Structural and thermal properties of the amaranth starch granule obtained by high-impact wet milling

2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Diego Fernando Roa Acosta ◽  
José Fernando Solanilla Duque ◽  
Lina Marcela Agudelo Laverde ◽  
Héctor Samuel Villada Castillo ◽  
Marcela Patricia Tolaba
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Properties ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Starch Granule ◽  
Amorphous Region ◽  
Extraction Yield ◽  
High Impact ◽  
Degree Of Crystallinity ◽  
Wet Milling ◽  
Starch Structure ◽  
Structure Changes

AbstractIn this study, amaranth starch was extracted by high-impact wet milling and its structural and thermal properties and the effect of NaOH and SDS concentrations on extraction yield were evaluated. The best condition was 55 g of starch/100 g of amaranth, with a decrease from 2.5 to 3.5 kJ/g using different milling energies. The decrease in the protein content of the starch granule is due to an effect of the interaction between surfactant and alkali, preventing the destruction of granules. All starches presented a degree of crystallinity between 21 and 28%. The internal structural changes of the starch granule were monitored by attenuated total reflectance - Fourier-transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) in the region of 990 to 1060 cm−1. Spectra showed significant differences between the peaks at 1032 and 1005 cm−1, corresponding to the crystalline/amorphous region of the starch structure. Changes in viscosity profiles were observed between 0.302 and 1.163 Pa s.

Effect of Alkaline Pretreatment on Cellulosic Structural Changes of Paulownia

2013 ◽  
Vol 781-784 ◽  
pp. 947-951 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yao Jie Deng ◽  
Yuan Cai Lv ◽  
Jia Qi Cheng ◽  
Yuan Cai Chen
Keyword(s):  
Structural Changes ◽  
Amorphous Region ◽  
Alkaline Pretreatment ◽  
Enzyme Hydrolysis ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Dilute Acid Pretreatment ◽  
Dilute Acid ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Acid Pretreatment ◽  
Structure Changes

Four different concentrations of alkaline solution for pretreatment of Paulownia biomass were comparatively studied. The extracted celluloses were characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared spectra (FTIR) for changes of the chemical group, as well as X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The four samples were untreated biomass, treated with 2%, 4% and 6%peroxide alkaline, and thena comparison between alkaline and dilute acid pretreatment on those indexes were conducted. FTIR spectra results suggested that NaOH could mainly work on lignin of the raw material while the dilute acid work on hemicellulose. The CrI of acid pretreatment and alkaline pretreatment increased to 0.5467 and 0.6395 respectively comparing with the value of 0.4347 of raw material. The XRD results suggested that both of them could act on amorphous region firstly. The SEM micrographs showed the visual structure changes of this progress. The results of enzyme hydrolysis showed 93.3% and 90.6% of the potential glucose and xylose were recovered in the pretreated biomass at 6% NaOH that proved the effects of the NaOH on cellulose structural.

scholarly journals Preparation and Characterization of Talc Filled Thermoplastic Polyurethane/Polypropylene Blends

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emi Govorčin Bajsić ◽  
Vesna Rek ◽  
Ivana Ćosić
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Properties ◽  
Thermoplastic Polyurethane ◽  
Mechanical Analysis ◽  
Degree Of Crystallinity ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Polypropylene Blends ◽  
Pp Blends ◽  
The Degree Of Crystallinity ◽  
Better Than

The effect of the addition of talc on the morphology and thermal properties of blends of thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) and polypropylene (PP) was investigated. The blends of TPU and PP are incompatible because of large differences in polarities between the nonpolar crystalline PP and polar TPU and high interfacial tensions. The interaction between TPU and PP can be improved by using talc as reinforcing filler. The morphology was observed by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The thermal properties of the neat polymers and unfilled and talc filled TPU/PP blends were studied by using dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The addition of talc in TPU/PP blends improved miscibility in all investigated TPU/T/PP blends. The DSC results for talc filled TPU/PP blends show that the degree of crystallinity increased, which is due to the nucleating effect induced by talc particles. The reason for the increased storage modulus of blends with the incorporation of talc is due to the improved interface between polymers and filler. According to TGA results, the addition of talc enhanced thermal stability. The homogeneity of the talc filled TPU/PP blends is better than unfilled TPU/PP blends.

