scholarly journals Assessment of N2O emissions from rapeseed cultivation in Poland by various approaches

2016 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 501-507 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alina Syp ◽  
Antoni Faber ◽  
Małgorzata Kozak
Keyword(s):  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Emission Factors ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Mitigation Measures ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
Tier 2 ◽  
Decomposition Model ◽  
Country Level ◽  
International Panel

Abstract The aim of this study was to compare four tools for calculation of nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions under the renewable energy directive. All the tools follow the methodology of the international panel on climate change. The first calculations of N2O fluxes were based on the Tier 1 method using the BioGrace tool. The second and the third ones followed the Tier 2 methodology, applying the global nitrous oxide calculator and the Lesschen emission factors, respectively. The last assessment was performed in accordance with the Tier 3 approach by using the denitrification- decomposition model. The N2O fluxes were calculated for rapeseed cultivation in a 4-year crop rotation in Poland. The same input data were applied in all methods. The average of N2O emissions varied in the range of 1.99-3.78 kg N2O ha-1 y-1, depending on the approach used (Lesschen emission factors > denitrificationdecomposition > global nitrous oxide calculator > BioGrace). This paper illustrates that, at country level, the Lesschen emission factors method worked as well as the denitrification-decomposition model for Poland. The advantage of this approach is the simplicity of collecting the necessary data, in contrast to process-based modelling. Moreover, the Tier 2 method provides mitigation measures similar to the denitrification-decomposition model, related to crop type, climatic conditions, and management practices.

scholarly journals Emission factors for estimating fertiliser-induced nitrous oxide emissions from clay soils in Australia’s irrigated cotton industry

Soil Research ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 54 (5) ◽  
pp. 598 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Grace ◽  
Iurii Shcherbak ◽  
Ben Macdonald ◽  
Clemens Scheer ◽  
David Rowlings
Keyword(s):  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Exponential Model ◽  
N2o Emission ◽  
Nitrous Oxide Emissions ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
Tier 2 ◽  
Cotton Industry ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Inventories ◽  
N Rates

As a significant user of nitrogen (N) fertilisers, the Australian cotton industry is a major source of soil-derived nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions. A country-specific (Tier 2) fertiliser-induced emission factor (EF) can be used in national greenhouse gas inventories or in the development of N2O emissions offset methodologies provided the EFs are evidence based. A meta-analysis was performed using eight individual N2O emission studies from Australian cotton studies to estimate EFs. Annual N2O emissions from cotton grown on Vertosols ranged from 0.59kgNha–1 in a 0N control to 1.94kgNha–1 in a treatment receiving 270kgNha–1. Seasonal N2O estimates ranged from 0.51kgNha–1 in a 0N control to 10.64kgNha–1 in response to the addition of 320kgNha–1. A two-component (linear+exponential) statistical model, namely EF (%)=0.29+0.007(e0.037N – 1)/N, capped at 300kgNha–1 describes the N2O emissions from lower N rates better than an exponential model and aligns with an EF of 0.55% using a traditional linear regression model.

scholarly journals Annual emissions of CH<sub>4</sub> and N<sub>2</sub>O, and ecosystem respiration, from eight organic soils in Western Denmark managed by agriculture

2012 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 403-422 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. O. Petersen ◽  
C. C. Hoffmann ◽  
C.-M. Schäfer ◽  
G. Blicher-Mathiesen ◽  
L. Elsgaard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Ecosystem Respiration ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Emission Factors ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Organic Soils ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
Sampling Points ◽  
Ch4 And N2o ◽  
Use Categories

