scholarly journals Culture As Soft Power In International Relations

2015 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicolae Haneş ◽  
Adriana Andrei
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
Soft Power ◽  
Peace Building ◽  
Military Interventions ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
Hard Power ◽  
The Media ◽  
The Will ◽  
The One ◽  
Optimum Solution

Abstract A global approach has almost generalized over the last decades, suggesting that human security and, related to it – society security- are among the most important themes of contemporary international relations. The management of the Yugoslavian crisis, the terrorist attacks of September the 11th, 2001, as well as the debates over US and its allies’ military interventions in Kosovo, Afghanistan or Iraq, pointed out, on the one hand, that states are not prepared to deal with the cross-border threats of the 21st century alone, and, on the other hand, the fact that military interventions (the “hard” approach to security) do not always represent the optimum solution in managing international security. However, peace-building and security building (the ”soft” approach) are usually more discreet, do not attract attention, do not draw the media interest. In recent studies, the issue of “soft” power and “hard” power has been increasingly discussed. “Soft” power refers to the power derived mainly from cultural and imagological sources, exercising its influence more through persuasion or by attracting the weak one to a particular model rather than by coercion. ”Hard” power consists especially of military and economic means contributing to enforcing the will of one actor over another actor. These two forms of power do not exclude each other, but, on the contrary, combining “soft” with “hard” means facilitates greater efficiency in achieving the main goal.

scholarly journals Problematyka władzy międzynarodowej

2018 ◽  
pp. 15-34
Author(s):  
Czesław Maj
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
Soft Power ◽  
Smart Power ◽  
Effective Power ◽  
Domestic Relations ◽  
Hard Power ◽  
International Power ◽  
Fundamental Categories ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

One of the fundamental categories of general sociology concerns power. Regardless of differences in interpretation, power can be defined as the dependence between subordinator and subordinated. This relation is unidirectional. When discussing influence, this property is significant, as otherwise it could be reciprocal, or an influence could be exerted by many other entities that are not bound by the relationship of subordination. The nature of international relations is too specific to allow a simple transfer of power-related phenomena from the realm of domestic relations. One can indicate the presence of delegated power, resulting from the mutual assignment of subordination rights to international decision- making bodies. The processes of international power are divided into procedures of hard power, soft power and smart power, the latter signifying the manifestation of effective power, making use of the mechanisms of the former two. It is also important to take into account the specificity of the legitimization of international power and manifestations of accountability. Also not without significance is the capacity for the implementation of international power, equipped with the relevant enforcement instruments.

scholarly journals Internal Colonialism and the Wasteland Theme in Ron Rash's Serena

2020 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 119-137
Author(s):  
Constante González Groba
Keyword(s):  
Soft Power ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Internal Colonialism ◽  
Will To Power ◽  
Erich Fromm ◽  
Moby Dick ◽  
Hard Power ◽  
Great Gatsby ◽  
The Great Gatsby ◽  
The Will

Ron Rash’s Serena (2008) is about the clash between northern industrialists who cut timber in southern Appalachia and conservationists who want the area converted into a national park. Set during the Depression, it also addresses our own times of unchecked greed and environmental holocaust. This article relates the situation of internal colonialism, which turns the region into a sacrifice zone, with the theme of the wasteland. The latter is related in the novel not only to T. S. Eliot’s poem but also to other works that Rash acknowledgesas influences, including Moby-Dick, The Great Gatsby and Christopher Marlowe’s tragedies about the will to power. Characterized by what Erich Fromm calls the exploitative orientation, Serena Pemberton wields hard power and embodies the rapaciousness of economy, in contrast to a local female character, who stands for ecology and soft power.

scholarly journals If You Are the One and SBS: the cultural economy of difference

2020 ◽  
Vol 175 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-19
Author(s):  
Wanning Sun ◽  
Jing Han
Keyword(s):  
Soft Power ◽  
Cultural Economy ◽  
Chinese Media ◽  
Industry Studies ◽  
The Media ◽  
English Speaking ◽  
Broadcasting Service ◽  
The One ◽  
Fear And Anxiety ◽  
Popular Television