Effect of Hybrid Fillers on the Thermal Properties of UHMWPE/Chitosan-ZnO Composites

2015 ◽  
Vol 754-755 ◽  
pp. 71-76
Author(s):  
Mohd Firdaus Omar ◽  
Lu Yew Wei ◽  
Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah ◽  
Kamarudin Hussin
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Properties ◽  
Hybrid Composites ◽  
Degree Of Crystallinity ◽  
Reinforced Composites ◽  
Compression Technique ◽  
Melting Temperatures ◽  
Fusion Enthalpy ◽  
Reinforced Composite ◽  
Hybrid Fillers ◽  
Loss Level

In this work, UHMWPE reinforced composites containing hybrid zinc oxide (ZnO) and chitosan particles were prepared via the hot compression technique. The effect of ZnO contents (10, 20, 30 wt.%) and chitosan contents (1, 2, 3 wt.%) on the thermal properties of UHMWPE/ZnO and UHMWPE/Chitosan-ZnO reinforced composites were successfully investigated using DSC and TGA analysis, respectively. Based on DSC results, both UHMWPE/ZnO and hybrid composites did not record significant changes in the melting temperatures (Tm). The heat fusion enthalpy (Hm) and degree of crystallinity (Xc) of hybrid composites were found to be higher than UHMWPE/ZnO composites. As the TGA results shown, hybrid composites were also found to have higher thermal stability than UHMWPE/ZnO composites at 10 % and 50 % weight loss level. Overall, the UHMWPE/ZnO + 3 wt.% Chitosan hybrid reinforced composite recorded comparable mechanical properties and better thermal properties than neat UHMWPE.

Technique to Measure Adhesive Forces Between Electrospun Nanofibers

2009 ◽  
Vol 1240 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qiang Shi ◽  
Kai-Tak Wan ◽  
Shing-Chung Wong ◽  
Pei Chen ◽  
Todd A. Blackledge
Keyword(s):  
Unit Area ◽  
Fiber Diameter ◽  
Electrospun Nanofibers ◽  
Amorphous Region ◽  
Adhesive Force ◽  
Degree Of Crystallinity ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Ultrafine Fibers ◽  
Dry Adhesion ◽  
Adhesive Forces

AbstractDue to the difficulty in handling nanofibers, little is reported and understood on the dry adhesion between electrospun nanofibers. In this study, we develop a technique to measure the dry adhesive forces between electrospun nanofibers. Of critical importance is the ability to mimic naturally occurring dry adhesion such as that between gecko's and spider's foot hairs and untreated surfaces. The adhesion test was performed on two poly(e-caprolactone) electrospun ultrafine fibers using a nanoforce tensile tester. It was found that the adhesive force per unit area increased with decreasing fiber diameter. The degree of crystallinity, order parameters of macromolecules in the amorphous region and crystallite orientation of the spun fibers were determined by the differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and wide angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD). The high measured adhesion between single PCL fibers in comparison to other reported values was attributed to crystal orientation due to electrospinning and the increase of adhesive force per unit area with decreasing fiber diameter.

scholarly journals Struktur Hasil Translokasi Bangunan Vernakular Jawa Timur di Kampoeng Djawi Wonosalam

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 49-60
Author(s):  
Yohanes Vincent Mahendar Bagaskara ◽  
◽  
Yusfan Adeputera Yusran ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Structural Changes ◽  
Ex Situ Conservation ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Tourist Destination ◽  
Structure Changes ◽  
New Locations ◽  
Vernacular Building ◽  
Qualitative Descriptive ◽  
Vernacular Buildings ◽  
Descriptive Method

Vernacular buildings in Indonesia, especially vernacular buildings of East Java, are increasingly diminishing. Many efforts have been made to maintain the existence of vernacular buildings, one of which is ex-situ conservation by re-using it adaptively as a tourist destination as found in Kampoeng Djawi Wonosalam. Translocation of vernacular buildings to new locations and new function causes changes in vernacular buildings, particularly in its structure. Changes occur as an adaption to new locations and new activities that will be accommodated. The objective of this paper is to describe the structural changes in vernacular buildings as the result of translocation. Qualitative descriptive method is used to find the structural changes, so the results obtained are actual facts. Changes that occur then analyzed with the concept of adaptive exoskeleton building. According to the results of observations and analysis, changes that occur in vernacular building translocation are caused by resilience, safety, and visual factors, as well as fulfillment of new activities.