Abstract. The use of organic soils by agriculture involves drainage and tillage, and the resulting increase in C and N turnover can significantly affect their greenhouse gas balance. This study estimated annual fluxes of CH4 and N2O, and ecosystem respiration (Reco), from eight organic soils managed by agriculture. The sites were located in three regions representing different landscape types and climatic conditions, and three land use categories were covered (arable crops, AR, grass in rotation, RG, and permanent grass, PG). The normal management at each site was followed, except that no N inputs occurred during the monitoring period from August 2008 to October 2009. The stratified sampling strategy further included six sampling points in three blocks at each site. Environmental variables (precipitation, PAR, air and soil temperature, soil moisture, groundwater level) were monitored continuously and during sampling campaigns, where also groundwater samples were taken for analysis. Gaseous fluxes were monitored on a three-weekly basis, giving 51, 49 and 38 field campaigns for land use categories AR, PG and RG, respectively. Climatic conditions in each region during monitoring were representative as compared to 20-yr averages. Peat layers were shallow, typically 0.5 to 1 m, and with a pH of 4 to 5. At six sites annual emissions of N2O were in the range 3 to 24 kg N2O-N ha−1, but at two arable sites (spring barley, potato) net emissions of 38 and 61 kg N2O-N ha−1 were recorded. The two high-emitting sites were characterized by fluctuating groundwater, low soil pH and elevated groundwater SO42− concentrations. Annual fluxes of CH4 were generally small, as expected, ranging from 2 to 4 kg CH4 ha−1. However, two permanent grasslands had tussocks of Juncus effusus L. (soft rush) in sampling points that were consistent sources of CH4 throughout the year. Emission factors for organic soils in rotation and with permanent grass, respectively, were estimated to be 0.011 and 0.47 g m−2 for CH4, and 2.5 and 0.5 g m−2 for N2O. This first documentation of CH4 and N2O emissions from managed organic soils in Denmark confirms the levels and wide ranges of emissions previously reported for the Nordic countries. However, the stratified experimental design also identified links between gaseous emissions and site-specific conditions with respect to soil, groundwater and vegetation which point to areas of future research that may account for part of the variability and hence lead to improved emission factors or models.

scholarly journals Annual emissions of CH<sub>4</sub> and N<sub>2</sub>O, and ecosystem respiration, from eight organic soils in Western Denmark managed by agriculture

2011 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 10017-10067 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. O. Petersen ◽  
C. C. Hoffmann ◽  
C.-M. Schäfer ◽  
G. Blicher-Mathiesen ◽  
L. Elsgaard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Ecosystem Respiration ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Emission Factors ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Organic Soils ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
Sampling Points ◽  
Ch4 And N2o ◽  
Use Categories

Abstract. The use of organic soils by agriculture involves drainage and tillage, and the resulting increase in C and N turnover can significantly affect their greenhouse gas balance. This study estimated annual fluxes of CH4 and N2O, and ecosystem respiration (Reco), from eight organic soils managed by agriculture. The sites were located in three regions representing different landscape types and climatic conditions, and three land use categories (arable crops, AR, grass in rotation, RG, and permanent grass, PG) were covered. The normal management at each site was followed, except that no N inputs occurred during the monitoring period from August 2008 to October 2009. The stratified sampling strategy further included six sampling points in three blocks at each site. Environmental variables (precipitation, PAR, air and soil temperature, soil moisture, groundwater level) were monitored continuously and during sampling campaigns, where also groundwater samples were taken for analysis. Gaseous fluxes were monitored on a three-weekly basis, giving 51, 49 and 38 field campaigns for land use categories AR, PG and RG, respectively. Climatic conditions in each region during monitoring were representative based on 20-yr averages. Peat layers were shallow, typically 0.5 to 1 m, and with a pH of 4–5. At six sites annual emissions of N2O were in the range 3 to 24 kg N2O-N ha−1, but at two arable sites (spring barley, potato) net emissions of 38 and 61 kg N2O-N ha−1 were recorded. Both were characterized by fluctuating groundwater with elevated SO42− concentrations. Annual fluxes of CH4 were generally small, as expected, ranging from –2 to 4 kg CH4 ha−1. However, two permanent grasslands had tussocks of Juncus effusus (soft rush) in sampling points that were consistent sources of CH4 throughout the year. Emission factors for organic soils in rotation and permanent grass, respectively, were estimated to be 0.011 and 0.47 g m−2 for CH4, and 2.5 and 0.5 g m−2 for N2O. This first documentation of CH4 and N2O emissions from managed organic soils in Denmark confirms the levels and wide ranges of emissions previously reported for this region. However, the factorial approach also identified links between gaseous emissions and site-specific conditions with respect to soil, groundwater and vegetation which point to areas of future research that may account for part of the variability and hence lead to improved emission factors or models.

scholarly journals Soil Management Practices to Mitigate Nitrous Oxide Emissions and Inform Emission Factors in Arid Irrigated Specialty Crop Systems

