Chemical characterization of cork and phloem from Douglas fir outer bark

Holzforschung ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 70 (5) ◽  
pp. 475-483 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joana P.A. Ferreira ◽  
Isabel Miranda ◽  
Jorge Gominho ◽  
Helena Pereira
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Pseudotsuga Menziesii ◽  
Chemical Characterization ◽  
Quercus Suber ◽  
Minor Components ◽  
Outer Bark ◽  
Lipophilic Extract ◽  
Alkanoic Acids

Abstract Cork and phloem from Pseudotsuga menziesii outer bark were separated, fractionated and the 40- to 60-mesh fractions chemically analyzed. Cork and phloem showed a different grinding behavior with the highest yields for cork and phloem, respectively, for the 40- to 60-mesh fraction (31.4%) and the <0.180-mm fraction (49.2%). Cork chemical composition was (% o.d. mass): ash 0.9%; extractives 29.2% (mostly polar, 23.5%); lignin 16.8%, and suberin 36.2%. Polysaccharides (16.9%) contained glucose (55.4% of total neutral carbohydrates), xylose (13.3%), mannose, arabinose, and galactose as minor components. Lipophilic and suberin extracts from cork and phloem were analyzed by GC-MS, directly and after alkaline hydrolysis. In cork, catechin was the major compound identified in the lipophilic extract, accompanied by ferulic acid and acylglycerols. In phloem, β-sitosterol was the major compound. The content of fatty alcohols and fatty acids increased after hydrolysis confirming their esterification in both extracts. Suberin from P. menziesii cork is rich in saturated ω-hydroxyacids (ω-hydroxyacids 36.2%, α,ω-diacids 18.6%, alkanoic acids 6.2%, and alkanols 8.7%), being different from suberin of Quercus suber where α,ω-diacids are dominant.

scholarly journals Investigation on the potential of poplar bark from short-rotation coppices as bio-based fungicidal additives

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martina Bremer ◽  
Javane Oktaee ◽  
Daniela Einer ◽  
Steffen Fischer ◽  
André Wagenführ
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Outer Bark ◽  
Chemical Substances ◽  
Adverse Conditions ◽  
Short Rotation ◽  
Poplar Clones ◽  
Phenolic Substances ◽  
Excellent Source

AbstractBark on trees protects the plant against environmentally adverse conditions as well as fungi and insect attacks. There are different chemical substances, mostly in the outer bark of trees, which can stop fungi from developing. Bark as a by-product of wood plantations is available in high quantity and can serve as an excellent source for the production of eco-fungicides. In the presented article, bark of various poplar clones from two short-rotation coppices (SRC) in Poland and Germany was examined to determine the chemical composition, the possible extraction of potential fungicides (terpenes, aromatic and phenolic substances), and influence of their extracts on slowing the growth of mold fungi. It was proved that the content of the fungicidal substances depends strongly on the clone type. Two methods of extraction—Soxhlet and batch—were compared to obtain fungicidal extracts. Fungicidal substances were found in extracts gained with both approaches. Triterpenes, fatty acids, aldehydes, and alcohols were primarily the active fungicides in the Soxhlet extracts, whereas phenolic substances act as fungicides in the batch extracts.

scholarly journals Nanotechnology in Roman Opaque Red Glass from the 2nd Century AD. Archaeometric Investigation in Red Sectilia from the Decoration of the Lucius Verus Villa in Rome

Heritage ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 2597-2611 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mario Bandiera ◽  
Patrice Lehuédé ◽  
Marco Verità ◽  
Luis Alves ◽  
Isabelle Biron ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Chemical Characterization ◽  
Second Step ◽  
Colorimetric Analysis ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Pixe Analysis ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Colorimetric Measurements ◽  
Shed Light

