Nanotechnology in Roman Opaque Red Glass from the 2nd Century AD. Archaeometric Investigation in Red Sectilia from the Decoration of the Lucius Verus Villa in Rome

This work aims to characterise the chemical composition of Roman opaque red glass sectilia dated to the 2nd century A.D and to shed light on Roman glassmaking production of different shades of red, from red to reddish-brown. Due to the lack of technical historical sources for this period many questions about technological aspects still remain. In this project a multi-disciplinary approach is in progress to investigate the red glass sectilia with several red hues from the Imperial Villa of Lucius Verus (161–169 A.D.) in Rome. First, colorimetric measurements were taken to identify the various red hues. The second step was chemical characterization of the samples and the identification of crystalline colouring phases. Particle Induced X-Ray Emission (PIXE) analysis was used to investigate the chemical composition of these glass samples, while the crystalline phases were identified by Raman Spectroscopy and Scanning Electrons Microscope with Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectrometry (SEM-EDS). Using SEM-EDS nanoparticles were detected as a colouring agent, the chemical composition and the morphology of which has been studied in depth. This information has been compared with the colorimetric analysis to establish any correlation with the different colour hues.

Download Full-text

Chemical characterization of archaeological pottery of the Lower Paraná River

Cerâmica ◽

10.1590/0366-69132019653742612 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 65 (374) ◽

pp. 319-326

Author(s):

D. Loponte ◽

J. Morales ◽

A. Gogichaishvili ◽

A. Acosta

Keyword(s):

Chemical Composition ◽

Late Holocene ◽

Chemical Characterization ◽

Hunter Gatherers ◽

X Ray ◽

Archaeological Pottery ◽

Main Components ◽

Fluorescence Spectrometer ◽

Concentration Levels

Abstract This paper analyzed the chemical composition of archaeological pottery produced by hunter-gatherers and horticulturist populations of the late Holocene of the lower Paraná basin. An energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometer was used to analyze the chemical composition of the sherds. The results obtained indicated that the analyzed samples, within certain parameters, showed some variability. The differences were even more significant when comparing the chemical composition of the pottery of the hunter-gatherer groups and that of the horticulturists. The main components identified in the archaeological pottery were grouped primarily with the location of production, that is, they were the result of local manufacturing. Within the trace-elements, the greatest variations in composition were observed in the strontium, which was assumed to vary in concentration levels throughout the region.

Download Full-text

New Insights into the Crystal Chemistry of Elpidite, Na2Zr[Si6O15]·3H2O and (Na1+YCax□1−X−Y)Σ=2Zr[Si6O15]·(3−X)H2O, and Ab Initio Modeling of IR Spectra

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma14092160 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (9) ◽

pp. 2160

Author(s):

Alexander Bogdanov ◽

Ekaterina Kaneva ◽

Roman Shendrik

Keyword(s):

Ir Spectra ◽

Structural Models ◽

Chemical Characterization ◽

Chemical Compositions ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

Special Group ◽

X Ray ◽

Influence Of Water ◽

Radioactive Species

Elpidite belongs to a special group of microporous zirconosilicates, which are of great interest due to their capability to uptake various molecules and ions, e.g., some radioactive species, in their structural voids. The results of a combined electron probe microanalysis and single-crystal X-ray diffraction study of the crystals of elpidite from Burpala (Russia) and Khan-Bogdo (Mongolia) deposits are reported. Some differences in the chemical compositions are observed and substitution at several structural positions within the structure of the compounds are noted. Based on the obtained results, a detailed crystal–chemical characterization of the elpidites under study was carried out. Three different structure models of elpidite were simulated: Na2ZrSi6O15·3H2O (related to the structure of Russian elpidite), partly Ca-replaced Na1.5Ca0.25ZrSi6O15·2.75H2O (close to elpidite from Mongolia), and a hypothetical CaZrSi6O15·2H2O. The vibration spectra of the models were obtained and compared with the experimental one, taken from the literature. The strong influence of water molecule vibrations on the shape of IR spectra of studied structural models of elpidite is discussed in the paper.

