Effects of calcium-based materials and iron impurities on wood degradation by the brown rot fungus Serpula lacrymans

Holzforschung ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan S. Schilling
Keyword(s):  
Brown Rot ◽  
Iron Availability ◽  
Decayed Wood ◽  
Wood Degradation ◽  
Promoting Effect ◽  
Agar Block ◽  
Inhibiting Effect ◽  
Brown Rot Fungus ◽  
Serpula Lacrymans ◽  
Scanning Electron

Abstract Calcium-containing materials have been implicated in promoting wood degradation by Serpula lacrymans, but mechanisms remain unresolved. In this study, S. lacrymans and Serpula himantioides degraded pine sapwood in agar-block microcosms with one of four treatments: calcium-free, 5 mM agar CaCl2, high-purity gypsum (CaSO4), and gypsum amended with 1% FeSO4. Calcium and iron availability were limited in minimal nutrient agar. At week 5, pine degradation was significantly higher for S. lacrymans in iron-amended gypsum treatments than other treatments, and the respective agar oxalate levels were also higher. Oxalate solubility was lowest in pure calcium microcosms. Scanning electron microscopy showed hyphae in contact with gypsum and precipitation of calcium oxalate. At week 15, wood degradation by S. lacrymans was severe (>60%) in both calcium-free and iron-amended treatments, but was significantly less in pure calcium treatments (≈45%). Cation analysis in week 15 wood revealed higher calcium and iron levels in treatments containing those element additions. Serpula himantioides had decayed wood equally among treatments at both harvests. Results demonstrate that calcium has an inhibiting effect – and not a promoting effect as hitherto believed – on wood degradation by S. lacrymans. It appears that oxalate and iron play a role in stimulating wood degradation by this destructive fungus.

Micromorphological characteristics of decayed wood and laccase produced by the brown-rot fungus Coniophora puteana

2004 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 281-284 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kwang Ho Lee ◽  
Seung Gon Wi ◽  
Adya P. Singh ◽  
Yoon Soo Kim
Keyword(s):  
Brown Rot ◽  
Decayed Wood ◽  
Coniophora Puteana ◽  
Brown Rot Fungus

Production of 2,5-dimethoxyhydroquinone by the brown-rot fungus Serpula lacrymans to drive extracellular Fenton reaction

Holzforschung ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 305-310 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Shimokawa ◽  
M. Nakamura ◽  
N. Hayashi ◽  
M. Ishihara
Keyword(s):  
Fenton Reaction ◽  
Cellulose Degradation ◽  
Carbon Sources ◽  
Indirect Evidence ◽  
Crystallinity Index ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Liquid Culture Medium ◽  
Brown Rot Fungus ◽  
Serpula Lacrymans

AbstractThe brown-rot fungusSerpula lacrymansMAFF 420003 was grown in a liquid culture medium containing 0.5% carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and 1% glucose as carbon sources. Although little extracellular cellulase was secreted, the fungus produced an oxidized quinone-type chelator, 2,5-dimethoxy-1,4-benzoquinone (2,5-DMBQ). The concentration of 2,5-DMBQ in the medium reached a maximum of 90 μmm after a month of cultivation.S. lacrymanscould reduce 2,5-DMBQ to 2,5-dimethoxyhydroquinone (2,5-DMHQ), thus a biological Fenton reaction was adopted by the fungus. The changes in the molecular weight distribution of CMC and arabinogalactan were analyzed after the addition of 2,5-DMHQ and Fe3+. CMC was apparently depolymerized by the reaction, but the same reaction conditions showed no significant effect on arabinogalactan. These differences suggest the specificities of the biological Fenton reaction via 2,5-DMBQ toward soluble polysaccharides. In addition, the crystallinity index of α-cellulose did not decrease as a result of the reaction with 2,5-DMHQ and Fe3+. These results provide indirect evidence thatS. lacrymansemploys a biological Fenton reaction mediated by a quinone-type chelator, and preferentially degrades amorphous regions of cellulose rather than crystalline regions in the non-enzymatic cellulose degradation.

Cloning and heterologous expression of a novel ligninolytic peroxidase gene from poroid brown-rot fungus Antrodia cinnamomea

Microbiology ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 155 (2) ◽  
pp. 424-433 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. T. Huang ◽  
S. S. Tzean ◽  
B. Y. Tsai ◽  
H. J. Hsieh
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Veratryl Alcohol ◽  
Pleurotus Eryngii ◽  
Bromophenol Blue ◽  
Structure Model ◽  
Wood Degradation ◽  
Antrodia Cinnamomea ◽  
Peroxidase Gene ◽  
Brown Rot Fungus

