Some factors that determine the outcome of lexical competition in language production: A corpus-based analysis of Russian speech errors

2013 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Svetlana Gorokhova
Keyword(s):  
Word Length ◽  
Language Production ◽  
Word Association ◽  
Frequency Effect ◽  
Significant Variable ◽  
Lexical Selection ◽  
Lexical Competition ◽  
Target Error ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Word Frequencies

AbstractSemantic substitution errors (slips of the tongue) naturally occurring in Russian normal speech were analyzed for word frequency, word length, target-error cooccurrence strength, and word association norms. Target word frequencies were found to be significantly lower than error word frequencies; besides, there is a very significant positive correlation between target and error frequency values. Contrary to the view that the frequency effect is located at the stage of phonological encoding, the results suggest that frequency is coded at an earlier stage of lexical selection. Word length is a significant variable that determines the outcome of the error for non-cohyponym target-error pairs but not for cohyponym pairs. At the same time, cohyponym target-error pairs are characterized by much higher cooccurrence measures and stronger associative links compared to non-cohyponym pairs. Theoretical implications of these findings are discussed

Word form retrieval in language production

2007 ◽  
pp. 470-488 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antje S. Meyer ◽  
Eva Belke
Keyword(s):  
Language Production ◽  
Knowledge Building ◽  
Word Production ◽  
Word Form ◽  
Lexical Selection ◽  
Single Word ◽  
Phonological Representations ◽  
Phonological Knowledge ◽  
Phonetic Code ◽  
Selection Of

Current models of word form retrieval converge on central assumptions. They all distinguish between morphological, phonological, and phonetic representations and processes; they all assume morphological and phonological decomposition, and agree on the main processing units at these levels. In addition, all current models of word form postulate the same basic retrieval mechanisms: activation and selection of units. Models of word production often distinguish between processes concerning the selection of a single word unit from the mental lexicon and the retrieval of the associated word form. This article explores lexical selection and word form retrieval in language production. Following the distinctions in linguistic theory, it discusses morphological encoding, phonological encoding, and phonetic encoding. The article also considers the representation of phonological knowledge, building of phonological representations, segmental retrieval, retrieval of metrical information, generating the phonetic code of words, and a model of word form retrieval.

Brain-imaging studies of language production

2007 ◽  
pp. 546-564
Author(s):  
Peter Indefrey
Keyword(s):  
Brain Imaging ◽  
Language Production ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Code Word ◽  
Word Production ◽  
Production Model ◽  
Exact Nature ◽  
Lexical Selection ◽  
Imaging Studies ◽  
Independent Evidence

This article adopts the production model of Levelt to discuss brain imaging studies of continuous speech. Conclusions about the involvement of brain regions in processes of language production are mainly drawn on the basis of the presence or absence of processing components of speaking in certain experimental tasks. Such conclusions are largely theory independent, because differences between current models do not concern the assumed processing levels but the exact nature of the information flow between them. In a second step, the article tests some of these conclusions by comparing the few available data on activation time courses of brain regions and independent evidence on the timing of processes in language production. It also discusses brain regions involved in word production, conceptually driven lexical selection, phonological code (word form) retrieval, phonological encoding, phonetic encoding and articulation, self-monitoring, whether the hemodynamic core areas are necessary for word production, and bilingual language production.

scholarly journals Neural systems for sign language production: Mechanisms supporting lexical selection, phonological encoding, and articulation

2004 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 156-167 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucila San José-Robertson ◽  
David P. Corina ◽  
Debra Ackerman ◽  
Andre Guillemin ◽  
Allen R. Braun
Keyword(s):  
Sign Language ◽  
Language Production ◽  
Neural Systems ◽  
Phonological Encoding ◽  
Lexical Selection ◽  
Production Mechanisms

scholarly journals Please stop using word frequency data that are likely to be word length effects in disguise

2003 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 479-479 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc Brysbaert ◽  
Denis Drieghe
Keyword(s):  
Word Frequency ◽  
Word Length ◽  
Frequency Effect ◽  
Frequency Data ◽  
Human Data ◽  
Length Effects

Reichle et al. claim to successfully simulate a frequency effect of 60% on skipping rate in human data, whereas the original article reports an effect of only 4%. We suspect that the deviation is attributable to the length of the words in the different conditions, which implies that E-Z Reader is wrong in its conception of eye guidance between words.

A Neural Signature of Phonological Access: Distinguishing the Effects of Word Frequency from Familiarity and Length in Overt Picture Naming

2007 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 617-631 ◽  
Author(s):  
William W. Graves ◽  
Thomas J. Grabowski ◽  
Sonya Mehta ◽  
Jean K. Gordon
Keyword(s):  
Word Frequency ◽  
Word Length ◽  
Inferior Frontal Gyrus ◽  
Word Production ◽  
Frequency Effect ◽  
Word Frequency Effect ◽  
Lexical Semantic ◽  
Processing Cost ◽  
Left Posterior ◽  
Whole Word