Download Full-text

Chemical characterization of surfaces and interfaces of industrial materials by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Auger electron spectroscopy and secondary ion mass spectrometry

Thin Solid Films ◽

10.1016/0040-6090(80)90552-0 ◽

1980 ◽

Vol 72 (1) ◽

pp. 3-8 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

C.R. Brundle

Keyword(s):

Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽

Electron Spectroscopy ◽

Auger Electron ◽

Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry ◽

Chemical Characterization ◽

X Ray ◽

Surfaces And Interfaces ◽

Industrial Materials ◽

Secondary Ion

Download Full-text

Influence of the Residue of Casting by Lost Wax in the Modulus of Elasticity and Porosity of Concretes

Materials Science Forum ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.805.343 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 805 ◽

pp. 343-349

Author(s):

Carine F. Machado ◽

Weber G. Moravia

Keyword(s):

Construction Industry ◽

Modulus Of Elasticity ◽

Chemical Characterization ◽

Microstructural Characterization ◽

Cement Matrix ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

X Ray ◽

Hardened State ◽

Material Powder

This work evaluated the influence of additions of the ceramic shell residue (CSR), from the industries of Lost Wax Casting, in the modulus of elasticity and porosity of concrete. The CSR was ground and underwent a physical, chemical, and microstructural characterization. It was also analyzed, the environmental risk of the residue. In the physical characterization of the residue were analyzed, the surface area, and particle size distribution. In chemical characterization, the material powder was subjected to testing of X-ray fluorescence (XRF). Microstructural characterization was performed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The residue was utilized like addition by substitution of cement in concrete in the percentages of 10% and 15% by weight of Portland cement. It was evaluated properties of concrete in the fresh and hardened state, such as compressive strength, modulus of elasticity, absorption of water by total immersion and by capillarity. The results showed that the residue can be used in cement matrix and improve some properties of concrete. Thus, the CSR may contribute to improved sustainability and benefit the construction industry.

Download Full-text

Qualitative and Quantitative Characterization of Airport-related Ultrafine Particles using Liquid Chromatography – High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry (UHPLC/HRMS)

10.5194/egusphere-egu21-7777 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Florian Ungeheuer ◽

Diana Rose ◽

Dominik van Pinxteren ◽

Florian Ditas ◽

Stefan Jacobi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Chemical Composition ◽

Ultrafine Particles ◽

Chemical Characterization ◽

Engine Oil ◽

Aircraft Emissions ◽

Jet Engine ◽

Qualitative And Quantitative ◽

Ionization Mode ◽

Lubrication Oils

We present the results from a chemical characterization study of ultrafine particles (UFP), collected nearby Frankfurt International Airport where particle size distribution measurements showed high number concentrations for particles with a diameter <50 nm. Aluminium filter samples were collected at an air quality monitoring station in a distance of 4 km to Frankfurt airport, using the 13-stage cascade impactor Nano-MOUDI (MSP Model-115). The chemical characterization of the ultrafine particles in the size range of 0.010-0.018 &#956;m, 0.018-0.032 &#956;m and 0.032-0.056 &#956;m was accomplished by the development of an optimized filter extraction method. An UHPLC method for chromatographic separation of homologous series of hydrophobic and high molecular weight organic compounds, followed by heated electrospray ionization (ESI) and mass analysis using an Orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometer was developed. Using a non-target screening, ~200 compounds were detected in the positive ionization mode after filtering, in order to ensure high quality of the obtained data. We determined the molecular formula of positively charged adducts ([M+H]+; [M+Na]+), and for each impaction stage we present molecular fingerprints (Molecular weight vs Retention time, Kroll-diagram, Van-Krevelen-diagram, Kendrick mass defect plot) in order to visualize the complex chemical composition. The negative ionization mode led only to the detection of a few compounds (<20) for which reason the particle characterization focuses on the positive ionization mode. We found that the majority of detected compounds belong to homologous series of two different kinds of organic esters, which are base stocks of aircraft lubrication oils. In reference to five different jet engine lubrication oils of various manufacturers, we identified the corresponding lubricant base stocks and their additives in the ultrafine particles by the use of matching retention time, exact mass and MS/MS fragmentation pattern of single organic molecules. As the relevance of the chemical composition of UFP regarding human health is depending on the mass contribution of each compound we strived for quantification of the jet engine oil compounds. This was achieved by standard addition of purchased original standards to the native sample extracts. Two amines serving as stabilizers, one organophosphate used as an anti-wear agent/metal deactivator and two ester base stocks were quantified. Quantification of the two homologous ester series was carried out using one ester compound and cross-calibration. The quantitative determination is burdened by the uncertainty regarding sampling artefacts in the Nano-MOUDI. Therefore we characterized the cascade impactor in a lab experiment using the ester standard. Particle size distribution measurements conducted parallel to the filter sampling enables the determination of jet engine oil contribution to the UFP mass. Results indicate that aircraft emissions strongly influence the mass balance of 0.010-0.018 &#956;m particles. This contribution decreases for bigger sized particles (0.018-0.056 &#956;m) as presumably more sources get involved. The hereby-introduced method allows the qualitative and quantitative assignment of aircraft emissions towards the chemical composition and total mass of airport related ultrafine particles.

