scholarly journals Changes in Respiratory Parameters and Fin-Swimming Performance Following a 16-Week Training Period with Intermittent Breath Holding

2015 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vasileios Stavrou ◽  
Argyris G. Toubekis ◽  
Eleni Karetsi
Keyword(s):  
Group Performance ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Arterial Oxygen Saturation ◽  
Respiratory Muscles ◽  
Arterial Oxygen ◽  
Breath Holding ◽  
Performance Time ◽  
Respiratory Parameters ◽  
Before And After ◽  
And Performance

Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of training with intermittent breath holding (IBH) on respiratory parameters, arterial oxygen saturation (SpO2) and performance. Twenty-eight fin-swimming athletes were randomly divided into two groups and followed the same training for 16 weeks. About 40% of the distance of each session was performed with self-selected breathing frequency (SBF group) or IBH (IBH group). Performance time of 50 and 400 m at maximum intensity was recorded and forced expired volume in 1 s (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC), peak expiratory flow (PEF) and SpO2 were measured before and after the 50 m test at baseline and post-training. Posttraining, the respiratory parameters were increased in the IBH but remained unchanged in the SBF group (FEV1: 17 ±15% vs. -1 ±11%; FVC: 22 ±13% vs. 1 ±10%; PEF: 9 ±14% vs. -4 ±15%; p<0.05). Pre compared to post-training SpO2 was unchanged at baseline and decreased post-training following the 50 m test in both groups (p<0.05). The reduction was higher in the IBH compared to the SBF group (p<0.05). Performance in the 50 and 400 m tests improved in both groups, however, the improvement was greater in the IBH compared to the SBF group in both 50 and 400 m tests (p<0.05). The use of IBH is likely to enhance the load on the respiratory muscles, thus, contributing to improvement of the respiratory parameters. Decreased SpO2 after IBH is likely due to adaptation to hypoventilation. IBH favours performance improvement at 50 and 400 m fin-swimming.

Causes of bradycardia with static respiratory hypoxia in athletes

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-36
Author(s):  
Yu. E. Vaguine
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Arterial Oxygen Saturation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Arterial Oxygen ◽  
Breath Holding ◽  
Basketball Players ◽  
Heart Rate Monitor ◽  
Arterial Blood

According to some literature data, during voluntary long-term breath holding (BH), the heart rate (HR) increases, and according to others, it decreases.Objective: to determine the psychophysiological parameters that cause a change in HR during BH in athletes with different resistance to respiratory hypoxia.Materials and methods: HR at BH was studied in 14 beginner athletes, 15 basketball players and 12 swimmers-divers. Duration of BH was recorded. The HR was recorded on a heart rate monitor. After recording an electrocardiogram, the standard deviation of the duration of cardiac cycles was calculated. The arterial oxygen saturation was measured with a pulse oximeter. The statistically significant values of the correlation coefficient (r) were ≥0.33 with p < 0.05.Results: it was found that out of 41 sportsmen, HR increased by more than 5 % in 4, changed insignificantly in 7 and decreased by less than 5 % in 30. Beginner athletes had tachycardia, and BH was quickly interrupted by an imperative inhalation. The saturation of arterial blood with oxygen did not change and did not affect the change in HR. The decrease in heart rate in swimmers-divers in comparison with the other two groups of people examined was statistically significant (p < 0.05). The duration of BH had a direct correlation (r = 0.5) with bradycardia in these people. The duration of BH caused (r = 0.8) hypoxia, the value of which also directly influenced (r = 0.38) the severity of bradycardia. In addition, the decrease in HR depended on high HR (r = 0.36) and low HR variability (r = 0.38) before BH.Conclusion: tachycardia occurs in beginner athletes who experience discomfort with BH. Bradycardia occurs in sportsmen with a long-term BH setting without discomfort. Sympathicotonia in the prelaunch state predetermines the severity of bradycardia in BH. The duration of BH and the resulting hypoxia provide the occurrence of bradycardia.

scholarly journals Beta alanine supplementation effects on metabolic contribution and swimming performance

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Matheus Silva Norberto ◽  
Ricardo Augusto Barbieri ◽  
Danilo Rodrigues Bertucci ◽  
Ronaldo Bucken Gobbi ◽  
Eduardo Zapaterra Campos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Controlled Study ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Repeated Measures Anova ◽  
Beta Alanine ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Difference ◽  
And Performance

