The Soret Effect in Liquid Mixtures – A Review

2016 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Werner Köhler ◽  
Konstantin I. Morozov
Keyword(s):  
Driving Forces ◽  
Soret Effect ◽  
Liquid Mixtures ◽  
Pure Component ◽  
Ternary Mixtures ◽  
Analytical Models ◽  
Molecular Systems ◽  
Modern Development ◽  
Proper Estimation

AbstractThe Soret effect describes diffusive motion that originates from a temperature gradient. It is observed in mixtures of gases, liquids and even solids. Although there is a formal phenomenological description based on linear nonequilibrium thermodynamics, the Soret effect is a multicause phenomenon and there is no univocal microscopic picture. After a brief historical overview and an outline of the fundamental thermodynamic concepts, this review focuses on thermodiffusion in binary and ternary liquid mixtures. The most important experimental techniques used nowadays are introduced. Then, a modern development in studying thermal diffusion, the discovery of both integral and specific additivity laws, is discussed. The former relate to the general behavior of the substances in a temperature field according to their thermophobicities, which prove to be pure component properties. The thermophobicities allow for a convenient classification of the phenomenon, a simple interpretation and a proper estimation and prediction of the thermodiffusion parameters. The specific laws relate to the additivity of the particular contributions. Among the latter, we discuss the isotopic Soret effect and the so-called chemical contribution. From the theoretical side, there are kinetic and thermodynamic theories, and the nature of the driving forces of thermodiffusion can be either of volume or surface type. Besides analytical models, computer simulations become increasingly important. Polymer solutions are special as they represent highly asymmetric molecular systems with a molar mass-independent thermophoretic mobility. Its origin is still under debate, and draining and non-draining models are presently discussed. Finally, some discussion is devoted to ternary mixtures, which only recently have been investigated in more detail.

scholarly journals Soret vector for description of multicomponent mixtures

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aliaksandr Mialdun ◽  
Mounir Bou-Ali ◽  
Valentina Shevtsova
Keyword(s):  
Coupling Effect ◽  
Soret Effect ◽  
Liquid Mixtures ◽  
Ternary Mixtures ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Multicomponent Mixtures ◽  
Ideal Mixture ◽  
Different Origins ◽  
Systematic Framework

AbstractThe Soret effect describes the transport of constituent species in multicomponent mixtures that occurs due to a temperature gradient. This cross-coupling effect of heat and mass transfer has been successfully examined in binary liquid mixtures, while experiments with ternary mixtures are rare as they impose significant difficulties. We introduce a new and innovative concept, the Soret vector, for the characterization of Soret driven separation in ternary mixtures. The presentation of the component separation in the vector form offers several advantages: (i) to predict the Soret sign of a ternary mixture from knowledge of the Soret coefficients in binary subsystems; (ii) to control consistency of measured coefficients, this is especially important when results are obtained using different instruments and methods; (iii) to determine in which regions and which components cause the greatest separation; (iv) to identify the regions where the Soret separation is inaccessible for optical techniques or gravitationally unstable. We demonstrate these features by exploring ternary mixtures of different origins: (a) nearly ideal mixture composed by THN–IBB–nC12 when Soret coefficients in binary subsystems ($$S_{T}^{bin}$$ S T bin ) are positive, (b) non-ideal mixture containing water and ethanol TEG–Wat–EtOH when $$S_{T}^{bin}$$ S T bin are positive and negative and (c) Tol–MeOH–Ch mixture containing demixing zone with positive and negative $$S_{T}^{bin}$$ S T bin . Our approach provides a promising systematic framework for the future research of an important and challenging problem of thermodiffusion in multicomponent liquids.

scholarly journals A METHOD OF ANALYSIS FOR THE SYSTEM: BENZENE – ETHYL ALCOHOL – CARBON TETRACHLORIDE

1947 ◽  
Vol 25b (3) ◽  
pp. 228-242 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. N. Campbell ◽  
S. I. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Tetrachloride ◽  
Ethyl Alcohol ◽  
Liquid Mixtures ◽  
Ternary Mixtures ◽  
Refractive Indices ◽  
Binary And Ternary Mixtures

The densities and refractive indices (Nc) of binary and ternary mixtures of benzene, ethyl alcohol, and carbon tetrachloride have been determined at 25 °C. From these data, a method for the analysis of ternary liquid mixtures of these components has been developed. The limit of accuracy in the analysis of ternary mixtures of the pure components is 0.3%. The method can be applied to the analysis of commercial materials with an accuracy of 2.0%.

