scholarly journals Organic carbonates synthesis improved by pervaporation for CO2 utilisation

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 496-506 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie Décultot ◽  
Alain Ledoux ◽  
Marie-Christine Fournier-Salaün ◽  
Lionel Estel
Keyword(s):  
Water Permeability ◽  
Parametric Study ◽  
Batch Reactor ◽  
Diethyl Carbonate ◽  
Chemical Methods ◽  
Physical Technique ◽  
Organic Carbonates ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Separation Factors ◽  
Co2 Utilisation

Abstract This work is focused on the synthesis of organic carbonates from CO2 and ethanol. A parametric study of the synthesis of diethyl carbonate from ethanol is performed in a 100 mL batch reactor. The influence of pressure and temperature is studied and we prove that the presence of water strongly decreases the yield in diethyl carbonate as an equilibrium is quickly reached. One method to improve this yield is to remove water from the reaction mixture to shift the equilibrium toward the formation of carbonates. The chemical methods give good results but separation and regeneration associated steps are prohibitive. For these reasons, a physical technique like pervaporation is chosen to remove water. The study of a pervaporation cell with membrane PERVAP 4100 gives good results for the dehydration of ethanol alone even at low concentrations of water from 0.33 %wt to 0.15 %wt. Twelve experiments on the dehydration of a mixture of ethanol, diethyl carbonate and water are performed. The calculated separation factors show a very good selectivity for water. That means that even in the presence of diethyl carbonate, the membrane has still a selective water permeability.

scholarly journals Potassium Nitrate Alters Buffalograss Bur Permeability

HortScience ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 51 (12) ◽  
pp. 1566-1572
Author(s):  
Katherine Kreuser ◽  
William C. Kreuser ◽  
Gautam Sarath ◽  
Keenan L. Amundsen
Keyword(s):  
Seed Dormancy ◽  
Water Permeability ◽  
Warm Season ◽  
Potassium Nitrate ◽  
Seed Morphology ◽  
Water Infiltration ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Industry Standard ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Infiltration Tests

Buffalograss is a warm-season, dioecious grass species yielding burs, which are routinely used for field plantings. The pistillate plants bear the burs containing 1–5 caryopses. Isolated caryopses readily germinate, but caryopses contained within burs exhibit strong dormancy, suggesting that burs inhibit germination. Priming burs with low concentrations of potassium nitrate (KNO3) is used as an industry standard to improve germination. Seed dormancy and germination in many species are strongly influenced by endogenous hormone levels, principally abscisic acid (ABA) and gibberellic acid (GA). It follows that buffalograss seed dormancy might be induced or overcome by altering the ratio of ABA to GA. The objectives of this research were 1) to contrast the effects of priming with KNO3 or water on bur germination, 2) to study how these treatments affected hormone profiles, specifically the ABA/GA ratios in the burs, and 3) to quantify treatment effects on the water permeability of the burs. Hormone profiles were analyzed following four postharvest seed-soaking treatments (24-hour 0.05 m KNO3, 24-hour H2O, 48-hour 0.05 m KNO3, and 48-hour H2O). Water infiltration tests on nontreated, 24-hour H2O-treated, and 24-hour 0.05 m KNO3-treated seeds were also conducted. Inconclusive hormone profiling results did not support the hypothesis that KNO3 postharvest treatment raises GA levels to encourage germination. Instead, our data support changes in seed morphology following KNO3 postharvest seed treatments which alter water permeability of the seedcoat leading to increased germination.

The conformations of some organic carbonates

1981 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 349 ◽  
Author(s):  
LHL Chia ◽  
KJ Kwan ◽  
HH Huang
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Carbon Tetrachloride ◽  
Electric Dipole ◽  
Dimethyl Carbonate ◽  
Dipole Moments ◽  
Diphenyl Carbonate ◽  
Diethyl Carbonate ◽  
Electric Dipole Moments ◽  
Organic Carbonates ◽  
Kerr Constants

Electric dipole moments and molar Kerr constants are reported for seven organic carbonates (dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, vinylene carbonate, diphenyl carbonate, di-p-tolyl carbonate, di-o- tolyl carbonate and t-butyl phenyl carbonate) examined as solutes in carbon tetrachloride at 25�. The experimental data are analysed to provide information on the probable solution-state conformations.

scholarly journals Multianalyte Serum Analysis Using Mid-Infrared Spectroscopy

1998 ◽  
Vol 35 (5) ◽  
pp. 624-632 ◽  
Author(s):  
R Anthony Shaw ◽  
Steven Kotowich ◽  
Michael Leroux ◽  
Henry H Mantsch
Keyword(s):  
Uric Acid ◽  
Total Protein ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Standard Errors ◽  
Infrared Transmission ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Chemical Methods ◽  
Mid Infrared ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Clinical Chemical