If You Are the One ( IYATO) is China’s most popular television dating show. Since Australia’s Special Broadcasting Service (SBS) bought it 6 years ago, the show has attracted a cult following among English-speaking viewers. SBS subsequently purchased several other Chinese reality shows, and the Seven Network launched its own version of IYATO. But none of these programmes have proven to be as enduringly popular as IYATO. Taking an industry studies approach, this article draws on the inside knowledge of one of the authors, and on interviews with several other SBS employees, to shed light on the media industry’s thinking behind importing cultural products from China, particularly against the backdrop of fear and anxiety about China’s influence. We also ask why IYATO has endeared itself to Australia’s English-speaking viewers in ways that the majority of Chinese media content has not, despite the Chinese government’s myriad soft power initiatives.

scholarly journals Sharp power – introduction to the issue

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (25) ◽  
pp. 325-340
Author(s):  
Łukasz Skoneczny ◽  
Bogusław Cacko
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
Soft Power ◽  
State Power ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Smart Power ◽  
Hard Power ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Present Characteristic

The aim of the article is an attempt to define the sharp power strategy, present characteristic ways of its employment and propose methods of minimizing its negative consequences for the security of the Republic of Poland. The analysis of the issues related to the types of state power (soft power, hard power, smart power) is followed by a coherent definition of sharp power formulated by the authors of the publication. The consecutive section of the article describes examples of methods of implementing the aforementioned strategy of influencing participants of international relations. Finally, the authors presented proposals for institutional and legal solutions, which are to counteract potential sharp power moves aimed at undermining the security and international position of the Republic of Poland.

scholarly journals Key Features of the External Expansion of South Korean Protestant Organizations and Its Main Reasons

2020 ◽  
pp. 59-68
Author(s):  
Sergei A. Sevriugin ◽  
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
Soft Power ◽  
Commercial Sector ◽  
International Expansion ◽  
South Korean ◽  
Missionary Work ◽  
Christian Missionary ◽  
Characteristic Features ◽  
The One ◽  
External Expansion

This article analyzes the process of active international expansion of South Korean Protestant organizations, continuing since the end of the 20th century. Today, based on various numerical and qualitative indicators, they could be called one of the most influential global actors in the religious sphere and partly even in international relations. On the one hand, the language and methods, which such organizations use in order to disseminate their teachings continue the centuries-old tradition of Christian missionary work, in particular the American view of it. On the other hand, they are its rethinking, that could be possible only in the conditions of modern, constantly changing, but on the whole capitalistic, deeply globalized and a democratized world, throwing new challenges to religious organizations and forcing them looking for novel ways to survive in an increasingly aggressive environment. Special attention is paid to the major reasons for the appearance of such phenomenon and its characteristic features connected with them. Based on the results of the study, the author concludes that characteristic features of South Korean Protestant organizations’ activities abroad such as interchurch competition, factionalism along with high involvement in the commercial sector and politics are directly related to the historical process of the development of this denomination on the Korean Peninsula. Therefore, despite the transnational nature of these organizations, their activities are still predominately targeted the society that gave rise to them. However, this does not prevent them from being also an instrument for expanding foreign policy influence and even an element of soft power.

scholarly journals CHINA’S USE OF SOFT POWER AS A RISING POWER

Politeia ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 66-80
Author(s):  
Farhana Paruk
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
International Relations ◽  
Soft Power ◽  
Economic Diplomacy ◽  
The Past ◽  
Hard Power ◽  
World Power ◽  
Global Power ◽  
China’S Foreign Policy ◽  
Rising Power

China’s foreign policy has been isolationist for most of the past 100 years.During the past 30 years it has gradually shifted to becoming a global power in international relations; in the process it has joined several multilateral organisations and played a key role in establishing its prominence within these organisations.This article focuses on China’s use of “soft power” to conscientiously and strategically enhance its global appeal. China’s diplomatic strategy uses multilateralism, economic diplomacy and a good-neighbour policy as three forms of soft power in order to increase its attractiveness in the international community and, together with its hard power, to manage its rise as a world power.

Unia Europejska w świecie: soft power, hard power czy może smart power?