Abstract Background Investigations of β-alanine supplementation shows effects on metabolic (aerobic and anaerobic) participation and performance on swimming by a possible blood acidosis buffering. Considering this background, the objective of the present study was to analyze the effects of β-alanine supplementation on metabolic contribution and performance during 400-m swim. Methods Thirteen competitive swimmers underwent a 6-week, double-blind placebo-controlled study, ingesting 4.8 g.day− 1 of β-alanine or placebo. Before and after the supplementation period, the total anaerobic contribution (TAn) and 30-s all-out tethered swimming effort (30TS) were assessed. Anaerobic alactic (AnAl) and lactic energy (AnLa) was assumed as the fast component of excess post-exercise oxygen consumption and net blood lactate accumulation during exercise (∆[La−]), respectively. Aerobic contribution (Aer) was determined by the difference between total energy demand and TAn. In addition to conventional statistical analysis (Repeated measures ANOVA; p > 0.05), a Bayesian repeated measures ANOVA was used to evidence the effect probability (BFincl). Results No differences and effects were found between groups, indicating no supplementation effects. Repeated measures ANOVA, with confirmation of effect, was indicate reduce in ∆Lactate (p: 0.001; BFincl: 25.02); absolute AnLa (p: 0.002; BFincl: 12.61), fatigue index (p > 0.001; BFincl: 63.25) and total anaerobic participation (p: 0.008; BFincl: 4.89). Conclusions Thus, the results demonstrated that all changes presented were evidenced as a result of exposure to the training period and β-alanine supplementation doesn’t affect metabolic contribution and performance during 400-m freestyle.

scholarly journals First Evaluation of a Newly Constructed Underwater Pulse Oximeter for Use in Breath-Holding Activities

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Mulder ◽  
Erika Schagatay ◽  
Arne Sieber
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Saturation ◽  
Pulse Oximeter ◽  
Arterial Oxygen Saturation ◽  
Dropout Rate ◽  
Arterial Oxygen ◽  
Breath Holding ◽  
Signal Loss ◽  
Physiological Variables ◽  
Dry Conditions ◽  
Pulse Oximeters

Studying risk factors in freediving, such as hypoxic blackout, requires development of new methods to enable remote underwater monitoring of physiological variables. We aimed to construct and evaluate a new water- and pressure proof pulse oximeter for use in freediving research. The study consisted of three parts: (I) A submersible pulse oximeter (SUB) was developed on a ruggedized platform for recording of physiological parameters in challenging environments. Two MAX30102 sensors were used to record plethysmograms, and included red and infra-red emitters, diode drivers, photodiode, photodiode amplifier, analog to digital converter, and controller. (II) We equipped 20 volunteers with two transmission pulse oximeters (TPULS) and SUB to the fingers. Arterial oxygen saturation (SpO2) and heart rate (HR) were recorded, while breathing room air (21% O2) and subsequently a hypoxic gas (10.7% O2) at rest in dry conditions. Bland-Altman analysis was used to evaluate bias and precision of SUB relative to SpO2 values from TPULS. (III) Six freedivers were monitored with one TPULS and SUB placed at the forehead, during a maximal effort immersed static apnea. For dry baseline measurements (n = 20), SpO2 bias ranged between −0.8 and −0.6%, precision between 1.0 and 1.5%; HR bias ranged between 1.1 and 1.0 bpm, precision between 1.4 and 1.9 bpm. For the hypoxic episode, SpO2 bias ranged between −2.5 and −3.6%, precision between 3.6 and 3.7%; HR bias ranged between 1.4 and 1.9 bpm, precision between 2.0 and 2.1 bpm. Freedivers (n = 6) performed an apnea of 184 ± 53 s. Desaturation- and resaturation response time of SpO2 was approximately 15 and 12 s shorter in SUB compared to TPULS, respectively. Lowest SpO2 values were 76 ± 10% for TPULS and 74 ± 13% for SUB. HR traces for both pulse oximeters showed similar patterns. For static apneas, dropout rate was larger for SUB (18%) than for TPULS (&lt;1%). SUB produced similar SpO2 and HR values as TPULS, both during normoxic and hypoxic breathing (n = 20), and submersed static apneas (n = 6). SUB responds more quickly to changes in oxygen saturation when sensors were placed at the forehead. Further development of SUB is needed to limit signal loss, and its function should be tested at greater depth and lower saturation.

scholarly journals Effects of PDE3 Inhibitor Olprinone on the Respiratory Parameters, Inflammation, and Apoptosis in an Experimental Model of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (9) ◽  
pp. 3382
Author(s):  
Petra Kosutova ◽  
Pavol Mikolka ◽  
Sona Balentova ◽  
Marian Adamkov ◽  
Andrea Calkovska ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome ◽  
Respiratory Distress Syndrome ◽  
Respiratory Distress ◽  
Distress Syndrome ◽  
Arterial Oxygen Saturation ◽  
Oxygenation Index ◽  
Arterial Oxygen ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Respiratory Parameters ◽  
Pde3 Inhibitor

