Resistance ◽  
Electrode Shape ◽  
Standard Tool ◽  
Ground Conditions

Although electric resistivity tomography (ERT) is now regarded as a standard tool in permafrost monitoring, high grounding resistances continue to limit the acquisition of time series over complete freeze-thaw cycles. In an attempt to alleviate the grounding resistance problem, we have tested three electrode designs featuring increasing sizes and surface area, in the laboratory and at three different field sites in Greenland. Grounding resistance measurements showed that changing the electrode shape (using plates instead of rods) reduced the grounding resistances at all sites by 28%–69% during unfrozen and frozen ground conditions. Using meshes instead of plates (the same rectangular shape and a larger effective surface area) further improved the grounding resistances by 29%–37% in winter. Replacement of rod electrodes of one entire permanent permafrost monitoring array by meshes resulted in an immediate reduction of the average grounding resistance by 73% from [Formula: see text] to [Formula: see text] (unfrozen conditions); in addition, the length of the acquisition period during the winter season was markedly prolonged. Grounding resistance time series from the three ERT monitoring stations in Greenland showed that the electrodes were rarely perfectly grounded and that grounding resistances exceeding [Formula: see text] may occur in severe cases. We concluded that the temperature, electrode shape, and lithology at the sites have a marked impact on electrode performance. Choosing an optimized electrode design may be the deciding factor for successful data acquisition, and should therefore be considered when planning a long-term monitoring project.

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