The Use of Electronic Banking and New Technologies in Cash Management

2011 ◽  
pp. 3914-3920
Author(s):  
Leire San Jose Ruiz de Aguirre
Keyword(s):  
Information And Communication Technologies ◽  
Economies Of Scale ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Driving Forces ◽  
Communication Technologies ◽  
Cash Management ◽  
Unit Costs ◽  
New Information ◽  
Information And Communication

The use of new information and communication technologies (ICT) as a business tool has increased rapidly for the past 10 years (Bonsón, Coffin, & Watson, 2000; Claessens, Glaessner, & Klingebiel, 2000; Vasarhelyi & Greenstein, 2003). More specifically, financial software, e-banking, and the Internet, as core aspects of the various technologies used, have become driving forces behind the expansion of firms and the development of cash management. New technologies are considered as one of the most attractive ways for businesses to increase revenue and achieve economies of scale that can reduce unit costs (Ballantine & Stray, 1998; Barajas & Villanueva, 2001; Daniel, 1999; Daniel & Storey, 1997; Deyoung, 2001; Downes & Muy, 1998; Faulder, 2001; Jayawardhena & Foley, 2000). There are different studies about the use of ICT in the management of the enterprise that explain the obtaining of enterprise performance. Brynjolfsson and Hitt (2000) and Nájera (2005) have done a review of these works and a classification of these types of researches. Unfortunately, there are not specific works or empirical researches about the use of e-banking in cash management; consequently, this work is focused in this. The rest of the chapter is structured as follows. The theoretical foundation on which the study is based is explained in Section 2. Section 3 presents the data and the analysis procedure used to conduct the empirical study. The main results of the investigation are shown in Section 4, and Section 5 presents conclusions. The chapter ends with a list of bibliographical references.

Phase rule classification of physical and chemical critical effects in liquid mixtures

2019 ◽  
Vol 729 ◽  
pp. 73-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
James K. Baird ◽  
Xingjian Wang ◽  
Joshua R. Lang ◽  
Pauline Norris
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Mixtures ◽  
Phase Rule ◽  
Physical And Chemical

Numerical Analysis of Ludwig-Soret Effect of One Binary Mixture and Two Ternary Mixtures in an Al2O3 Porous Cavity

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. J. Jaber ◽  
M. Z. Saghir
Keyword(s):  
Porous Medium ◽  
Steady State ◽  
Numerical Analysis ◽  
Binary Mixture ◽  
Ternary Mixture ◽  
Soret Effect ◽  
Ternary Mixtures ◽  
Thermosolutal Convection ◽  
Left Wall ◽  
Porous Cavity

A cavity of 10 mm in width, 10 mm in height, and 32.1 mm in horizontal length filled with Al2O3 porous medium designed in Pau project to investigate thermal diffusion phenomena, or Ludwig-Soret effect. A lateral heating condition was applied with 10 °C at the left wall and 50 °C at the right wall. The thermosolutal convection of a binary mixture of water-ethanol at 75.0 MPa pressure, a ternary mixture with methane, n-butane, and n-dodecan at 35.0 MPa pressure, and a ternary mixture of n-dodecane, isobutylbenzene, and tetrahydonaphthalene at atmosphere pressure inside the Al2O3 porous medium cavity were numerically investigated. The thermal conductivity and the permeability of Al2O3 porous medium on the Ludwig-Soret effect were analyzed, the former had little influence, but the later had strong impact on the compositional separation at the steady state of thermosolutal convection, which were analyzed globally with separation ratio. The distributions of component mole fraction(s) on the horizontal and vertical lines in the center of the porous cavity were also shown to study the details of the compositional separation at the steady state of thermosolutal convection. Recommendations are made for the experimental design based on the results of numerical analysis

The index of ideality of correlation: models of the flash points of ternary mixtures

2020 ◽  
Vol 44 (12) ◽  
pp. 4858-4868 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alla P. Toropova ◽  
Andrey A. Toropov ◽  
Danuta Leszczynska ◽  
Jerzy Leszczynski
Keyword(s):  
Flash Point ◽  
Ternary Mixtures ◽  
Reliable Information ◽  
Correlation Models ◽  
Rational Classification

Reliable information related to the flash point of ternary mixtures assists in the rational classification of different ternary mixtures of liquids.