This study aimed to investigate whether a selective phosphodiesterase-3 (PDE3) inhibitor olprinone can positively influence the inflammation, apoptosis, and respiratory parameters in animals with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) model induced by repetitive saline lung lavage. Adult rabbits were divided into 3 groups: ARDS without therapy (ARDS), ARDS treated with olprinone i.v. (1 mg/kg; ARDS/PDE3), and healthy ventilated controls (Control), and were oxygen-ventilated for the following 4 h. Dynamic lung–thorax compliance (Cdyn), mean airway pressure (MAP), arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2), alveolar-arterial gradient (AAG), ratio between partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood to a fraction of inspired oxygen (PaO2/FiO2), oxygenation index (OI), and ventilation efficiency index (VEI) were evaluated every hour. Post mortem, inflammatory and oxidative markers (interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, a receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE), IL-10, total antioxidant capacity (TAC), 3-nitrotyrosine (3NT), and malondialdehyde (MDA) and apoptosis (apoptotic index and caspase-3) were assessed in the lung tissue. Treatment with olprinone reduced the release of inflammatory mediators and markers of oxidative damage decreased apoptosis of epithelial cells and improved respiratory parameters. The results indicate a future potential of PDE3 inhibitors also in the therapy of ARDS.

Pulmonary diffusing capacity and capillary blood flow during forward acceleration

1965 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 1199-1204 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gordon G. Power ◽  
Richard W. Hyde ◽  
Raymond J. Sever ◽  
Frederic G. Hoppin ◽  
Jean R. Nairn
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Arterial Oxygen Saturation ◽  
Capillary Blood ◽  
Capillary Blood Flow ◽  
Arterial Oxygen ◽  
Breath Holding ◽  
Diffusing Capacity ◽  
Pulmonary Diffusing Capacity ◽  
Control Value ◽  
Initial Control

We studied possible causes of the decreased arterial oxygen saturation seen when a subject is accelerated in a centrifuge by measuring simultaneously the pulmonary diffusing capacity, DlCO, and the effective pulmonary capillary blood flow, Qc, using breath-holding techniques with carbon monoxide and acetylene. After 1 min of forward ("eyeballs in") acceleration at eight times normal gravity, 8 G, average Dl decreased 35% from an initial control of 33.7 to 21.5 ml/(min x mm Hg) in four subjects. Although this decrease was statistically significant, the values observed were not low enough to indicate that impaired diffusion was a prime cause of arterial unsaturation. Average Qc decreased 35% during acceleration from an initial control value of 12.9 to 8.2 liters/min, also a significant change. These values may have indicated that total pulmonary blood flow was reduced, but a more likely explanation is that a large portion of pulmonary flow perfused nonventilated regions. Dl and Qc returned toward initial control levels within 8 min after acceleration in most instances. lung volume during acceleration Submitted on March 1, 1965

scholarly journals Reversed Effects of Intermittent Theta Burst Stimulation following Motor Training That Vary as a Function of Training-Induced Changes in Corticospinal Excitability

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tino Stöckel ◽  
Jeffery J. Summers ◽  
Mark R. Hinder
Keyword(s):  
Motor Learning ◽  
Sham Group ◽  
Group Performance ◽  
Motor Task ◽  
Corticospinal Excitability ◽  
Theta Burst Stimulation ◽  
Burst Stimulation ◽  
Before And After ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Theta Burst

Intermittent theta burst stimulation (iTBS) has the potential to enhance corticospinal excitability (CSE) and subsequent motor learning. However, the effects of iTBS following motor learning are unknown. The purpose of the present study was to explore the effect of iTBS on CSE and performance following motor learning. Therefore twenty-four healthy participants practiced a ballistic motor task for a total of 150 movements. iTBS was subsequently applied to the trained motor cortex (STIM group) or the vertex (SHAM group). Performance and CSE were assessed before motor learning and before and after iTBS. Training significantly increased performance and CSE in both groups. In STIM group participants, subsequent iTBS significantly reduced motor performance with smaller reductions in CSE. CSE changes as a result of motor learning were negatively correlated with both the CSE changes and performance changes as a result of iTBS. No significant effects of iTBS were found for SHAM group participants. We conclude that iTBS has the potential to degrade prior motor learning as a function of training-induced CSE changes. That means the expected LTP-like effects of iTBS are reversed following motor learning.