Download Full-text

Current Questions and New Directions in Archaeological Obsidian Studies

10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199935413.013.2 ◽

2016 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Carolyn Dillian

Keyword(s):

Chemical Characterization ◽

Current Status ◽

Formation Processes ◽

X Ray ◽

Dating Methods ◽

New Directions ◽

Trade And Exchange

This article discusses the current status of archaeological obsidian studies, including techniques used in characterization and sourcing studies, obsidian hydration, and regional syntheses. It begins with an overview of obsidian and the unique formation processes that create it before turning to a discussion of the significance of characterization and sourcing techniques for understanding prehistoric obsidian trade and exchange. It then considers the problematic aspects of the term “sourcing,” despite its ubiquitous use in archaeology and archaeometry, along with the use of X-ray fluorescence in the chemical characterization of obsidian. It also explores obsidian hydration dating methods and equations, factors that can affect the date assignments for hydration specimens, and the various uses of obsidian in prehistoric times. Finally, it addresses some important questions relating to obsidian research and suggests new directions in the field.

Download Full-text

Analysis of CoCrMo Surface Oxide Removal by Alumina Blasting before Porcelain Firing in Dental Restorations

Materials Science Forum ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.730-732.9 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 730-732 ◽

pp. 9-14 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Bruno Henriques ◽

Filipe Silva ◽

Delfim Soares

Keyword(s):

Heat Treatment ◽

Surface Roughness ◽

Chemical Composition ◽

High Alumina ◽

X Ray ◽

Dental Restorations ◽

Ceramic Bond ◽

Xrf Scanning ◽

Oxide Removal

The purpose of this work was to perform a chemical and mechanical characterization of a preoxidized CoCrMo alumina blasted surface. This is a commonly performed surface treatment used in metal-porcelain systems for dental restorations to remove oxides formed during preoxidation heat treatment from the metal’s surface. CoCrMo dental alloy’s specimens produced by lost wax process were examined in terms of chemical composition using X-Ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDS); in terms of mechanical characteristics through the means of a microhardness test and in terms of surface roughness using a profilometer. It was investigated the chemical composition of various surface conditions: non-preoxidized, preoxidized, ground oxidized surface and sandblasted oxidized surface. After alumina blasting, the oxides level on metal’s surface remained high. Alumina blasting treatment (Ø110 µm) produced an 84% increase of CoCrMo surface hardening and an increase in surface roughness (Ra=0.58 µm). It was found alumina contaminants on the metal’s surface. Therefore, it was concluded that alumina blasting do not entirely removes the oxide layer formed during preoxidation heat treatment. It produced a chemical and mechanical surface modification that can influence the metal-ceramic bond strength.