The Soret Effect: A Review of Recent Experimental Results

2005 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean K. Platten
Keyword(s):  
Rayleigh Scattering ◽  
Soret Effect ◽  
Organic Liquid ◽  
Oil Industry ◽  
Liquid Mixtures ◽  
Beam Deflection ◽  
Soret Coefficient ◽  
Onset Of Convection ◽  
New Techniques ◽  
Scattering Technique

In the first part of the paper, we recall what the Soret effect is, together with its applications in science and industry. We emphasize the need to have a reliable data base for the Soret coefficient. Next we review the different techniques to measure the Soret coefficient (elementary Soret cell, beam deflection technique, thermal diffusion forced Rayleigh scattering technique, convective coupling and, in particular, the onset of convection in horizontal layers and the thermogravitational method). Results are provided for several systems, with both negative and positive Soret coefficients, and comparison between several laboratories are made for the same systems. We end with “benchmark” values of the Soret coefficient for some organic liquid mixtures of interest in the oil industry and to which all future new techniques should refer before gaining confidence. We conclude that correct values of the Soret coefficient can be obtained in earth conditions and we deny the need to go to microgravity.

Excess energy–volume and cohesive energy density coefficients for binary systems. Comparison with constant pressure functions

1976 ◽  
Vol 54 (22) ◽  
pp. 3559-3563 ◽  
Author(s):  
Digby D. Macdonald
Keyword(s):  
Energy Density ◽  
Cohesive Energy ◽  
Binary Systems ◽  
Constant Pressure ◽  
Liquid Mixtures ◽  
Excess Energy ◽  
Excess Functions ◽  
Cohesive Energy Density ◽  
Excess Functions Of Mixing

Excess energy–volume and cohesive energy density coefficients have been calculated for the hexane + perfluoro-hexane, water + DMSO, water + tert-butanol, water + methanol, water + acetonitrile, and methanol + DMSO Systems. These parameters are compared with other constant pressure excess functions of mixing for these binary systems, and it is proposed that they represent additional criteria for the classification of liquid mixtures.

scholarly journals Estimating Vehicle Movement Direction from Smartphone Accelerometers Using Deep Neural Networks

Sensors ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (8) ◽  
pp. 2624 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Hernández Sánchez ◽  
Rubén Fernández Pozo ◽  
Luis Hernández Gómez
Keyword(s):  
Global Positioning System ◽  
Driving Forces ◽  
Movement Direction ◽  
Motion Sensors ◽  
Forward Movement ◽  
Significant Acceleration ◽  
Global Positioning ◽  
Vehicle Movement

Characterization of driving maneuvers or driving styles through motion sensors has become a field of great interest. Before now, this characterization used to be carried out with signals coming from extra equipment installed inside the vehicle, such as On-Board Diagnostic (OBD) devices or sensors in pedals. Nowadays, with the evolution and scope of smartphones, these have become the devices for recording mobile signals in many driving characterization applications. Normally multiple available sensors are used, such as accelerometers, gyroscopes, magnetometers or the Global Positioning System (GPS). However, using sensors such as GPS increase significantly battery consumption and, additionally, many current phones do not include gyroscopes. Therefore, we propose the characterization of driving style through only the use of smartphone accelerometers. We propose a deep neural network (DNN) architecture that combines convolutional and recurrent networks to estimate the vehicle movement direction (VMD), which is the forward movement directional vector captured in a phone’s coordinates. Once VMD is obtained, multiple applications such as characterizing driving styles or detecting dangerous events can be developed. In the development of the proposed DNN architecture, two different methods are compared. The first one is based on the detection and classification of significant acceleration driving forces, while the second one relies on longitudinal and transversal signals derived from the raw accelerometers. The final success rate of VMD estimation for the best method is of 90.07%.

Estimation of excess volume and density of ternary liquid mixtures of non-electrolytes from binary data

1982 ◽  
Vol 47 (5) ◽  
pp. 1414-1419 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivan Cibulka
Keyword(s):  
Density Estimation ◽  
Binary Data ◽  
Excess Volume ◽  
Maximum Error ◽  
Liquid Mixtures ◽  
Volume Estimation ◽  
Ternary Mixtures ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Mean Error ◽  
The Mean

Several methods for estimating the excess volume and density of ternary liquid mixtures of non-electrolytes from binary data are tested using 27 sets of data from the literature. The mean error of the excess volume estimation is lower than 0.1 cm3 mol-1. The use of the tested methods for estimating the density of ternary mixtures results in a significant reduction of the error compared to the stimation when the mixture is considered to be ideal. In decisive majority of the data sets, the maximum error in the density estimation is lower than 0.1%.

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