Using Of Different Electrocoagulation Cell Configuration Parameters for Treating of Abu-Ghraib Dairy Products Wastewater

One of the most significant issues that people throughout the world will confront in the future years is a lack of clean and safe water. Anthropogenic activities, in particular, are polluting water systems. With rising population, urbanization, and climate change, water reuse has become a requirement in some areas of the globe, putting pressure on the development of effective water treatment methods for a range of contaminants. High biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), oil-grease, and other pollutant loads define dairy sector effluent. Improved technology is required to address these issues. Electrocoagulation is a new type of therapy. It’s simple to use, ecologically friendly, and removes a wide range of contaminants from a variety of water types. The goal of this study was to see how operational factors such applied voltage, number of electrodes, distance between electrodes, electrode shape, and reaction time affected the electrocoagulation of actual dairy effluent. Aluminum and iron electrodes are used for this purpose. It was discovered that raising the applied voltage, reaction time, and decreasing the distance between electrodes improved COD, BOD, EC, TDS, color, and oil-grease removal efficiency. Moreover, switch between square, triangular electrodes and perforated cylindrical. The data show that electrocoagulation is effective at the maximum COD, BOD removal efficiency of first electrode at 20 holes of cylindrical shape is (88.03) %, (87.97) %, respectively. Second triangle shape is (100) %, (100) % respectively. Third square shape is (99.38) %, (99.42) % respectively. the maximum removal of TDS, EC efficiency of first electrode at 20 holes of cylindrical shape is (67.57) %, (62.34) %, respectively. Second triangle shape is (77.45) %, (67.68) % respectively. Third square shape is (81.96) %, (71.25) % respectively. The maximum color and oil-grease removal efficiency of first electrode at 20 holes of cylindrical shape is (100) %, (100) %, respectively. Second triangle shape is (100) %, (100) % respectively. Third square shape is (100) %, (100) % respectively. Electrocoagulation methods for the treatment of dairy wastewaters were shown to be successful in the research. Finally, the findings indicated that electrocoagulation is a technically feasible method for removing contaminants from dairy wastewaters.

Analysis of tympanic sinus shape for purposes of intraoperative hearing monitoring: a microCT study

Purpose Sinus tympani is the space in the retrotympanum, with variable morphology. Computed tomography is a common tool to investigate sinus tympani anatomy. During cochlear implantation or tympanoplasty, electrocochleography can be used for hearing monitoring. In such a surgical strategy the electrode is placed in the round window’s region throughout posterior tympanotomy. Common accessible needle-shaped electrodes using is difficult in achieving intraoperative stabilization. The aim of the study is to assess the dimensions and shape of sinus tympani, basing on the micro computed tomography scans for purposes of establishing the possible new electrocochleography electrode shape. Materials and methods Sixteen fresh frozen cadaveric temporal bones were dissected. MicroCT measurements included the depth and the width of sinus tympani, width of facial canal with stapedius muscle chamber. Obtained data were analyzed statistically with the use of RStudio 1.3.959 software. Results The highest average width of sinus tympani amounted for 2.68 mm, depth measured at the round window plane for 3.19 mm. Width of facial canal with stapedius muscle chamber highest average values at the round window plane- 3.32 mm. The lowest average minimum and maximum values were calculated at the 1 mm above the round window plane. The highest average posterior tympanotomy width was 2.91 mm. Conclusions The shape of the tympanic sinus is like a trough with the narrowest and deepest dimensions in the middle part. The ST shape and dimensions should be taken into account in constructing the ECochG electrode, designed for optimal placement through posterior tympanotomy approach.

The effect of electrode shape on Schottky barrier and electric field distribution of flexible ZnO photodiode

In this study, the effect of electrode shape difference on the height of the Schottky barrier and the electric field in flexible photodiodes (PDs) has been investigated. For this purpose, three different electrode designs were prepared on three flexible FR4 layers that were coated with Zinc Oxide (ZnO). The printing circuit board (PCB) method was used to create these copper electrodes. The asymmetry of the PD electrodes and the difference in the height of the Schottky barrier has led to the creation of self-powered PDs. The effect of the amount and shape of the distribution of internal electric fields generated in the PDs and its effect on the parameters of the PDs has been investigated with the help of simulations performed in COMSOL software. The photocurrent of the sample with circular and rectangular electrodes was equal to 470 µA in 15 V bias, which was twice as good as a sample with an interdigitated MSM structure. Also, this sample had the best response time among these three samples, which was equal to 440 ms.

Coplanar Capacitive Sensing as a New Electromagnetic Technique for Non-Destructive Evaluation

Coplanar capacitive technique is a relatively novel electro-magnetic Non-Destructive Testing (NDT) method that could be applied to the evaluation of materials by moving a set of electrodes on the surface of the specimen. In addition to the design-related parameters such as electrode shape, size, and the separation distance between the main electrodes, the material of the specimen affects the coplanar capacitive probe performance. In this paper, a 3D Finite Element Modeling (FEM) was employed to assess and identify the electric field behaviour as a function of material under test for non-conducting and conducting specimens with/without defect. Physical experiments were carried out by a pair of rectangular coplanar electrodes on an aluminium specimen with surface defects covered by a 5 mm thick plexiglass insulation layer to verify the simulation results and evaluate the performance of the probe. A good qualitative agreement was observed between the numerical simulations and experimental results.

