Involuntary breathing movements improve cerebral oxygenation during apnea struggle phase in elite divers

2009 ◽  
Vol 107 (6) ◽  
pp. 1840-1846 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zeljko Dujic ◽  
Lovro Uglesic ◽  
Toni Breskovic ◽  
Zoran Valic ◽  
Karsten Heusser ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mean Arterial Pressure ◽  
Arterial Pressure ◽  
Blood Volume ◽  
Cerebral Blood Volume ◽  
Arterial Oxygen Saturation ◽  
Arterial Oxygen ◽  
Breath Holding ◽  
Breath Hold ◽  
Peripheral Vasoconstriction ◽  
Total Hemoglobin

We investigated whether the involuntary breathing movements (IBM) during the struggle phase of breath holding, together with peripheral vasoconstriction and progressive hypercapnia, have a positive effect in maintaining cerebral blood volume. The central hemodynamics, arterial oxygen saturation, brain regional oxyhemoglobin (bHbO2), deoxyhemoglobin, and total hemoglobin changes and IBM were monitored during maximal dry breath holds in eight elite divers. The frequency of IBM increased (by ∼100%), and their duration decreased (∼30%), toward the end of the struggle phase, whereas the amplitude was unchanged (compared with the beginning of the struggle phase). In all subjects, a consistent increase in brain regional deoxyhemoglobin and total hemoglobin was also found during struggle phase, whereas bHbO2 changed biphasically: it initially increased until the middle of the struggle phase, with the subsequent relative decline at the end of the breath hold. Mean arterial pressure was elevated during the struggle phase, although there was no further rise in the peripheral resistance, suggesting unchanged peripheral vasoconstriction and implying the beneficial influence of the IBM on the cardiac output recovery (primarily by restoration of the stroke volume). The IBM-induced short-lasting, sudden increases in mean arterial pressure were followed by similar oscillations in bHbO2. These results suggest that an increase in the cerebral blood volume observed during the struggle phase of dry apnea is most likely caused by the IBM at the time of the hypercapnia-induced cerebral vasodilatation and peripheral vasoconstriction.

Quantitation of cerebral blood volume in human infants by near-infrared spectroscopy

1990 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 1086-1091 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. S. Wyatt ◽  
M. Cope ◽  
D. T. Delpy ◽  
C. E. Richardson ◽  
A. D. Edwards ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Volume ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Cerebral Blood Volume ◽  
Arterial Oxygen Saturation ◽  
Newborn Infants ◽  
Nir Spectroscopy ◽  
Hemoglobin Concentration ◽  
Large Vessel ◽  
Arterial Oxygen ◽  
Human Infants

Current methods for measuring cerebral blood volume (CBV) in newborn infants are unsatisfactory. A new method is described in which the effect of a small change (5-10%) in arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2) on cerebral oxyhemoglobin [HbO2] and deoxyhemoglobin [Hb] concentration is observed by near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy. Previous experiments in which the NIR absorption characteristics of HbO2 and Hb and the pathlength of NIR light through the brain were defined allowed changes in [HbO2] and [Hb] to be quantified from the Beer-Lambert law. It is shown here that CBV can then be derived from the expression CBV = (delta[HbO2] - delta[Hb])/(2. delta SaO2.H.R.), where H is the large vessel total hemoglobin concentration and R to the cerebral-to-large vessel hematocrit ratio. Observations on 12 newborn infants with normal brains, born at 25-40 wk of gestation and aged 10-240 h, gave a mean value for CBV of 2.22 +/- 0.40 (SD) ml/100 g, whereas mean CBV was significantly higher 3.00 +/- 1.04 ml/100 g in 10 infants with brain injury born at 24 to 42 wk of gestation and aged 4-168 h (P less than 0.05).

scholarly journals A comparison of administration of oral chloral hydrate with intranasal dexmedetomidine in sedation of children to perform electroencephalography

2021 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-21
Author(s):  
Masoumeh Borhani ◽  
Mohammadreza Habibzadeh ◽  
Amir Shafa
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Mean Arterial Pressure ◽  
Arterial Pressure ◽  
Oxygen Saturation ◽  
Respiratory Rate ◽  
Chloral Hydrate ◽  
Arterial Oxygen Saturation ◽  
Arterial Oxygen ◽  
P Value ◽  
Significant Difference