2018 ◽  
pp. 78-94
Author(s):  
Sławomir Niedźwiecki
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Foreign Policy ◽  
International Relations ◽  
Soft Power ◽  
Policy Research ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Smart Power ◽  
Hard Power ◽  
The Eu

The main purpose of the article is to ask whether the European Union is a smart power actor. Most of the previous research has treated the EU as a soft power. This work is an analysis of the tools which the European Union uses in its foreign policy. Research has been conducted in the context of types of powers, which have been formulated by Joseph Nye: hard power, soft power and smart power. It was necessary to survey what instruments does the European Union use to have impact on other participants of international relations. Nowadays, a range of these tools is relatively developed, taking into account that the EU is an international organisation. In the conclusion, it is stated that the contemporary European Union should be treated as a soft power, but simultaneously it is an actor which attempts to become a smart power, and has relevant predispositions to it.

Pragmatic ethics and the will to believe in cosmopolitanism

2013 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 446-476 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Bray
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
International Relations ◽  
Social Conditions ◽  
Intercultural Dialogue ◽  
New Era ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
The Will ◽  
Universal Reason ◽  
Pragmatic Ethics ◽  
Pluralistic World

Recent conflicts and crises in international relations have tested the ethical commitments of many cosmopolitans. However, this article argues that cosmopolitanism can be morally compelling and practically useful if it is conceived pragmatically as a set of ideals that guide interactions concerning cross-border problems. It argues that a will to believe in cosmopolitanism can be rationally justified by historical achievements and present tendencies in social conditions. Cosmopolitan beliefs are warranted, first, by demonstrating the empirical relevance of cosmopolitan ethics as a ‘living option’ in a new era of interaction and interdependence. Second, a pragmatic reorientation of cosmopolitan theory is conducted to widen the basis for identifying cosmopolitan action and permit a reconstruction of its ideals appropriate to today's pluralistic world. Finally, cosmopolitan ideals of equality, critical intelligence, and intercultural dialogue are developed as guides to addressing cross-border problems, drawing on the issue of climate change to illustrate how they become operative. A pragmatic faith in these ideals is thus justified by empirical hypotheses concerning the historical tendencies and latent potentialities of human experience, rather than metaphysical premises attached to a supernatural force or universal Reason.

scholarly journals Latvia as the Area of Correlated Russian “Hard Power” and “Soft Power” Operations

2021 ◽  
Vol 50 ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
Gabriel Nowacki ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
International Relations ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Soft Power ◽  
Hard Power ◽  
Power Operations ◽  
Impact Models

This work presents the methodology of the Russian impact on Latvia after 1991. It defines and specifies the scope of methods concerning both the hard and soft power in international relations in the 21st century, particularly the ones used to implement the Russian Federation’s foreign policy. The implemented strategies and impact models are described. The work is also focused on certain indicators used in global rankings by experts worldwide. In the 21st century, it is no longer enough to employ the hard power methods as it is advisable to use the soft power ones, which may bring about much better results than the hard ones.

scholarly journals TAREKAT AND PEACE BUILDING: A STUDY OF THE INCLUSIVISM OF THE COMMUNITY OF TEREKAT SYATTARIYYAH IN THE NAGARI OF SUNGAI BULUAH PADANG PARIAMAN REGENCY

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 211
Author(s):  
Sefriyono Sefriyono
Keyword(s):  
Social Activity ◽  
Peace Building ◽  
Religious Communities ◽  
The Will ◽  
The One ◽  
Will Of God

The life of tareqah community which is rarely eksplored is their social activity like their inclusiveness towords other religious communities. This paper eksplores the inclusiveness of community of Tarekat Syattariyyah in the nagari of Sungai Buluah Padang Pariaman Regency. The inclusiveness of community of Tarekat Syattariyyah based on the ortodoxy of Ahlussunnah Wal Jamaah that they have, namely Shafi’i Fiqh, Ash’Ariyah Theology and Al-Gazali Sufism. This ortodoxy is also called the Wasathiyah Islamic Ortodoxy. This ortodoxy is used to reject the salafi preaching, because the salafi preachers claim the religious patterns of the nagari community as bid’ah and liberal. While their acceptance of Nias-Christian based on the inclusiveness of the values of Tarekat Syattariyyah, namely: first, basically, the diversity of religion is the will of God. Second, all of the descendants of Adam are glorified by the God. Third, all humans are created from the one Nur, it is the Nur of Muhammad. Based on the above doctrine, hate each other caused of  religion contraradict with the tareqah values.

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