scholarly journals Structural Changes of Mo/ZSM-5 Catalysts During the Methane Dehydroaromatization

2009 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z.R. Ismagilov ◽  
E.V. Matus ◽  
I.Z. Ismagilov ◽  
M.A. Kerzhentsev ◽  
V.I. Zailovskii ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Atomic Ratio ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Reducing Atmosphere ◽  
Structure Changes ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Methane Dehydroaromatization ◽  
Naoh Treatment ◽  
Mo Content

<p>The structure changes of Mo/ZSM-5 catalysts with different Mo content (2 and 10 wt. % Mo) and Si/Al atomic ratio (17, 30 and 45) during the methane dehydroaromatization have been investigated by X-ray powder diffractometry, N<sub>2</sub> adsorption and transmission electron microscopy. The treatment of Mo/ZSM-5 catalysts in reducing atmosphere (CH<sub>4</sub> or H<sub>2</sub>) at about 700 °C promotes development of mesoporous system. The pores are open to the exterior of the zeolite grain and have an entrance diameter of ~ 4-10 nm. It is proposed that mesopore formation in Mo/ZSM-5 catalyst is connected with the dealumination of zeolite. The mesopore formation in the parent H-ZSM-5 zeolite by NaOH treatment does not improve the activity of /ZSM-5 catalyst.</p>

scholarly journals Genome size drives morphological evolution in organ-specific ways

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael W Itgen ◽  
Dustin S Siegel ◽  
Stanley K Sessions ◽  
Rachel Lockridge Mueller
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Genome Size ◽  
Cell Size ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Morphological Evolution ◽  
Empty Space ◽  
Developmental Rate ◽  
Cellular Interactions ◽  
Structure Changes ◽  
Organ Specific

Morphogenesis is an emergent property of biochemical and cellular interactions during development. Genome size and the correlated trait of cell size can influence these interactions through its effects on developmental rate and tissue geometry, ultimately driving the evolution of morphology. We tested the effects of genome size and body size evolution on heart and liver morphology using nine species of the salamander genus Plethodon (genome sizes 29.3-67 Gb). Our results show that whole organ size is determined by body size, whereas tissue structure changes dramatically with evolutionary increases in genome size. In the heart, increased genome size is correlated with a reduction of myocardia in the ventricle, yielding proportionally less force-producing mass and more empty space. In the liver, increased genome size is correlated with fewer and larger vascular structures, positioning hepatocytes farther from the circulatory vessels that transport key metabolites. Although these structural changes should have obvious impacts on organ function, their effects on organismal performance and fitness are likely negligible because low metabolic rates in salamanders relax selective pressure on key metabolic organ performance. Overall, this study reveals the effects of large genome and cell size on the developmental systems producing the heart and liver.

Effect of Acid Modification on the Properties of Potato Starch Pastes and Starch Film

2011 ◽  
Vol 287-290 ◽  
pp. 2648-2651
Author(s):  
Wen Yu Wang ◽  
Xin Jin ◽  
Shuan Qing Hou ◽  
Yu Feng Zhang ◽  
Xiao Xu Sha
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Thermal Properties ◽  
Treatment Time ◽  
Potato Starch ◽  
Amorphous Region ◽  
Starch Granules ◽  
Acid Modification ◽  
Crystallization Region ◽  
Starch Films

The effect of acid modification using 1mol/L HCl on viscosity, thermal properties and mechanical properties of potato starch pastes and starch film were investigated. After acid modification, the surface of starch granules did not show more roughness and viscosity of starch pastes become lower. The results of DSC indicated that acid should act on amorphous region of starch firstly and would act on the crystallization region with the longer treatment time. In the very close viscosity scope, the mechanical properties of starch films were increased obviously after acid modification.

scholarly journals AN ALTERNATIVE APPROACH OF INPUT-OUTPUT TABLES TO DYNAMIC STRUCTURE CHANGES IN KOREAN IT INDUSTRIES

2013 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 257-271 ◽  
Author(s):  
Byung-Sun Cho ◽  
Sang Sup Cho ◽  
Jungmann Lee
Keyword(s):  
Structural Changes ◽  
Impact Analysis ◽  
Consumer Preferences ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Dynamic Structure ◽  
Input Output ◽  
It Industry ◽  
Current Time ◽  
Structure Changes ◽  
Industry Policy