Background: Electroencephalography is a record of the electrical activity of the brain that is used to diagnose brain dysfunction and to determine the location of brain injury and to determine seizure activity. There is. The sedative medication used should not only have an effect on the brain’s electrical activity, but it also calms the baby. Since there have been no studies to compare the effects of intranasal oral hydrate and dexmedetomidine on sedation in children for electroencephalography, this study aimed to compare the effects of intranasal intravenous dexmedetomidine with intramuscular dexmedetomidine on electroencephalography in children. Methods: This clinical trial study was performed on 62 children candidates for electroencephalography in Imam Hossein Pediatric Hospital in Isfahan. Age, weight, and clinical data including sedation score, mean arterial pressure, respiratory rate, arterial oxygen saturation, and heart rate at pre-medication times, 15, 30, 45, and 60 minutes after drug administration. And analyzed. Results: The mean age of the children candidates for electroencephalography was 16.90 ± 1.32, out of which 35 (56.5%) were male. The results showed no significant difference between the two groups in terms of sedation, mean arterial pressure, respiratory rate, and percentage of arterial oxygen saturation (p> 0.05). But the difference between the two groups was statistically significant for the variable heart rate. Heart rate was significantly lower in group B (dexmedetomidine group) than in group A (oral chlorate hydrate group) (p-value = 0.032), and time as an influencing factor in changing mean sedimentation, mean arterial pressure, respiratory rate, and heart rate (p-value <0.05). But there was no significant effect on the change in arterial oxygen saturation percentage (p = 0.478). Conclusion: Chloral hydrate administration was more effective than intranasal dexmedetomidine treatment in maintaining heart rate but overall the results showed no significant difference between the two groups in terms of clinical data and child sedation score in the two groups. Was.

Causes of bradycardia with static respiratory hypoxia in athletes

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-36
Author(s):  
Yu. E. Vaguine
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Arterial Oxygen Saturation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Arterial Oxygen ◽  
Breath Holding ◽  
Basketball Players ◽  
Heart Rate Monitor ◽  
Arterial Blood

According to some literature data, during voluntary long-term breath holding (BH), the heart rate (HR) increases, and according to others, it decreases.Objective: to determine the psychophysiological parameters that cause a change in HR during BH in athletes with different resistance to respiratory hypoxia.Materials and methods: HR at BH was studied in 14 beginner athletes, 15 basketball players and 12 swimmers-divers. Duration of BH was recorded. The HR was recorded on a heart rate monitor. After recording an electrocardiogram, the standard deviation of the duration of cardiac cycles was calculated. The arterial oxygen saturation was measured with a pulse oximeter. The statistically significant values of the correlation coefficient (r) were ≥0.33 with p < 0.05.Results: it was found that out of 41 sportsmen, HR increased by more than 5 % in 4, changed insignificantly in 7 and decreased by less than 5 % in 30. Beginner athletes had tachycardia, and BH was quickly interrupted by an imperative inhalation. The saturation of arterial blood with oxygen did not change and did not affect the change in HR. The decrease in heart rate in swimmers-divers in comparison with the other two groups of people examined was statistically significant (p < 0.05). The duration of BH had a direct correlation (r = 0.5) with bradycardia in these people. The duration of BH caused (r = 0.8) hypoxia, the value of which also directly influenced (r = 0.38) the severity of bradycardia. In addition, the decrease in HR depended on high HR (r = 0.36) and low HR variability (r = 0.38) before BH.Conclusion: tachycardia occurs in beginner athletes who experience discomfort with BH. Bradycardia occurs in sportsmen with a long-term BH setting without discomfort. Sympathicotonia in the prelaunch state predetermines the severity of bradycardia in BH. The duration of BH and the resulting hypoxia provide the occurrence of bradycardia.

Blood Volume Changes in Patients With Cystic Fibrosis

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1977 ◽  
Vol 59 (4) ◽  
pp. 588-594
Author(s):  
Amnon Rosenthal ◽  
Lawrence N. Button ◽  
Kon Taik Khaw
Keyword(s):  
Cystic Fibrosis ◽  
Blood Volume ◽  
Arterial Oxygen Saturation ◽  
Hemoglobin Concentration ◽  
Pulmonary Involvement ◽  
Progressive Increase ◽  
Cor Pulmonale ◽  
Arterial Oxygen ◽  
Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin ◽  
Total Blood

Simultaneous red blood cell (RBC) and plasma volume determinations were obtained in 16 patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) and moderately severe pulmonary involvement. Hypervolemia with an increase in both RBC and plasma volumes was observed. Changes in blood volume were marked when values were indexed by weight but less significant when indexed by height. Decreasing systemic arterial oxygen saturation was associated with a progressive increase in RBC mass, hematocrit value, and hemoglobin level and a decrease in mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration. RBC and total blood volumes were highest in patients with cor pulmonale and congestive heart failure. However, the compensatory polycythemic response in patients with CF was inadequate when compared with the response to hypoxemia in patients with cyanotic congenital heart disease. The insufficient oxygen-carrying capacity may compromise tissue oxygen delivery and necessitate treatment.