Soil Systems ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 76
Author(s):  
Xia Zhu-Barker ◽  
Mark Easter ◽  
Amy Swan ◽  
Mary Carlson ◽  
Lucas Thompson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Soil Management ◽  
Emission Factors ◽  
Nitrous Oxide Emissions ◽  
Specialty Crops ◽  
Specialty Crop ◽  
The Impact

Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from arid irrigated agricultural soil in California have been predicted to represent 8% of the state’s total GHG emissions. Although specialty crops compose the majority of the state’s crops in both economic value and land area, the portion of GHG emissions contributed by them is still highly uncertain. Current and emerging soil management practices affect the mitigation of those emissions. Herein, we review the scientific literature on the impact of soil management practices in California specialty crop systems on GHG nitrous oxide emissions. As such studies from most major specialty crop systems in California are limited, we focus on two annual and two perennial crops with the most data from the state: tomato, lettuce, wine grapes and almond. Nitrous oxide emission factors were developed and compared to Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) emission factors, and state-wide emissions for these four crops were calculated for specific soil management practices. Dependent on crop systems and specific management practices, the emission factors developed in this study were either higher, lower or comparable to IPCC emission factors. Uncertainties caused by low gas sampling frequency in these studies were identified and discussed. These uncertainties can be remediated by robust and standardized estimates of nitrous oxide emissions from changes in soil management practices in California specialty crop systems. Promising practices to reduce nitrous oxide emissions and meet crop production goals, pertinent gaps in knowledge on this topic and limitations of this approach are discussed.

Low seasonal nitrous oxide emissions in tea tree farming systems following nitrogen fertilisation using poultry litter application or green manure legumes

Soil Research ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 238
Author(s):  
Terry J. Rose ◽  
Lee J. Kearney ◽  
Stephen Morris ◽  
Lukas Van Zwieten
Keyword(s):  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Faba Bean ◽  
Green Manure ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Poultry Litter ◽  
Practice Change ◽  
Nitrous Oxide Emissions ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
Tea Tree ◽  
Legume Crops

The integration of legumes into coppiced tree crop systems to replace some or all of the external nitrogen (N) fertiliser requirements may be one means to lower seasonal nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions. We investigated soil N2O emissions using static chamber methodology in field trials located within two commercial tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia) plantations (Casino and Tweed Heads) where N (116 and 132 kg N ha–1 respectively) was supplied via poultry litter application (5 t wet ha–1) or by termination of annual legumes (soybean or mung bean) grown in the inter-row. While there was no treatment effect at the Tweed Heads site, both legume treatments had significantly (P = 0.01) lower cumulative N2O emissions (0.33 and 0.30 kg N2O-N ha–1 season–1 for soybean and mung beans respectively) than the poultry litter treatment (0.66 kg N2O-N ha–1 season–1) at the Casino site. However, the amount of N added to soils in each treatment was not identical owing to an inability to accurately predict N inputs by legume crops, and thus differences could not be attributed to the N source. A third site was thus established at Leeville comparing N2O emissions from poultry litter amendment (5 t wet ha–1 contributing 161 kg N ha–1) to an inter-row faba bean crop (contributing 92 kg N ha–1) and a nil-N control. Cumulative seasonal N2O emissions were significantly (P &lt; 0.05) lower in the faba bean treatment than the poultry litter treatment (0.08 and 0.23 kg N2O-N ha–1 season–1 respectively), but owing to different N inputs and generally low emissions, it was not possible to draw definitive conclusions on whether green manure legume crops can lower N2O emissions. Overall, soil N2O emissions in coppiced tea tree systems under current management practices were very low, offering limited potential to reduce seasonal N2O emissions through management practice change.

Emissions of nitrous oxide, ammonia and methane from Australian layer-hen manure storage with a mitigation strategy applied

2016 ◽  
Vol 56 (9) ◽  
pp. 1367 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. A. Naylor ◽  
S. G. Wiedemann ◽  
F. A. Phillips ◽  
B. Warren ◽  
E. J. McGahan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Emission Factors ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
Gaseous Emissions ◽  
Total N ◽  
Volatile Solids ◽  
Manure Storage ◽  
The Relationship