This study assesses the potential for using mid-infrared (mid-IR) spectroscopy of dried serum films as the basis for the simultaneous quantitation of eight serum analytes: Total protein, albumin, triglycerides, cholesterol, glucose, urea, creatinine and uric acid. Infrared transmission spectra were acquired for 300 serum samples, each analysed independently using accepted reference clinical chemical methods. Quantitation methods were based upon the infrared spectra and reference analyses for 200 specimens, and the models validated using the remaining 100 samples. Standard errors in the IR-predicted analyte levels (Sy/x) were 2.8 g/L (total protein), 2.2 g/L (albumin), 0.23 mmol/L (triglycerides), 0.28 mmol/L (cholesterol), 0.41 mmol/L (glucose) and 1.1 mmol/L for urea, with correlation coefficients (IR vs reference analyses) of 0.95 or better. The IR method emerged to be less suited for creatinine (S y/ x = μmol/L) and uric acid (S y/x = 140 μmol/L) due to the relatively low concentrations typical of these analytes.

scholarly journals Effect of Long-term Low Concentrations of TiO2 Nanoparticles on Dewaterability of Activated Sludge and the Relevant Mechanism: The Role of Nanoparticle Aging

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chengyu Jiang ◽  
Qingjin Chen
Keyword(s):  
Activated Sludge ◽  
Batch Reactor ◽  
Sewage Treatment ◽  
Particle Surface ◽  
Scientific Management ◽  
Sludge Dewatering ◽  
Freshwater Environment ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Concentration Levels

Abstract Nanoparticles can undergo aging phenomena that change their physical and chemical properties in sewage treatment systems. However, the effect of aged nanoparticles under long-term low concentrations on the dewatering performance of activated sludge in sewage treatment systems has not been reported yet. Here, we compared the chronic effects of pristine and aged TiO2 nanoparticles on sludge dewatering index including specific resistance to filtration (SRF) and bound water (BW) in the sequencing batch reactor (SBR) with the µg/L concentration levels and the relevant mechanisms were analyzed. The results show that the aging experiment in sludge supernatant could change the photosensitivity and water stability of nanoparticles, which was mainly due to the changes in the zeta potential and energy band of the particle, and ultimately attributed to the combined effect of particle surface inclusions such as organic matter and inorganic salt. At 10µg/L, nanoparticles could reduce the dewaterability of sludge, but at 100µg/L, nanoparticles could improve the dewaterability of sludge, because 10µg/L promoted the secretion of extracellular polymeric substance (EPS), regulated the structure of sludge flora and increased the abundance of secreting quorum sensing-acyl-homoserine lactones (QS-AHL) and EPS genera, while the corresponding exposure results of 100µg/L were the opposite, due to the damage and necrosis exposure effects of 100µg/L under long-term light, which reduced EPS production and increased sludge density. Interestingly, aging could alleviate the effects of two exposure concentrations on sludge dewatering, mainly being attributed to the decrease of the photoactivity of nanoparticles. The results of this study show that environmental aging could slow down, but cannot reverse the results of exposure to specific concentrations of nanoparticles. However, the ecological effects of photosensitive nanoparticles with two environmentally-relevant concentration levels of ug/L were significantly different, which should be refined and confirmed again in freshwater environment to provide a basis for subsequent scientific management and control of photosensitive nanoparticles.

scholarly journals Preliminary assessment of the utilization of durian peel liquid smoke as a natural preservative for mackerel

F1000Research ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 240
Author(s):  
Muhammad Faisal ◽  
Asri Gani ◽  
Farid Mulana
Keyword(s):  
Batch Reactor ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Preliminary Assessment ◽  
Biomass Waste ◽  
Natural Preservative ◽  
Liquid Smoke ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Fish Samples ◽  
Grade 3

Background: Durian peel is a type of biomass waste that contains cellulose, hemicelluloses, and lignin. The pyrolysis of these compounds results in production of liquid smoke which can be used as a natural preservative to replace current synthetic preservatives. This research assessed the ability of liquid smoke produced during pyrolysis of durian peel to preserve fish. Methods: Dry durian peel waste underwent batch reactor pyrolysis at 340°C and 380°C, resulting in production of liquid smoke (grade 3), charcoal, and tar. This liquid smoke was then distilled at 190°C to produce grade 1 liquid smoke, which was used to preserve mackerel. The preservation process was conducted by soaking the mackerel samples in liquid smoke at 0.5, 1, 2, and 3% concentration levels followed by observations every 6 hours. Tests to determine the total volatile base nitrogen (TVB-N) content, antibacterial quality of the liquid smoke and organoleptic quality of the fish were conducted in order to assess the preservation properties of the liquid smoke. Results: Tests on the antibacterial effects showed that the liquid smoke inhibited the growth of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus on fish even at low concentrations. At 54 hours, the TVB-N values remained below 30 mg nitrogen/g, indicating that the fish was still safe for human consumption. Results from the organoleptic tests showed that the concentration of liquid smoke influenced the preservation effects. Conclusions: At a concentration of 2–3%, the fish samples possessed acceptable flavor, taste, color and texture for up to 48 hours of soaking. However, the best conditions were obtained with a 3% concentration of liquid smoke (produced with 340°C pyrolysis), as the fish was still considered acceptable for up to 42 hours.