Experimental Investigation of the Triple-Junction Effect on the Electric Discharge Characteristics and Modeling of the Maximum Discharge Current

The electrical discharge and breakdown characteristics of a triple junction (TJ) in high voltage (HV) electrical insulation are becoming an important issue in recent industrial applications. In this paper, a comparative study is conducted between three insulation materials used in HV: silicone, porcelain, and heat tempered glass, with electrode shape parameters such as inter-electrode distance (d), applied voltage (V), and geometry investigated for positive polarity, using an experimental approach. For optimum test organization to support our research and highlight the parameters and their interactions, we have established a mathematical regression model of the discharge current. It is polynomial, with good performance and a high level of precision. Besides, this yields one monovariable and another two-variable quadratic model. The latter can simulate the electric discharge simultaneously with two variables: V and d, and an adjusted determination coefficient () of nearly 0.99. Consequently, the two-variable quadratic model has been adapted to V and d ranges of 10 to 50 kV and 1.9 to 8 cm, respectively. Finally, this study provides us with new applicable knowledge about the TJ effect on electrical insulation with recommendations to optimize the design for higher performance.

The Effect of Electrode Shape on Schottky Barrier and Electric Field Distribution of Flexible ZnO Photodiode

Three metal-semiconductor-metal (MSM) ultraviolet flexible self-powered photodiode (PDs) were fabricated, which differed in the shape of the electrodes. Here, the effect of the electrode's shape on the height of the Schottky barrier and the electric field in these PDs was investigated. They were prepared based on porous Zinc Oxide (ZnO) on fiberglass. Different shapes of the electrodes affect the height of the Schottky barrier in each metal-semiconductor contact and provide the basis for the formation of self-powered PDs. It also affects the electric field generated in the PD's bias condition and affects the PD's parameter. They were fabricated using the radio frequency (RF) sputtering technique, and copper electrodes with different shapes and a sample with interdigitated electrodes were created using the printed circuit board (PCB) method. The photocurrent of the sample with circular and rectangular electrodes was equal to 470 μA in 15V bias, which was twice as good as a sample with an interdigitated MSM structure. It also had the best photocurrent at 0V, which is equal to 0.8 μA. This sample had the best response time among these three samples, which was equal to 440 ms. It is noteworthy that the simulation data confirmed the practical results.

Comparison of I-V Curves Between the Experiment of Corona Discharge on Gradient Line-To-Plane (GL-P) Configuration and The Mathematical Approach

Research has been conducted on the comparison of the I-V characteristic curve between mathematical study and experiment of the generation of negative DC corona discharge in the Gradient Line-to-Plane (GL-P) electrode configuration. The reason for this research is to calculate the suitability of the corona discharge electrical current between the mathematical and experimental study. The active electrode used has length 2 cm and height 4 cm. This research is conducted with variations in the sharpness angle of the active electrode (θ) 300, 450, and 600 and variations in the distance between the electrodes () 2 cm, 3 cm, and 4 cm. The mathematical formulation of the value of the corona discharge electrical current in the configuration of the GL-P electrode is obtained by using the geometric concept approach, which is the formulation of the capacitance value of the ordinary electrical circuit, with the addition of the multiplication factor value k in the sharp area of the active electrode, because in that area the greatest plasma flow distance is obtained. The value of the multiplication factor is obtained by fitting the curve between mathematical study and experiments. The I-V curve between the mathematical study and the corona discharge generation experiment has a high degree of similarity with the smallest percentage contacting point of 37.50%.The value of the multiplication factor is influenced by the sharpness angle of the active electrode shape and the distance between the electrodes.

Feasibility Study on the Precision Polishing of Zirconia Ceramics with Magnetic Compound Fluid (MCF) Slurry Under the Assistance of Dielectrophoresis Effect

In this work, a new polishing method for zirconia ceramics was firstly proposed, which combined dielec-trophoresis effect with magnetic compound fluid polishing. A key experimental device was designed and constructed, and the influence behavior of dielectrophoresis phenomenon on the polishing efficiency, surface roughness and glossiness of zirconia ceramic workpiece were investigated. Also, the effects of voltage, electrode shape and electric field parameters on the polishing results were deeply discussed. The results showed that when the magnetic field was stronger, the polishing efficiency would become higher, while the surface quality of the workpiece getting worse. And the glossiness was positively correlated with the surface roughness. Moreover, the smaller the electrode shape and the larger the electric field gradient caused the better dielectrophoresis-assisted effect. It was indicated that when the electrode shape was a circle with a diameter of 20 mm and the voltage was 1500 V, the material removal efficiency was improved by 36.4% while ensuring the surface quality of zirconia ceramics.