Cognitive models of word production correlate the word frequency effect (i.e., the fact that words which appear with less frequency take longer to produce) with an increased processing cost to activate the whole-word (lexical) phonological representation. We performed functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) while subjects produced overt naming responses to photographs of animals and manipulable objects that had high name agreement but were of varying frequency, with the purpose of identifying neural structures participating specifically in activating whole-word phonological representations, as opposed to activating lexical semantic representations or articulatory-motor routines. Blood oxygen level-dependent responses were analyzed using a parametric approach based on the frequency with which each word produced appears in the language. Parallel analyses were performed for concept familiarity and word length, which provided indices of semantic and articulatory loads. These analyses permitted us to identify regions related to word frequency alone, and therefore, likely to be related specifically to activation of phonological word forms. We hypothesized that the increased processing cost of producing lower-frequency words would correlate with activation of the left posterior inferotemporal (IT) cortex, the left posterior superior temporal gyrus (pSTG), and the left inferior frontal gyrus (IFG). Scan-time response latencies demonstrated the expected word frequency effect. Analysis of the fMRI data revealed that activity in the pSTG was modulated by frequency but not word length or concept familiarity. In contrast, parts of IT and IFG demonstrated conjoint frequency and familiarity effects, and parts of both primary motor regions demonstrated conjoint effects of frequency and word length. The results are consistent with a model of word production in which lexical-semantic and lexical-phonological information are accessed by overlapping neural systems within posterior and anterior language-related cortices, with pSTG specifically involved in accessing lexical phonology.

scholarly journals Are phonological influences on lexical (mis)selection the result of a monitoring bias?

2008 ◽  
Vol 61 (11) ◽  
pp. 1687-1709 ◽  
Author(s):  
Els Severens ◽  
Elie Ratinckx ◽  
Victor S. Ferreira ◽  
Robert J. Hartsuiker
Keyword(s):  
Information Flow ◽  
Production System ◽  
Language Production ◽  
Related Word ◽  
Lexical Selection ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Error Patterns ◽  
Speech Error ◽  
Interactive Models ◽  
Phonological Errors

A monitoring bias account is often used to explain speech error patterns that seem to be the result of an interactive language production system, like phonological influences on lexical selection errors. A biased monitor is suggested to detect and covertly correct certain errors more often than others. For instance, this account predicts that errors that are phonologically similar to intended words are harder to detect than those that are phonologically dissimilar. To test this, we tried to elicit phonological errors under the same conditions as those that show other kinds of lexical selection errors. In five experiments, we presented participants with high cloze probability sentence fragments followed by a picture that was semantically related, a homophone of a semantically related word, or phonologically related to the (implicit) last word of the sentence. All experiments elicited semantic completions or homophones of semantic completions, but none elicited phonological completions. This finding is hard to reconcile with a monitoring bias account and is better explained with an interactive production system. Additionally, this finding constrains the amount of bottom-up information flow in interactive models.

scholarly journals Lexical Selection in Language Production

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Winston Downes
Keyword(s):  
University Students ◽  
Speech Production ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Noun Phrase ◽  
Language Production ◽  
Semantic Relatedness ◽  
First Year ◽  
Lexical Selection ◽  
First Year University

<p>Two experiments were conducted with first-year university students in an effort to discover more about what happens when a phrase is spoken. A paradigm was constructed with the intention of getting the participants to produce a simple, two-noun phrase at a cue and then 'catch' them out having them say the name of a single picture presented instead. The single picture presented to 'catch' the participants out (instead of the cue) was either the first or second name in the simple two-noun phrase, or a third, unplanned picture. The intention was to compare the relative timings of the different catch pictures in an effort to discover which of two theories of speech production best describes the cognitive processes that underlie such processes. The second experiment was an extension of this idea but also included a semantic relatedness variable, where the catch picture could be semantically related to an item shown during the planning of the simple, two-noun phrase. The results of these experiments were not in line with the hypothesis regarding the relative timings of the catch pictures, but were in line with the hypothesis that it would take longer to name catch pictures that were preceded by semantically related pictures. Implications of such findings are discussed along with possible future modifications to extend the utility of the paradigm used in this study.</p>

scholarly journals The Shape of Things to Come in Speech Production: A Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study of Visual Form Interference during Lexical Access

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (6) ◽  
pp. 913-921 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanna S. Gauvin ◽  
Katie L. McMahon ◽  
Marcus Meinzer ◽  
Greig I. de Zubicaray
Keyword(s):  
Speech Production ◽  
Language Production ◽  
Context Effects ◽  
Inferior Frontal Gyrus ◽  
Imaging Study ◽  
Middle Temporal Gyrus ◽  
Distractor Word ◽  
Lexical Selection ◽  
Middle Temporal ◽  
Visual Form

Studies of context effects in speech production have shown that semantic feature overlap produces interference in naming of categorically related objects. In neuroimaging studies, this semantic interference effect is consistently associated with involvement of left superior and middle temporal gyri. However, at least part of this effect has recently been shown to be attributable to visual form similarity, as categorically related objects typically share visual features. This fMRI study examined interference produced by visual form overlap in the absence of a category relation in a picture–word interference paradigm. Both visually similar and visually dissimilar distractors led to increased BOLD responses in the left inferior frontal gyrus compared with the congruent condition. Naming pictures in context with a distractor word denoting an object visually similar in form slowed RTs compared with unrelated words and was associated with reduced activity in the left posterior middle temporal gyrus. This area is reliably observed in lexical level processing during language production tasks. No significant differential activity was observed in areas typically engaged by early perceptual or conceptual feature level processing or in areas proposed to be engaged by postlexical language processes, suggesting that visual form interference does not arise from uncertainty or confusion during perceptual or conceptual identification or after lexical processing. We conclude that visual form interference has a lexical locus, consistent with the predictions of competitive lexical selection models.

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