scholarly journals Relevance Of Sensor And Chemical Technology In Water Quality Monitoring

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 3815-3818
Author(s):  
Richa Khare Et.al
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Water Quality Monitoring ◽  
Chemical Methods ◽  
Common People ◽  
Value System ◽  
Low Concentrations

This paper is related to  the monitoring of water quality and others problem related to water distribution systems for common people. Our target is to develop such sensors and other chemical methods to calculate the exact value of different parameters related to water at A very low cost. In this paper, we present our studies about pH value, conductivity, temperature, turbidity, BOD and DO. The results of our experiments show that the minimum value system is efficient of monitoring these high impact contaminants at fairly low concentrations.

scholarly journals Preliminary assessment of the utilization of durian peel liquid smoke as a natural preservative for mackerel

F1000Research ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 240
Author(s):  
Muhammad Faisal ◽  
Asri Gani ◽  
Farid Mulana
Keyword(s):  
Batch Reactor ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Preliminary Assessment ◽  
Biomass Waste ◽  
Natural Preservative ◽  
Liquid Smoke ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Fish Samples ◽  
Grade 3

Background: Durian peel is a type of biomass waste that contains cellulose, hemicelluloses, and lignin. The pyrolysis of these compounds results in production of liquid smoke which can be used as a natural preservative to replace current synthetic preservatives. This research assessed the ability of liquid smoke produced during pyrolysis of durian peel to preserve fish. Methods: Dry durian peel waste underwent batch reactor pyrolysis at 340°C and 380°C, resulting in production of liquid smoke (grade 3), charcoal, and tar. This liquid smoke was then distilled at 190°C to produce grade 1 liquid smoke, which was used to preserve mackerel. The preservation process was conducted by soaking the mackerel samples in liquid smoke at 0.5, 1, 2, and 3% concentration levels followed by observations every 6 hours. Tests to determine the total volatile base nitrogen (TVB-N) content, antibacterial quality of the liquid smoke and organoleptic quality of the fish were conducted in order to assess the preservation properties of the liquid smoke. Results: Tests on the antibacterial effects showed that the liquid smoke inhibited the growth of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus on fish even at low concentrations. At 54 hours, the TVB-N values remained below 30 mg nitrogen/g, indicating that the fish was still safe for human consumption. Results from the organoleptic tests showed that the concentration of liquid smoke influenced the preservation effects. Conclusions: At a concentration of 2–3%, the fish samples possessed acceptable flavor, taste, color and texture for up to 48 hours of soaking. However, the best conditions were obtained with a 3% concentration of liquid smoke (produced with 340°C pyrolysis), as the fish was still considered acceptable for up to 42 hours.

scholarly journals Preliminary assessment of the utilization of durian peel liquid smoke as a natural preservative for mackerel

F1000Research ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 240
Author(s):  
Muhammad Faisal ◽  
Asri Gani ◽  
Farid Mulana
Keyword(s):  
Batch Reactor ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Preliminary Assessment ◽  
Biomass Waste ◽  
Natural Preservative ◽  
Liquid Smoke ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Fish Samples ◽  
Grade 3

Background: Durian peel is a type of biomass waste that contains cellulose, hemicelluloses, and lignin. The pyrolysis of these compounds results in production of liquid smoke which can be used as a natural preservative to replace current synthetic preservatives. This research assessed the ability of liquid smoke produced during pyrolysis of durian peel to preserve fish. Methods: Dry durian peel waste underwent batch reactor pyrolysis at 340°C and 380°C, resulting in production of liquid smoke (grade 3), charcoal, and tar. This liquid smoke was then distilled at 190°C to produce grade 1 liquid smoke, which was used to preserve mackerel. The preservation process was conducted by soaking the mackerel samples in liquid smoke at 0.5, 1, 2, and 3% concentration levels followed by observations every 6 hours. Tests to determine the total volatile base nitrogen (TVB-N) content, antibacterial quality of the liquid smoke and organoleptic quality of the fish were conducted in order to assess the preservation properties of the liquid smoke. Results: Tests on the antibacterial effects showed that the liquid smoke inhibited the growth of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus on fish even at low concentrations. At 54 hours, the TVB-N values remained below 30 mg nitrogen/g, indicating that the fish was still safe for human consumption. Results from the organoleptic tests showed that the concentration of liquid smoke influenced the preservation effects. Conclusions: At a concentration of 2–3%, the fish samples possessed acceptable flavor, taste, color and texture for up to 48 hours of soaking. However, the best conditions were obtained with a 3% concentration of liquid smoke (produced with 340°C pyrolysis), as the fish was still considered acceptable for up to 42 hours.

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