Involuntary breathing movements improve cerebral oxygenation during apnea struggle phase in elite divers

2009 ◽  
Vol 107 (6) ◽  
pp. 1840-1846 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zeljko Dujic ◽  
Lovro Uglesic ◽  
Toni Breskovic ◽  
Zoran Valic ◽  
Karsten Heusser ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mean Arterial Pressure ◽  
Arterial Pressure ◽  
Blood Volume ◽  
Cerebral Blood Volume ◽  
Arterial Oxygen Saturation ◽  
Arterial Oxygen ◽  
Breath Holding ◽  
Breath Hold ◽  
Peripheral Vasoconstriction ◽  
Total Hemoglobin

We investigated whether the involuntary breathing movements (IBM) during the struggle phase of breath holding, together with peripheral vasoconstriction and progressive hypercapnia, have a positive effect in maintaining cerebral blood volume. The central hemodynamics, arterial oxygen saturation, brain regional oxyhemoglobin (bHbO2), deoxyhemoglobin, and total hemoglobin changes and IBM were monitored during maximal dry breath holds in eight elite divers. The frequency of IBM increased (by ∼100%), and their duration decreased (∼30%), toward the end of the struggle phase, whereas the amplitude was unchanged (compared with the beginning of the struggle phase). In all subjects, a consistent increase in brain regional deoxyhemoglobin and total hemoglobin was also found during struggle phase, whereas bHbO2 changed biphasically: it initially increased until the middle of the struggle phase, with the subsequent relative decline at the end of the breath hold. Mean arterial pressure was elevated during the struggle phase, although there was no further rise in the peripheral resistance, suggesting unchanged peripheral vasoconstriction and implying the beneficial influence of the IBM on the cardiac output recovery (primarily by restoration of the stroke volume). The IBM-induced short-lasting, sudden increases in mean arterial pressure were followed by similar oscillations in bHbO2. These results suggest that an increase in the cerebral blood volume observed during the struggle phase of dry apnea is most likely caused by the IBM at the time of the hypercapnia-induced cerebral vasodilatation and peripheral vasoconstriction.

Effects of altering O2 delivery on VO2 of isolated, working muscle

1976 ◽  
Vol 230 (2) ◽  
pp. 327-334 ◽  
Author(s):  
DH Horstman ◽  
M Gleser ◽  
J Delehunt
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Oxygen Delivery ◽  
Muscle Blood Flow ◽  
Arterial Oxygen Saturation ◽  
Maximal Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Hemoglobin Concentration ◽  
Arterial Oxygen ◽  
Vo2 Max ◽  
Before And After ◽  
O2 Delivery

Maximal oxygen consumption (VO2 max) and muscle blood flow (Q max) were measured in an isolated gracilis muscle preparation before and after alteration in perfusion pressure (BP), arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2), and hemoglobin concentration (Hb). Q varied directly with BP and inversely with Hb (viscosity) but was unaffected by changes in arterial SaO2. VO2 max varied directly with oxygen delivery under all conditions. These results indicate that VO2 max is normally limited by oxygen delivery rather than any intrinsic limiting of oxygen consumption of the muscle.

S248 – Supraglottoplasty for Laryngomalacia with Sleep Apnea

2008 ◽  
Vol 139 (2_suppl) ◽  
pp. P158-P158
Author(s):  
Mark E Zafereo ◽  
Rodney J Taylor ◽  
Kevin D Pereira
Keyword(s):  
Obstructive Sleep Apnea ◽  
Sleep Apnea ◽  
Arterial Oxygen Saturation ◽  
Arterial Oxygen ◽  
Apnea Hypopnea Index ◽  
Obstructive Apnea ◽  
Respiratory Parameters ◽  
Obstructive Sleep ◽  
Respiratory Disturbance ◽  
Student’S T

Objectives To determine if supraglottoplasty is effective in reversing abnormal respiratory parameters in children with laryngomalacia and obstructive sleep apnea. Methods 10 patients with laryngomalacia and obstructive sleep apnea as documented by polysomnography underwent supraglottoplasty at a tertiary referral children's hospital between 2005 and 2007. Retrospective data collection included age, findings on flexible and rigid endoscopy, type of procedure performed, and postoperative course. The postoperative polysomnographies were reviewed to identify changes in obstructive apnea index (OAI), obstructive apnea/hypopnea index (OAHI), respiratory disturbance index (RDI), and low arterial oxygen saturation (O2 nadir) after supraglottoplasty. Pre- and postoperative mean data were calculated, and comparisons were made with a Student's T-test. Results All 10 patients were successfully extubated following supraglottoplasty. There were no perioperative or postoperative complications, and no patient required a subsequent airway procedure. Each patient had a postoperative nocturnal polysomnography performed following supraglottoplasty at 11 weeks (range 2–29 weeks). Caregivers reported mild improvement (10%), significant improvement (70%), and complete resolution (20%) of stridor and nocturnal snoring at a follow-up visit 4 weeks after hospital discharge. Marked improvements were observed in OAI, OAHI, RDI and O2 nadir, all of which were statistically significant (p<0.05). Conclusions Polysomnography should be included in the initial evaluation of infants with laryngomalacia to rule out obstructive sleep apnea. Supraglottoplasty is an effective treatment for infants with laryngomalacia and obstructive sleep apnea. The significant benefits of the procedure outweigh the low morbidity. Improvement after surgery can be reliably confirmed by polysomnography.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document