A novel ligninolytic peroxidase gene (ACLnP) was cloned and characterized from a poroid brown-rot fungus, Antrodia cinnamomea. The genomic DNA of the fungus harboured two copies of ACLnP, with a length of 2111 bp, interlaced with 12 introns, while the full-length cDNA was 1183 bp, with a 66 bp signal peptide and an ORF of 990 bp. The three-dimensional molecular structure model was comparable to that of the versatile peroxidase of Pleurotus eryngii. ACLnP was cloned into vector pQE31, successfully expressed in Escherichia coli strain M15 under the control of the T5 promoter and produced a non-glycosylated protein of about 38 kDa, pI 5.42. The native and recombinant ACLnP was capable of oxidizing the redox mediator veratryl alcohol, and also decolorized bromophenol blue and 2,6-dimethoxyphenol dyes, implicating a functional extracellular peroxidase activity. The significance of discovering a functional ACLnP gene in A. cinnamomea in terms of wood degradation and colonization capacity in its unique niche is discussed.

Immuno-scanning electron microscopic localization of extracellular wood-degrading enzymes within the fibrillar sheath of the brown-rot fungus Postia placenta

1992 ◽  
Vol 38 (9) ◽  
pp. 898-904 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederick Green III ◽  
Carol A. Clausen ◽  
Michael J. Larsen ◽  
Terry L. Highley
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Monoclonal Antibodies ◽  
Colloidal Gold ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Postia Placenta ◽  
Degrading Enzymes ◽  
Brown Rot Fungus ◽  
Hyphal Sheath ◽  
Scanning Electron

Extracellular wood-degrading enzymes of the brown-rot fungus Postia placenta were localized using colloidal gold labeled monoclonal antibodies to the β-1,4-xylanase (32 to 36 kDa) fraction of P. placenta. Postia placenta was grown from agar onto glass cover slips, immunolabeled with or without prior fixation, and examined by scanning electron microscopy. Enzymes were localized on the hyphal surface and on the clumped fibrillar elements mycofibrils of the hyphal sheath following fixation with glutaraldehyde. If fixation was omitted, labeling was diffuse and not localized on individual or clumped mycofibrils. We conclude that extracellular decay enzymes are weakly bound (noncovalently) to, but not identical with, the linear mycofibrillar elements of the hyphal sheath. The linear structural elements of the hyphal sheath may play an important role in transport and presentation of wood-degrading enzymes during the decay process. Key words: brown-rot fungi, enzymes, mycofibrils, hyphal sheath, immunolabeling, monoclonal antibodies, colloidal gold, scanning electron microscopy.

Detection of iron-chelating and iron-reducing compounds in four brown rot fungi

Holzforschung ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Christine Steenkjær Hastrup ◽  
Trine Østergaard Jensen ◽  
Bo Jensen
Keyword(s):  
Agar Plate ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Growth Media ◽  
Gloeophyllum Trabeum ◽  
Decayed Wood ◽  
Brown Rot Fungi ◽  
Reducing Activity ◽  
Serpula Lacrymans ◽  
Chelating Compounds ◽  
Reducing Capacity

Abstract The presence of iron-chelating and iron-reducing compounds has been evaluated qualitatively and quantitatively in the four brown rot fungi Meruliporia incrassata (M. incrassata), Gloeophyllum trabeum (G. trabeum), Coniophora puteana (C. puteana) and Serpula lacrymans (S. lacrymans). Samples of actively growing mycelium from liquid growth media, decayed wood, and agar plate cultures were in focus. Iron-chelating compounds were found in all four species, with the highest reactivity in G. trabeum and S. lacrymans, and the lowest in M. incrassata. Iron-reducing activity, measured in the liquid medium, was found in all four fungi. However, in wood extractions, S. lacrymans was not effective in this regard, although the agar grown mycelium of this fungus showed the highest iron-reducing capacity of the four. The presence of both catecholate and hydroxamate chelators was detected in all four species. G. trabeum showed the highest concentration overall of extracellular chelators, including both catecholate and hydroxamate derivatives.

scholarly journals A Lytic Polysaccharide Monooxygenase with Broad Xyloglucan Specificity from the Brown-Rot Fungus Gloeophyllum trabeum and Its Action on Cellulose-Xyloglucan Complexes

2016 ◽  
Vol 82 (22) ◽  
pp. 6557-6572 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuka Kojima ◽  
Anikó Várnai ◽  
Takuya Ishida ◽  
Naoki Sunagawa ◽  
Dejan M. Petrovic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Dynamic Viscosity ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Primary Cell Wall ◽  
Gloeophyllum Trabeum ◽  
Lytic Polysaccharide Monooxygenase ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Brown Rot Fungus ◽  
Sensitive Method ◽  
Polysaccharide Monooxygenase