This work aims to characterise the chemical composition of Roman opaque red glass sectilia dated to the 2nd century A.D and to shed light on Roman glassmaking production of different shades of red, from red to reddish-brown. Due to the lack of technical historical sources for this period many questions about technological aspects still remain. In this project a multi-disciplinary approach is in progress to investigate the red glass sectilia with several red hues from the Imperial Villa of Lucius Verus (161–169 A.D.) in Rome. First, colorimetric measurements were taken to identify the various red hues. The second step was chemical characterization of the samples and the identification of crystalline colouring phases. Particle Induced X-Ray Emission (PIXE) analysis was used to investigate the chemical composition of these glass samples, while the crystalline phases were identified by Raman Spectroscopy and Scanning Electrons Microscope with Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectrometry (SEM-EDS). Using SEM-EDS nanoparticles were detected as a colouring agent, the chemical composition and the morphology of which has been studied in depth. This information has been compared with the colorimetric analysis to establish any correlation with the different colour hues.

Qualitative and Quantitative Characterization of Airport-related Ultrafine Particles using Liquid Chromatography – High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry (UHPLC/HRMS)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Florian Ungeheuer ◽  
Diana Rose ◽  
Dominik van Pinxteren ◽  
Florian Ditas ◽  
Stefan Jacobi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Ultrafine Particles ◽  
Chemical Characterization ◽  
Engine Oil ◽  
Aircraft Emissions ◽  
Jet Engine ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
Ionization Mode ◽  
Lubrication Oils

&lt;p&gt;We present the results from a chemical characterization study of ultrafine particles (UFP), collected nearby Frankfurt International Airport where particle size distribution measurements showed high number concentrations for particles with a diameter &lt;50 nm. Aluminium filter samples were collected at an air quality monitoring station in a distance of 4 km to Frankfurt airport, using the 13-stage cascade impactor Nano-MOUDI (MSP Model-115). The chemical characterization of the ultrafine particles in the size range of 0.010-0.018 &amp;#956;m, 0.018-0.032 &amp;#956;m and 0.032-0.056 &amp;#956;m was accomplished by the development of an optimized filter extraction method. An UHPLC method for chromatographic separation of homologous series of hydrophobic and high molecular weight organic compounds, followed by heated electrospray ionization (ESI) and mass analysis using an Orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometer was developed. Using a non-target screening, ~200 compounds were detected in the positive ionization mode after filtering, in order to ensure high quality of the obtained data. We determined the molecular formula of positively charged adducts ([M+H]&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;; [M+Na]&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;), and for each impaction stage we present molecular fingerprints (Molecular weight vs Retention time, Kroll-diagram, Van-Krevelen-diagram, Kendrick mass defect plot) in order to visualize the complex chemical composition. The negative ionization mode led only to the detection of a few compounds (&lt;20) for which reason the particle characterization focuses on the positive ionization mode. We found that the majority of detected compounds belong to homologous series of two different kinds of organic esters, which are base stocks of aircraft lubrication oils. In reference to five different jet engine lubrication oils of various manufacturers, we identified the corresponding lubricant base stocks and their additives in the ultrafine particles by the use of matching retention time, exact mass and MS/MS fragmentation pattern of single organic molecules. As the relevance of the chemical composition of UFP regarding human health is depending on the mass contribution of each compound we strived for quantification of the jet engine oil compounds. This was achieved by standard addition of purchased original standards to the native sample extracts. Two amines serving as stabilizers, one organophosphate used as an anti-wear agent/metal deactivator and two ester base stocks were quantified. Quantification of the two homologous ester series was carried out using one ester compound and cross-calibration. The quantitative determination is burdened by the uncertainty regarding sampling artefacts in the Nano-MOUDI. Therefore we characterized the cascade impactor in a lab experiment using the ester standard. Particle size distribution measurements conducted parallel to the filter sampling enables the determination of jet engine oil contribution to the UFP mass. Results indicate that aircraft emissions strongly influence the mass balance of 0.010-0.018 &amp;#956;m particles. This contribution decreases for bigger sized particles (0.018-0.056 &amp;#956;m) as presumably more sources get involved. The hereby-introduced method allows the qualitative and quantitative assignment of aircraft emissions towards the chemical composition and total mass of airport related ultrafine particles.&lt;/p&gt;

scholarly journals Chemical characterization of effective and ineffective strains of Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae.