Download Full-text

Handheld Portable Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry (pXRF)

The Oxford Handbook of Archaeological Ceramic Analysis ◽

10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199681532.013.41 ◽

2016 ◽

pp. 362-381 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Elisabeth Holmqvist

Keyword(s):

Production Systems ◽

Matrix Effects ◽

Chemical Characterization ◽

High Sensitivity ◽

Limited Range ◽

Energy Dispersive ◽

Analytical Sensitivity ◽

X Ray ◽

Non Destructive

Handheld portable energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (pXRF) spectrometry is used for non-destructive chemical characterization of archaeological ceramics. Portable XRF can provide adequate analytical sensitivity to discriminate geochemically distinct ceramic pastes, and to identify compositional clusters that correlate with data patterns acquired by NAA or other high sensitivity techniques. However, successful non-destructive analysis of unprepared inhomogeneous ceramic samples requires matrix-defined scientific protocols to control matrix effects which reduce the sensitivity and precision of the instrumentation. Quantification of the measured fluorescence intensities into absolute concentration values and detection of light elements is encumbered by the lack of matrix matched calibration and proper vacuum facilities. Nevertheless, semi-quantitative values for a limited range of high Z elements can be generated. Unstandardized results are difficult to validate by others, and decreased analytical resolution of non-destructive surface analysis may disadvantage site-specific sourcing, jeopardize correct group assignments, and lead to under-interpretation of ceramic craft and production systems.

Download Full-text

A sensitive λ 3 mm line survey of L483

Astronomy and Astrophysics ◽

10.1051/0004-6361/201935164 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 625 ◽

pp. A147 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

M. Agúndez ◽

N. Marcelino ◽

J. Cernicharo ◽

E. Roueff ◽

M. Tafalla

Keyword(s):

Chemical Composition ◽

Chemical Characterization ◽

Isotopic Ratios ◽

Dark Cloud ◽

Carbon Chains ◽

Prestellar Cores ◽

Low Mass ◽

Line Survey ◽

Molecular Abundances

An exhaustive chemical characterization of dense cores is mandatory to our understanding of chemical composition changes from a starless to a protostellar stage. However, only a few sources have had their molecular composition characterized in detail. Here we present a λ 3 mm line survey of L483, a dense core around a Class 0 protostar, which was observed with the IRAM 30 m telescope in the 80–116 GHz frequency range. We detected 71 molecules (140 including different isotopologs), most of which are present in the cold and quiescent ambient cloud according to their narrow lines (FWHM ~ 0.5 km s−1) and low rotational temperatures (≲10 K). Of particular interest among the detected molecules are the cis isomer of HCOOH, the complex organic molecules HCOOCH3, CH3OCH3, and C2H5OH, a wide variety of carbon chains, nitrogen oxides like N2O, and saturated molecules like CH3SH, in addition to eight new interstellar molecules (HCCO, HCS, HSC, NCCNH+, CNCN, NCO, H2NCO+, and NS+) whose detection has already been reported. In general, fractional molecular abundances in L483 are systematically lower than in TMC-1 (especially for carbon chains), tend to be higher than in L1544 and B1-b, and are similar to those in L1527. Apart from the overabundance of carbon chains in TMC-1, we find that L483 does not have a marked chemical differentiation with respect to starless/prestellar cores like TMC-1 and L1544, although it does chemically differentiate from Class 0 hot corino sources like IRAS 16293−2422. This fact suggests that the chemical composition of the ambient cloud of some Class 0 sources could be largely inherited from the dark cloud starless/prestellar phase. We explore the use of potential chemical evolutionary indicators, such as the HNCO/C3S, SO2/C2S, and CH3SH/C2S ratios, to trace the prestellar/protostellar transition. We also derived isotopic ratios for a variety of molecules, many of which show isotopic ratios close to the values for the local interstellar medium (remarkably all those involving 34S and 33S), while there are also several isotopic anomalies like an extreme depletion in 13C for one of the two isotopologs of c-C3H2, a drastic enrichment in 18O for SO and HNCO (SO being also largely enriched in 17O), and different abundances for the two 13C substituted species of C2H and the two 15N substituted species of N2H+. We report the first detection in space of some minor isotopologs like c-C3D. The exhaustive chemical characterization of L483 presented here, together with similar studies of other prestellar and protostellar sources, should allow us to identify the main factors that regulate the chemical composition of cores along the process of formation of low-mass protostars.

Download Full-text