Greenhouse gas and ammonia emissions are important environmental impacts from manure management in the layer-hen industry. The present study aimed to quantify emissions of nitrous oxide (N2O), methane (CH4) and ammonia (NH3) from layer-hen manure stockpiles, and assess the use of an impermeable cover as an option to mitigate emissions. Gaseous emissions of N2O, CH4 and NH3 were measured using open-path FTIR spectroscopy and the emission strengths were inferred using a backward Lagrangian stochastic model. Emission factors were calculated from the relationship between gaseous emissions and stockpile inputs over a 32-day measurement period. Total NH3 emissions were 5.97 ± 0.399 kg/t (control) and 0.732 ± 0.116 kg/t (mitigation), representing an 88% reduction due to mitigation. Total CH4 emissions from the mitigation stockpile were 0.0832 ± 0.0198 kg/t. Methane emissions from the control and N2O emissions (control and mitigation) were below detection. The mass of each stockpile was 27 820 kg (control) and 25 120 kg (mitigation), with a surface area of ~68 m2 and a volume of ~19 m3. Total manure nitrogen (N) and volatile solids (VS) were 25.2 and 25.8 kg/t N, and 139 and 106 kg/t VS for the control and mitigation stockpiles respectively. Emission factors for NH3 were 24% and 3% of total N for the control and mitigation respectively. Methane from the mitigation stockpile had a CH4 conversion factor of 0.3%. The stockpile cover was found to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 74% compared with the control treatment, primarily via reduced NH3 and associated indirect N2O emissions.

Estimating nitrous oxide emissions from a dairy farm using a mechanistic, whole farm model and segregated emission factors for New Zealand

Soil Research ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 188 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iris Vogeler ◽  
Pierre Beukes ◽  
Alvaro Romera ◽  
Rogerio Cichota
Keyword(s):  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Dairy Farm ◽  
Emission Factors ◽  
Nitrous Oxide Emissions ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
Nitrification Inhibitors ◽  
Cart Analysis ◽  
Farm Model ◽  
Farm Scale

Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from agriculture are generally estimated using default IPCC emission factors (EFs) despite the large variation in measured EFs. We used a classification and regression tree (CART) analysis to segregate measured EFs from direct emissions from urine patches and fertiliser and effluent applications, based on temporal and site-specific factors. These segregated EFs were linked to simulations from the DairyNZ Whole Farm Model to obtain N2O emissions for a typical pasture-based dairy farm in New Zealand. The N2O emissions from urine patches, dung pads, and fertiliser and effluent application, as well as from indirect sources, were aggregated to obtain total N2O emissions for the farm-scale. The results, based on segregated EFs, were compared with those obtained using New Zealand-specific EFs. On-farm N2O emissions based on these segregated EFs were 5% lower than those based on New Zealand-specific EFs. Improved farm management by avoiding grazing, effluent, and N fertiliser application during periods of high risk for N2O emissions, or by the use of mitigation technologies such as nitrification inhibitors, could reduce annual farm scale N2O emissions.

scholarly journals Nitrous oxide emission hotspots from organic soils in Europe

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 9135-9182
Author(s):  
T. Leppelt ◽  
R. Dechow ◽  
S. Gebbert ◽  
A. Freibauer ◽  
A. Lohila ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Emission Factors ◽  
Organic Soils ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Study Results ◽  
N2o Fluxes

Abstract. Organic soils are a main source of direct nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, an important greenhouse gas (GHG). Observed N2O emissions from organic soils are highly variable in space and time which causes high uncertainties in national emission inventories. Those uncertainties could be reduced when relating the upscaling process to a priori identified key drivers by using available N2O observations from plot scale in empirical approaches. We used the empirical fuzzy modelling approach MODE to identify main drivers for N2O and utilize them to predict the spatial emission pattern of European organic soils. We conducted a meta study with a total amount of 659 annual N2O measurements which was used to derive separate models for different land use types. We applied our models to available, spatial explicit input driver maps to upscale N2O emissions on European level and compared the inventory with recently published IPCC emission factors. The final statistical models explained up to 60% of the N2O variance. Our study results showed that cropland and grasslands emitted the highest N2O fluxes 0.98 ± 1.08 and 0.58 ± 1.03 g N2O-N m−2 a−1, respectively. High fluxes from cropland sites were mainly controlled by low soil pH-value and deep drained groundwater tables. Grassland hotspot emissions were strongly related to high amount of N-fertilizer inputs and warmer winter temperatures. In contrast N2O fluxes from natural peatlands were predominantly low (0.07±0.27 g N2O-N m−2 a−1) and we found no relationship with the tested drivers. The total inventory for direct N2O emissions from organic soils in Europe amount up to 149.5 Gg N2O-N a−1, which included also fluxes from forest and peat extraction sites and exceeds the inventory calculated by IPCC emission factors of 87.4 Gg N2O-N a−1. N2O emissions from organic soils represent up to 13% of total European N2O emissions reported in the European Union (EU) greenhouse gas inventory of 2011 from only 7% of the EU area. Thereby the model demonstrated that with up to 85% the major part of the inventory is induced by anthropogenic management, which shows the significant reduction potential by rewetting and extensivation of agricultural used peat soils.