1999 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 1001-1009
Author(s):  
S F Izmailov ◽  
G Y Zhiznevskaya ◽  
L V Kosenko ◽  
G N Troitskaya ◽  
N N Kudryavtseva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Rhizobium Leguminosarum ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Effective Strain ◽  
Chemical Characterization ◽  
Unsaturation Index ◽  
Fa Composition ◽  
Sds Page ◽  
Lower Molecular Mass

Chemical composition of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) isolated from an effective (97) and ineffective (87) strains of R. l. viciae has been determined. LPS preparations from the two strains contained: glucose, galactose, mannose, fucose, arabinose, heptose, glucosamine, galactosamine, quinovosamine, and 3-N-methyl-3,6-dideoxyhexose, as well as glucuronic, galacturonic and 3-deoxyoctulosonic acid. The following fatty acids were identified: 3-OH 14:0, 3-OH 15:0, 3-OH 16:0, 3-OH 18:0 and 27-OH 28:0. The ratio of 3-OH 14:0 to other major fatty acids in LPS 87 was higher that in LPS 97. SDS/PAGE profiles of LPS indicated that, in lipopolysaccharides, relative content of S form LPS I to that of lower molecular mass (LPS II) was much higher in the effective strain 97 than in 87. All types of polysaccharides exo-, capsular-, lipo, (EPS, CPS, LPS, respectively) examined possessed the ability to bind faba bean lectin. The degree of affinity of the host lectin to LPS 87 was half that to LPS 97. Fatty acids (FA) composition from bacteroids and peribacteroid membrane (PBM) was determined. Palmitic, stearic and hexadecenoic acids were common components found in both strains. There was a high content of unsaturated fatty acids in bacteroids as well as in PBM lipids. The unsaturation index in the PBM formed by strain 87 was lower than in the case of strain 97. Higher ratio of 16:0 to 18:1 fatty acids was characteristic for PMB of the ineffective strain.

scholarly journals A sensitive λ 3 mm line survey of L483

2019 ◽  
Vol 625 ◽  
pp. A147 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Agúndez ◽  
N. Marcelino ◽  
J. Cernicharo ◽  
E. Roueff ◽  
M. Tafalla
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Chemical Characterization ◽  
Isotopic Ratios ◽  
Dark Cloud ◽  
Carbon Chains ◽  
Prestellar Cores ◽  
Low Mass ◽  
Line Survey ◽  
Molecular Abundances

An exhaustive chemical characterization of dense cores is mandatory to our understanding of chemical composition changes from a starless to a protostellar stage. However, only a few sources have had their molecular composition characterized in detail. Here we present a λ 3 mm line survey of L483, a dense core around a Class 0 protostar, which was observed with the IRAM 30 m telescope in the 80–116 GHz frequency range. We detected 71 molecules (140 including different isotopologs), most of which are present in the cold and quiescent ambient cloud according to their narrow lines (FWHM ~ 0.5 km s−1) and low rotational temperatures (≲10 K). Of particular interest among the detected molecules are the cis isomer of HCOOH, the complex organic molecules HCOOCH3, CH3OCH3, and C2H5OH, a wide variety of carbon chains, nitrogen oxides like N2O, and saturated molecules like CH3SH, in addition to eight new interstellar molecules (HCCO, HCS, HSC, NCCNH+, CNCN, NCO, H2NCO+, and NS+) whose detection has already been reported. In general, fractional molecular abundances in L483 are systematically lower than in TMC-1 (especially for carbon chains), tend to be higher than in L1544 and B1-b, and are similar to those in L1527. Apart from the overabundance of carbon chains in TMC-1, we find that L483 does not have a marked chemical differentiation with respect to starless/prestellar cores like TMC-1 and L1544, although it does chemically differentiate from Class 0 hot corino sources like IRAS 16293−2422. This fact suggests that the chemical composition of the ambient cloud of some Class 0 sources could be largely inherited from the dark cloud starless/prestellar phase. We explore the use of potential chemical evolutionary indicators, such as the HNCO/C3S, SO2/C2S, and CH3SH/C2S ratios, to trace the prestellar/protostellar transition. We also derived isotopic ratios for a variety of molecules, many of which show isotopic ratios close to the values for the local interstellar medium (remarkably all those involving 34S and 33S), while there are also several isotopic anomalies like an extreme depletion in 13C for one of the two isotopologs of c-C3H2, a drastic enrichment in 18O for SO and HNCO (SO being also largely enriched in 17O), and different abundances for the two 13C substituted species of C2H and the two 15N substituted species of N2H+. We report the first detection in space of some minor isotopologs like c-C3D. The exhaustive chemical characterization of L483 presented here, together with similar studies of other prestellar and protostellar sources, should allow us to identify the main factors that regulate the chemical composition of cores along the process of formation of low-mass protostars.

