Towards nano-diagnostics for bacterial infections

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Georgette B. Salieb-Beugelaar ◽  
Patrick R. Hunziker
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Rapid Diagnosis ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Rapid Progress ◽  
Resistance Development ◽  
Specific Diagnosis ◽  
Current State

AbstractSensitive, specific and rapid diagnosis of infectious diseases is essential for effective and economic medical care. Focused medical treatment of the patient enabled by pathogen-specific diagnosis may benefit the patient, may reduce cost, and may minimize the risk of drug resistance development. The rapid progress in micro and nanotechnologies contributes to the development of novel diagnostic methods. This critical review assesses emerging nanotechnologies for diagnosis of bacterial infection in developed and developing countries on the background of the current state of the art and includes particular challenges and pitfalls posed by a number of specific pathogens.

scholarly journals Rapid Diagnosis of Mumps Virus Infections by Immunofluorescence Methods

1975 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 81-84
Author(s):  
David A. Lennette ◽  
Richard W. Emmons ◽  
Edwin H. Lennette
Keyword(s):  
Rapid Diagnosis ◽  
Mumps Virus ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Direct Immunofluorescence ◽  
Virus Infections ◽  
Standard Methods ◽  
Specific Diagnosis ◽  
Clinical Specimens ◽  
Important Disease ◽  
Made In

Mumps and its complications, particularly meningoencephalitis, is an important disease problem, and more rapid diagnostic methods are desirable. A study was made of immunofluorescence methods for the early detection of mumps virus isolated in cell cultures, or adsorbed directly from clinical specimens onto guinea pig erythrocytes. A specific diagnosis could be made in hours to 2 or 3 days utilizing immunofluorescence methods, in contrast to about 6 days by standard methods. Details of the direct immunofluorescence methods are presented, to encourage wider application in clinical virology laboratories.

scholarly journals State-of-the-Art of Artificial Intelligence

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ramjee Prasad ◽  
Purva Choudhary
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Big Data ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Turing Test ◽  
Rapid Progress ◽  
Current State ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Historical Developments ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Made In

Artificial Intelligence (AI) as a technology has existed for less than a century. In spite of this, it has managed to achieve great strides. The rapid progress made in this field has aroused the curiosity of many technologists around the globe and many companies across various domains are curious to explore its potential. For a field that has achieved so much in such a short duration, it is imperative that people who aim to work in Artificial Intelligence, study its origins, recent developments, and future possibilities of expansion to gain a better insight into the field. This paper encapsulates the notable progress made in Artificial Intelligence starting from its conceptualization to its current state and future possibilities, in various fields. It covers concepts like a Turing machine, Turing test, historical developments in Artificial Intelligence, expert systems, big data, robotics, current developments in Artificial Intelligence across various fields, and future possibilities of exploration.

Getting to grips with the plant metabolic network

2007 ◽  
Vol 409 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lee J. Sweetlove ◽  
David Fell ◽  
Alisdair R. Fernie
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Network ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Plant Metabolism ◽  
Rapid Progress ◽  
The Past ◽  
Metabolic Network Analysis ◽  
Current State ◽  
Engineer Plant ◽  
Analytical Approaches

Research into plant metabolism has a long history, and analytical approaches of ever-increasing breadth and sophistication have been brought to bear. We now have access to vast repositories of data concerning enzymology and regulatory features of enzymes, as well as large-scale datasets containing profiling information of transcripts, protein and metabolite levels. Nevertheless, despite this wealth of data, we remain some way off from being able to rationally engineer plant metabolism or even to predict metabolic responses. Within the past 18 months, rapid progress has been made, with several highly informative plant network interrogations being discussed in the literature. In the present review we will appraise the current state of the art regarding plant metabolic network analysis and attempt to outline what the necessary steps are in order to further our understanding of network regulation.

scholarly journals Drug Resistance Mechanisms in Tuberculosis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lanfranco Fattorini ◽  
Angelo Iacobino ◽  
Federico Giannoni
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Drug Distribution ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Resistance Development ◽  
Intrinsic Drug Resistance ◽  
Incident Cases

The increased incidence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) strains, defined as resistant to at least isoniazid and rifampin, the two highly bactericidal first-line drugs, is a major concern for tuberculosis (TB) control. The worldwide estimate of almost half a million incident cases of MDR/rifampin-resistant TB, is causing increasing concern. In this view, it is important to continuously update the knowledge on the mechanisms involved in the development of drug-resistant TB. Clinical, biological and microbiological reasons account for the generation of resistance, including: (i) nonadherence of patients to their therapy, and/or errors of physicians in therapy management, (ii) complexity and poor vascularization of granulomatous lesions, which obstruct drug distribution to some sites, resulting in resistance development, (iii) intrinsic drug resistance of tubercle bacilli, (iv) formation of non-replicating, drug-tolerant bacilli inside the granulomas, (v) development of mutations in Mtb genes, which are the most important molecular mechanisms of resistance. Here, a piece of information on the interplay of these factors is provided, to facilitate the clinical and microbiological management of drug-resistant TB at the global level, with attention also to the most recent diagnostic methods.