The structure of the IT industry has always evolved in line with technological progresses and changes in consumer preferences, as well as with regulatory trends. This is why, when assessing the effect that a new technology or industry policy may have on the national economy, companies and policy-makers need to consider dynamic structural changes affecting the IT industry. One of the most popular existing methods for economic impact analysis is based on a traditional input-output table, and is conducted over a period between the current time and a given time in the future. In this study, we compare the accuracy of RAS and Cross Entropy (CE), the two most widely employed methods for updating input-output (IO) tables, by applying them to Korean IT industries. The main results of this study are the following. In terms of the accuracy of input coefficient estimates, we have found that both the RAS and CE methods have a tendency to overestimate or underestimate them. When the Korean industry was first divided into fourteen sectors, and the RAS and CE methods were applied to each of the fourteen industries, it was difficult to discern a consistent trend for the two methods concerning their accuracy in estimation of input coefficients. Secondly, when used to update an IO table in which the IT industry is subdivided into IT equipment and services, neither the CE nor RAS method proved distinctly superior to the other. Third, in light of the above two findings, we concluded that updating IO tables is best done through a hybrid method combining the CE and RAS methods. This paper proposes a procedure consisting of two steps: IO tables are first updated using the two methods, which are once again updated by employing the OLS average approach through the use of optimal weights.

scholarly journals Solid-State Polymerization of Poly(Ethylene Furanoate) Biobased Polyester, III: Extended Study on Effect of Catalyst Type on Molecular Weight Increase

Polymers ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 438 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yosra Chebbi ◽  
Nejib Kasmi ◽  
Mustapha Majdoub ◽  
George Papageorgiou ◽  
Dimitris Achilias ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Thermal Properties ◽  
Solid State ◽  
Intrinsic Viscosity ◽  
Weight Increase ◽  
Degree Of Crystallinity ◽  
Solid State Polymerization ◽  
End Groups ◽  
Poly Ethylene ◽  
Molecular Weight Increase

In this study, the synthesis of poly(ethylene furanoate) (PEF), catalyzed by five different catalysts—antimony acetate (III) (Sb Ac), zirconium (IV) isopropoxide isopropanal (Zr Is Ip), antimony (III) oxide (Sb Ox), zirconium (IV) 2,4-pentanedionate (Zr Pe) and germanium (IV) oxide (Ge Ox)—via an industrially common combination of melt polymerization and subsequent solid-state polymerization (SSP) is presented. In all reactions, proper amounts of 2,5-dimethylfuran-dicarboxylate (DMFD) and ethylene glycol (EG) in a molar ratio of DMFD/EG= 1/2 and 400 ppm of catalyst were used. Polyester samples were subjected to SSP procedure, under vacuum application, at different reaction times (1, 2, 3.5, and 5 h) and temperatures of 190, 200, and 205 °C. Carboxyl end-groups concentration (–COOH), intrinsic viscosity (IV), and thermal properties, via differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), were measured for all resultant polymers to study the effect of the used catalysts on the molecular weight increase of PEF during SSP process. As was expected, it was found that with increasing the SSP time and temperature, the intrinsic viscosity and the average molecular weight of PEF steadily increased. In contrast, the number of carboxyl end-groups content showed the opposite trend as intrinsic viscosity, that is, gradually decreasing during SSP time and temperature increase. It is worthy to note that thanks to the SSP process an obvious and continuous enhancement in the thermal properties of the prepared PEF samples was attained, in which their melting temperatures (Tm) and degree of crystallinity (Xc) increase progressively with increasing of reaction time and temperature. To predict the time evolution of polymers IV, as well as the hydroxyl and carboxyl content of PEF polyesters during the SSP, a simple kinetic model was developed. From both the theoretical simulation results and the experimental measurements, it was demonstrated that surely the Zr Is Ip catalyst shows the best catalytic characteristics compared to all other used catalysts herein, that is, leading in reducing—in a spectacular way—the activation energy of the involved both transesterification and esterification reactions during SSP.

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