scholarly journals Chemical Characterization of Major and Minor Compounds of Nut Oils: Almond, Hazelnut, and Pecan Nut

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriel D. Fernandes ◽  
Raquel B. Gómez-Coca ◽  
María del Carmen Pérez-Camino ◽  
Wenceslao Moreda ◽  
Daniel Barrera-Arellano
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Chemical Characterization ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Principal Minor ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Terpenic Alcohols ◽  
Pecan Nut Oil ◽  
Minor Compounds ◽  
Sweet Almond

The aim of this work was to characterize the major and minor compounds of laboratory-extracted and commercial oils from sweet almond, hazelnut, and pecan nut. Oils from sweet almond, hazelnut, and pecan nut were obtained by means of an expeller system, while the corresponding commercial oils were provided from Vital Âtman (BR). The contents of triacylglycerols, fatty acids, aliphatic and terpenic alcohols, desmethyl-, methyl-, and dimethylsterols, squalene, and tocopherols were determined. Oleic, palmitic, and linoleic acids were the main fatty acids. Desmethylsterols were the principal minor compounds withβ-sitosterol being the most abundant component. Low amounts of aliphatic and terpenic alcohols were also found. The major tocopherol in hazelnut and sweet almond oils wasα-tocopherol, whereasγ-tocopherol prevailed in pecan nut oil. Principal component analysis made it possible for us to differentiate among samples, as well as to distinguish between commercial and laboratory-extracted oils. Heatmap highlighted the main variables featuring each sample. Globally, these results have brought a new approach on nut oil characterization.

Glyceryl-Acyl and Aryl-Acyl Dimers in Pseudotsuga menziesii Bark Suberin

Holzforschung ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 53 (4) ◽  
pp. 397-402 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Graça ◽  
Helena Pereira
Keyword(s):  
Ferulic Acid ◽  
Pseudotsuga Menziesii ◽  
Relative Abundance ◽  
Direct Evidence ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Aliphatic Acid ◽  
Outer Bark ◽  
Primary Hydroxyl ◽  
Alkanoic Acids ◽  
Main Component

Summary The cork from the outer bark of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) was exhaustively extracted and submitted to a mild CaO-catalyzed methanolic depolymerization. The solubilized material (2.5 % yield) was derivatized and analysed with GC-MS. Glycerol was the main component (41.2%), followed by aliphatic acid monomers (30.6%) and glyceryl and feruloyl dimers (14.5%). Monoacylglyceryl esters of α,ω-diacids were dominant (68% of glyceryl dimers), followed by monoacylglyceryl esters of alkanoic acids and of ω-hydroxyacids (respectively 20% and 9%). For all cases 1- and 2-monoacyl-glyceryl esters were present. Dimers of ω-hydroxyacids esterified to ferulic acid through their primary hydroxyl were also found. The feruloyl ester of docosanol could also be identified. The relative abundance of the dimers followed the proportion of acid monomers. The direct evidence found here for P. menziesii, and previously for Q. suber, that glycerol is esterified to all suberinic acids and that ω-hydroxyacids are esterified to ferulic acid supported the discussion of a suberin structure developing on glyceryl-diacyl-glyceryl and glyceryl-hydroxyacyl-feruloyl backbones.