Mechanism and pharmacology of endotoxin shock in sheep

1963 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 544-552 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. F. J. Halmagyi ◽  
B. Starzecki ◽  
G. J. Horner
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Output ◽  
Arterial Pressure ◽  
Arterial Oxygen Saturation ◽  
Lung Compliance ◽  
Systemic Arterial Pressure ◽  
Endotoxin Shock ◽  
Arterial Oxygen ◽  
Marked Rise ◽  
Pulmonary Arterial ◽  
Pressure Fall

The cardiopulmonary consequences of coli-lipopolysaccharide and staphylococcus toxin administration were studied in sheep. Circulatory changes consisted mainly of a marked rise in pulmonary arterial and pulmonary arterial wedge pressure (with left atrial pressure unchanged), and a fall in cardiac output and in systemic arterial pressure. Fall in the latter closely followed the onset of pulmonary hypertension. The respiratory response consisted mainly of a severe fall in lung compliance produced by terminal airway closure. Continued perfusion of the nonventilated alveoli resulted in venous admixture. Premedication with antihistaminic, antiserotonin, or adrenolytic agents failed to affect the response. Norepinephrine or hypertensin administered after toxin injection had virtually no effect while isoproterenol treatment reduced pulmonary arterial pressure, increased cardiac output, arterial oxygen saturation, and, in cases of endotoxin shock, promptly raised systemic arterial pressure. Endotoxin-resistant sheep proved nonresponsive to minor pulmonary embolism and to incompatible blood transfusion. It is suggested that a common mediator agent is responsible for the similar cardiopulmonary consequences of these three diverse conditions. Submitted on November 26, 1962

scholarly journals Changes in Respiratory Parameters and Fin-Swimming Performance Following a 16-Week Training Period with Intermittent Breath Holding

2015 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vasileios Stavrou ◽  
Argyris G. Toubekis ◽  
Eleni Karetsi
Keyword(s):  
Group Performance ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Arterial Oxygen Saturation ◽  
Respiratory Muscles ◽  
Arterial Oxygen ◽  
Breath Holding ◽  
Performance Time ◽  
Respiratory Parameters ◽  
Before And After ◽  
And Performance

Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of training with intermittent breath holding (IBH) on respiratory parameters, arterial oxygen saturation (SpO2) and performance. Twenty-eight fin-swimming athletes were randomly divided into two groups and followed the same training for 16 weeks. About 40% of the distance of each session was performed with self-selected breathing frequency (SBF group) or IBH (IBH group). Performance time of 50 and 400 m at maximum intensity was recorded and forced expired volume in 1 s (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC), peak expiratory flow (PEF) and SpO2 were measured before and after the 50 m test at baseline and post-training. Posttraining, the respiratory parameters were increased in the IBH but remained unchanged in the SBF group (FEV1: 17 ±15% vs. -1 ±11%; FVC: 22 ±13% vs. 1 ±10%; PEF: 9 ±14% vs. -4 ±15%; p<0.05). Pre compared to post-training SpO2 was unchanged at baseline and decreased post-training following the 50 m test in both groups (p<0.05). The reduction was higher in the IBH compared to the SBF group (p<0.05). Performance in the 50 and 400 m tests improved in both groups, however, the improvement was greater in the IBH compared to the SBF group in both 50 and 400 m tests (p<0.05). The use of IBH is likely to enhance the load on the respiratory muscles, thus, contributing to improvement of the respiratory parameters. Decreased SpO2 after IBH is likely due to adaptation to hypoventilation. IBH favours performance improvement at 50 and 400 m fin-swimming.

scholarly journals Polycythemia Associated with Disturbed Function of the Respiratory Center

Blood ◽  
1956 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 1077-1084 ◽  
Author(s):  
PETER PARE ◽  
LOUIS LOWENSTEIN
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Saturation ◽  
Blood Volume ◽  
Unusual Case ◽  
Arterial Oxygen Saturation ◽  
Respiratory Center ◽  
Arterial Oxygen ◽  
Disturbed Function

Abstract 1. An unusual case of absolute polycythemia associated with hypoxemia, probably resulting from abnormal function of the respiratory center has been presented. 2. The mechanism of development of this type of polycythemia has been discussed. 3. A classification of polycythemia on the basis of blood volume and arterial oxygen saturation has been suggested.

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