ABSTRACTFungi secrete a set of glycoside hydrolases and lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) to degrade plant polysaccharides. Brown-rot fungi, such asGloeophyllum trabeum, tend to have few LPMOs, and information on these enzymes is scarce. The genome ofG. trabeumencodes four auxiliary activity 9 (AA9) LPMOs (GtLPMO9s), whose coding sequences were amplified from cDNA. Due to alternative splicing, two variants ofGtLPMO9A seem to be produced, a single-domain variant,GtLPMO9A-1, and a longer variant,GtLPMO9A-2, which contains a C-terminal domain comprising approximately 55 residues without a predicted function. We have overexpressed the phylogenetically distinctGtLPMO9A-2 inPichia pastorisand investigated its properties. Standard analyses using high-performance anion-exchange chromatography–pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD) and mass spectrometry (MS) showed thatGtLPMO9A-2 is active on cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, and xyloglucan. Importantly, compared to other known xyloglucan-active LPMOs,GtLPMO9A-2 has broad specificity, cleaving at any position along the β-glucan backbone of xyloglucan, regardless of substitutions. Using dynamic viscosity measurements to compare the hemicellulolytic action ofGtLPMO9A-2 to that of a well-characterized hemicellulolytic LPMO,NcLPMO9C fromNeurospora crassarevealed thatGtLPMO9A-2 is more efficient in depolymerizing xyloglucan. These measurements also revealed minor activity on glucomannan that could not be detected by the analysis of soluble products by HPAEC-PAD and MS and that was lower than the activity ofNcLPMO9C. Experiments with copolymeric substrates showed an inhibitory effect of hemicellulose coating on cellulolytic LPMO activity and did not reveal additional activities ofGtLPMO9A-2. These results provide insight into the LPMO potential ofG. trabeumand provide a novel sensitive method, a measurement of dynamic viscosity, for monitoring LPMO activity.IMPORTANCECurrently, there are only a few methods available to analyze end products of lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase (LPMO) activity, the most common ones being liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. Here, we present an alternative and sensitive method based on measurement of dynamic viscosity for real-time continuous monitoring of LPMO activity in the presence of water-soluble hemicelluloses, such as xyloglucan. We have used both these novel and existing analytical methods to characterize a xyloglucan-active LPMO from a brown-rot fungus. This enzyme,GtLPMO9A-2, differs from previously characterized LPMOs in having broad substrate specificity, enabling almost random cleavage of the xyloglucan backbone.GtLPMO9A-2 acts preferentially on free xyloglucan, suggesting a preference for xyloglucan chains that tether cellulose fibers together. The xyloglucan-degrading potential ofGtLPMO9A-2 suggests a role in decreasing wood strength at the initial stage of brown rot through degradation of the primary cell wall.

scholarly journals Methoxy-deficient Structural Elements in Lignin of Sweetgum Decayed by a Brown-rot Fungus.

1970 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
pp. 3379-3390 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Kent Kirk ◽  
Erich Adler ◽  
Olof Wahlberg ◽  
Erik Larsen ◽  
Akira Shimizu
Keyword(s):  
Brown Rot ◽  
Structural Elements ◽  
Brown Rot Fungus

scholarly journals Particleboards from Recycled Thermally Modified Wood

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 1462
Author(s):  
Ján Iždinský ◽  
Zuzana Vidholdová ◽  
Ladislav Reinprecht
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Urea Formaldehyde ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Decay Resistance ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Modulus Of Rupture ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Serpula Lacrymans ◽  
Thermally Modified Wood ◽  
Modified Wood

In recent years, the production and consumption of thermally modified wood (TMW) has been increasing. Offcuts and other waste generated during TMWs processing into products, as well as already disposed products based on TMWs can be an input recycled raw material for production of particleboards (PBs). In a laboratory, 16 mm thick 3-layer PBs bonded with urea-formaldehyde (UF) resin were produced at 5.8 MPa, 240 °C and 8 s pressing factor. In PBs, the particles from fresh spruce wood and mixed particles from offcuts of pine, beech, and ash TMWs were combined in weight ratios of 100:0, 80:20, 50:50 and 0:100. Thickness swelling (TS) and water absorption (WA) of PBs decreased with increased portion of TMW particles, i.e., TS after 24 h maximally about 72.3% and WA after 24 h maximally about 64%. However, mechanical properties of PBs worsened proportionally with a higher content of recycled TMW—apparently, the modulus of rupture (MOR) up to 55.5% and internal bond (IB) up to 46.2%, while negative effect of TMW particles on the modulus of elasticity (MOE) was milder. Decay resistance of PBs to the brown-rot fungus Serpula lacrymans (Schumacher ex Fries) S.F.Gray increased if they contained TMW particles, maximally about 45%, while the mould resistance of PBs containing TMW particles improved only in the first days of test. In summary, the recycled TMW particles can improve the decay and water resistance of PBs exposed to higher humidity environment. However, worsening of their mechanical properties could appear, as well.

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