scholarly journals Chemical characterization of rainwater at Akkalkuwa, India

MAUSAM ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 425-432
Author(s):  
P.R. SALVE ◽  
T. GOBRE ◽  
R.J. KRUPADAM ◽  
S. SHASTRY ◽  
A. BANSIWAL ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Major Ions ◽  
Chemical Characterization ◽  
Relative Magnitude ◽  
Southwest Monsoon ◽  
Neutralization Factor ◽  
Major Anions ◽  
Major Factors ◽  
Cloud Process

The chemical composition of rainwater changes from place to place and region to region under the influence of several major factors, viz., topography, its distance from sea and overall rainfall pattern. The present study investigated the chemical composition of precipitation at Akkalkuwa, district Nandurbar, in the State Maharashtra during southwest monsoon. The rainwater samples were collected on event basis during June-September 2008 and were analyzed for pH, major anions (F, Cl, NO3, SO4) and cations (Ca, Mg, Na, K, NH4). The pH varied from 6.0 and 6.8 with an average of 6.29 ± 0.23 indicating alkaline nature and dominance of Ca in precipitation. The relative magnitude of major ions in precipitation follows the pattern as Ca>Cl>Na>SO4>NO3>HCO3>NH4>Mg>K>F>H. The Neutralization factor (NF) was found to be NFCa = 0.95, NFNH4 = 0.31, NFMg = 0.27 and NFK = 0.08 indicating below cloud process in which crustal components are responsible for neutralization of anions. Significant correlation of NH4 with SO4 and NO3 was observed with correlation coefficient of r = 0.79 and 0.75, respectively.

scholarly journals Towards a Valorization of Corn Bioethanol Side Streams: Chemical Characterization of Post Fermentation Corn Oil and Thin Stillage

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (15) ◽  
pp. 3549 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriella Di Lena ◽  
Petra Ondrejíčková ◽  
Josè Sanchez del Pulgar ◽  
Veronika Cyprichová ◽  
Tomáš Ježovič ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Corn Oil ◽  
Chemical Characterization ◽  
Acid Value ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Thin Stillage ◽  
Long Term Study ◽  
Starting Point

First-generation biofuel biorefineries may be a starting point for the development of new value chains, as their by-products and side streams retain nutrients and valuable molecules that may be recovered and valorized for high-value applications. This study provides a chemical characterization of post-fermentation corn oil and thin stillage, side streams of dry-grind corn bioethanol production, in view of their valorization. An overall long-term study was conducted on the two co-products collected over 1 year from a bioethanol plant. Water content, acid value, sedimentation, mineral composition, and fatty acid profiles were analyzed on post-fermentation corn oil. Results highlighted that its acid value was high (19.72–24.29 mg KOH/g), indicating high levels of free fatty acids, but stable over the year due to standardized operating conditions. The fatty acid profile was that typical of corn oil, with a prevalence of linoleic (54–59% of total fatty acids) over oleic (23–27%) and palmitic (12–17%) acids. Macronutrients, fatty acid, and mineral profiles were investigated in thin stillage. Results revealed the acidic pH (4.05–4.68) and high dilution (90–93% water) of this side stream. The dry mass was composed of fats (19–30%), proteins (8.8–12.8%), ash (8.7–9.5%), and fiber (7.3–9.8%). The concomitant presence of a variegate complex of molecules of nutritional interest in corn bioethanol co-products, with several potential high-value market applications, make the perspective of their recovery a promising strategy to create new cross-sector interconnections according to circular economy principles.

scholarly journals Chemical characterization of cork, phloem and wood from different Quercus suber provenances and trees

Heliyon ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (12) ◽  
pp. e02910 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ricardo Costa ◽  
Ana Lourenço ◽  
Vanda Oliveira ◽  
Helena Pereira
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Characterization ◽  
Quercus Suber
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