Superconducting Radio-Frequency Technology R&D for Future Accelerator Applications

2012 ◽  
Vol 05 ◽  
pp. 285-312 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles E. Reece ◽  
Gianluigi Ciovati
Keyword(s):  
Radio Frequency ◽  
Parameter Space ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Process Engineering ◽  
Rapid Progress ◽  
Current State ◽  
Superconducting Radio Frequency ◽  
Implementation Costs ◽  
Superconducting Rf ◽  
Technical Basis

Superconducting rf (SRF) technology is evolving rapidly, as are its applications. While there is active exploitation of what one may call the current state-of-the-practice, there is also rapid progress in expanding in several dimensions the accessible and useful parameter space. While state-of-the-art performance sometimes outpaces thorough understanding, the improving scientific understanding from active SRF research is clarifying routes to obtain optimum performance from present materials and opening avenues beyond the standard bulk niobium. The improving technical basis understanding is enabling process engineering to improve both performance confidence and reliability and also unit implementation costs. Increasing confidence in the technology enables the engineering of new creative application designs. We attempt to survey this landscape to highlight the potential for future accelerator applications.

Decision Support Systems For Forest Management In Mexico

2011 ◽  
pp. 74-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafael Moreno-Sánchez ◽  
Juan Manuel Torres-Rojo
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Decision Support ◽  
Forest Management ◽  
Decision Support Systems ◽  
Support Systems ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Future Developments ◽  
Current State ◽  
Forestry Sector ◽  
The World

In the last 25 years there have been several efforts to create Decision Support Systems (DSS) for management of the forests in Mexico. Few references exists that document these experiences and that can assist in understanding their genesis, evolution, successes, shortcomings, or failures, as well as the factors that have led to these outcomes. This chapter fills this gap by presenting an overview of the DSS that have been created since the mid 1980’s. The characteristics of the Mexican forest ecosystems and the complex web of interactions and co-evolution of the contexts that frame the forestry activities in Mexico have influenced the characteristics, evolution, and current state of the art of the DSS for the management of the forest in the country. Similar characteristics and contexts are commonly found in developing countries around the world. Hence, the experiences, lessons, and recommendations for future developments presented in this chapter can be of value beyond the specific conditions of the Mexican forestry sector.

scholarly journals Microbiological and Molecular Diagnosis of Mucormycosis: From Old to New

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 1518
Author(s):  
Nina Lackner ◽  
Wilfried Posch ◽  
Cornelia Lass-Flörl
Keyword(s):  
State Of The Art ◽  
Fungal Infections ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Molecular Methods ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Melt Curve Analysis ◽  
Current State ◽  
Pcr Product ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Fungal Dna

Members of the order Mucorales may cause severe invasive fungal infections (mucormycosis) in immune-compromised and otherwise ill patients. Diagnosis of Mucorales infections and discrimination from other filamentous fungi are crucial for correct management. Here, we present an overview of current state-of-the-art mucormycosis diagnoses, with a focus on recent developments in the molecular field. Classical diagnostic methods comprise histology/microscopy as well as culture and are still the gold standard. Newer molecular methods are evolving quickly and display great potential in early diagnosis, although standardization is still missing. Among them, quantitative PCR assays with or without melt curve analysis are most widely used to detect fungal DNA in clinical samples. Depending on the respective assay, sequencing of the resulting PCR product can be necessary for genus or even species identification. Further, DNA-based methods include microarrays and PCR-ESI-MS. However, general laboratory standards are still in development, meaning that molecular methods are currently limited to add-on analytics to culture and microscopy.

Behavioral Genetics: Concepts for Research and Practice in Language Development and Disorders

1995 ◽  
Vol 38 (5) ◽  
pp. 1126-1142 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey W. Gilger
Keyword(s):  
Language Development ◽  
Behavioral Genetics ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Genetic Research ◽  
Great Promise ◽  
Behavioral Genetic ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Future Goals ◽  
Current State ◽  
Research Designs

This paper is an introduction to behavioral genetics for researchers and practioners in language development and disorders. The specific aims are to illustrate some essential concepts and to show how behavioral genetic research can be applied to the language sciences. Past genetic research on language-related traits has tended to focus on simple etiology (i.e., the heritability or familiality of language skills). The current state of the art, however, suggests that great promise lies in addressing more complex questions through behavioral genetic paradigms. In terms of future goals it is suggested that: (a) more behavioral genetic work of all types should be done—including replications and expansions of preliminary studies already in print; (b) work should focus on fine-grained, theory-based phenotypes with research designs that can address complex questions in language development; and (c) work in this area should utilize a variety of samples and methods (e.g., twin and family samples, heritability and segregation analyses, linkage and association tests, etc.).

Schizophrenia Research: Current State of the Art

1976 ◽  
Vol 21 (7) ◽  
pp. 497-498
Author(s):  
STANLEY GRAND
Keyword(s):  
State Of The Art ◽  
Current State
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