The effect of increasing rates of nitrogen fertiliser and a nitrification inhibitor on nitrous oxide emissions from urine patches on sheep grazed hill country pasture

2008 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 147 ◽  
Author(s):  
Coby J. Hoogendoorn ◽  
Cecile A. M. de Klein ◽  
Alison J. Rutherford ◽  
Selai Letica ◽  
Brian P. Devantier
Keyword(s):  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Nitrification Inhibitor ◽  
N2o Emission ◽  
Emission Factors ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Nitrous Oxide Emissions ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
Hill Country ◽  
Sheep Urine

Urine deposited by grazing animals represents the largest source of N2O emissions in New Zealand. Sheep-grazed hill pastures are an important component of New Zealand pastoral land, but information on N2O emissions from these areas is limited. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of increasing rates of fertiliser nitrogen and of a nitrification inhibitor on N2O emissions from urine patches. The study was carried out in grazed paddock-scale trials at the Ballantrae and Invermay Research Stations, New Zealand. The fertiliser N treatments were 0, 100, 300 and 750 (500 for Invermay) kg N/ha.year. Nitrous oxide measurements were conducted in the spring of 2005 and 2006, following applications of synthetic sheep urine with or without dicyandiamide (DCD) in these four N treatments. In both years and at both sites, N2O emissions increased with N fertiliser application rate in both urine and non-urine affected areas. The addition of DCD to the synthetic urine reduced N2O emissions from the urine affected areas during the measurement period by 60–80% at Ballantrae and by 40% at Invermay. The N2O emission factors for the artificial sheep urine (expressed as N2O-N lost as % of N applied) ranged from 0.01 to 1.06%, with the higher values generally found in the high N fertiliser treatments. The N2O emission factors were generally less than or similar to those from sheep urine applied to flat land pasture.

Estimating a nitrous oxide emission factor for animal urine from some New Zealand pastoral soils

Soil Research ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 381 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cecile A. M. de Klein ◽  
Louise Barton ◽  
Robert R. Sherlock ◽  
Zheng Li ◽  
Roger P. Littlejohn
Keyword(s):  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Emission Factor ◽  
N2o Emission ◽  
Emission Factors ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
Drainage Class ◽  
Background Levels ◽  
Cow Urine ◽  
N2o Emission Factor

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change methodology estimates that over 50% of total nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions in New Zealand derive from animal excreta-N deposited during grazing. The emission factor for excreta-N as used by this methodology has an important impact on New Zealand's total N2O inventory. The objectives of this study were to refine the N2O emission factor for urine by simultaneously measuring N2O emissions from 5 pastoral soils of different drainage class, in 3 different regions in New Zealand following a single application of urine; plus test various aspects of the soil cover method for determining emission factors. Cow urine and synthetic urine was applied to pastoral soils in autumn 2000 and N2O emissions were measured using closed flux chambers at regular intervals for 4–18 months following application. The N2O emission factors for cow urine estimated for the first 4 months after urine application varied greatly depending on rainfall and soil drainage class, and ranged from 0.3 to 2.5% of the urine-N applied, suggesting that adopting a single emission factor for New Zealand may be inappropriate. The largest emission factor was found in a poorly drained soil, and the lowest emission factor was found in a well-drained stony soil. Ongoing measurements on one of the soils resulted in an increase in emission factors as the N2O emissions had not reached background levels 4 months after urine application. To characterise urine-induced N2O emissions, we recommend measurements continue until N2O emissions from urine-amended soil return to background levels. Furthermore, we recommend using real animal urine rather than synthetic urine in studies when determining the N2O emission factor for urine.

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