scholarly journals Justification of the Utility of Introducing Smart Meters in Latvia

2015 ◽  
Vol 52 (6) ◽  
pp. 13-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Kunickis ◽  
A. Dandens ◽  
U. Bariss
Keyword(s):  
Demand Response ◽  
Information Exchange ◽  
Electricity Consumption ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Smart Meters ◽  
Automatic Data ◽  
Load Variations ◽  
Reduce Electricity Consumption ◽  
Massive Scale ◽  
Smart Technologies

Abstract Automatic data reading from smart meters is being developed in many parts of the world, including Latvia. The key drivers for that are developments of smart technologies and economic benefits for consumers. Deployment of smart meters could be launched in a massive scale. Several pilot projects were implemented to verify the feasibility of smart meters for individual consumer groups. Preliminary calculations indicate that installation of smart meters for approximately 23 % of electricity consumers would be economically viable. Currently, the data for the last two years is available for an in-depth mathematical analysis. The continuous analysis of consumption data would be established, when more measurements from smart meters are available. The extent of introduction of smart meters should be specified during this process in order to gain the maximum benefit for the whole society (consumers, grid companies, state authorities), because there are still many uncertain and variable factors. For example, it is necessary to consider statistical load variations by hour, dependence of electricity consumption on temperature fluctuations, consumer behaviour and demand response to market signals to reduce electricity consumption in the short and long term, consumer’s ambitions and capability to install home automation for regulation of electricity consumption. To develop the demand response, it is necessary to analyse the whole array of additional factors, such as expected cost reduction of smart meters, possible extension of their functionality, further development of information exchange systems, as well as standard requirements and different political and regulatory decisions regarding the reduction of electricity consumption and energy efficiency.

scholarly journals Domesticating In Home Displays in Selected British and Norwegian Households

2017 ◽  
pp. 19-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tanja Winther ◽  
Sandra Bell
Keyword(s):  
New Technology ◽  
Electricity Consumption ◽  
Moral Economy ◽  
Social Practices ◽  
Material Object ◽  
Open Approach ◽  
Smart Meters ◽  
Reduce Electricity Consumption ◽  
Domestication Theory ◽  
The Impact

The paper uses qualitative data from Norway and the United Kingdom to understand the new technology of In Home Display monitors as a material object loaded with meaning and norms that may affect social practices and relations. The displays are designed to encourage householders to reduce electricity consumption. In contrast to technologies associated with ‘smart meters’, the monitors under study cannot be used for controlling or automatising various types of electricity consumption, but these devises nonetheless often form part of ‘smart grid solutions’. A large part of the research in this area has attempted to quantify the impact of displays, and qualitative research focusing on the users has also mainly sought to explain why - or why not – the introduction of displays has resulted in reduced household consumption. This paper follows a more open approach to the introduction and impact of displays by paying attention to the existing routines and social practices into which the display enters and potentially becomes integrated and domesticated. We examine to what extent ideas and norms inscribed in the display continue to have a bearing on the household moral economy and internal dynamics as the objects are negotiated and taken in use in British and Norwegian homes. Drawing on earlier studies that have sought to combine practice and domestication theory for understanding displays, the study’s novelty lies in its focus on the materiality of displays and social implications thereof, and its analysis of the social status of this object in two different contexts.

An Intelligent Household Electricity Load Control Method Based on Demand Response

2015 ◽  
Vol 740 ◽  
pp. 307-310 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhao Yang Qu ◽  
Tian Hang Zhang ◽  
Jia Yan ◽  
Shao Qing Xu
Keyword(s):  
Demand Response ◽  
Control Method ◽  
Electricity Consumption ◽  
Load Control ◽  
On Demand ◽  
Complex Functions ◽  
Reduce Electricity Consumption ◽  
Electricity Load ◽  
Smart House ◽  
Design Experiments

This paper presents a method for smart house electricity load control. The method, combined with TOU price and Real-time pricing, arranges various appliances and meets daily household electricity demand at the same time, so that to reduce the daily electricity consumption and realize Demand Response. First, this paper attempts to summarize problem witch need to be solved for realizing load control in a smart house. Second, the smart house load control problem was described as high-dimensional complex functions unconstrained optimization model and solved with Particle Swarm Optimization. Finally, design experiments used the method for a smart house. Experimental results show that the method can arrange various appliances and reduce electricity consumption.

Nudging down household electricity usage during peak hours with small monetary rewards

2021 ◽  
pp. 0958305X2110256
Author(s):  
Miyoung Lee ◽  
Daehwan Kim
Keyword(s):  
Demand Response ◽  
Financial Incentive ◽  
Electricity Consumption ◽  
Long Span ◽  
Monetary Rewards ◽  
Repeated Calls ◽  
Demand Response Program ◽  
Reduce Electricity Consumption ◽  
One Year ◽  
The One

Two recent studies highlight the potential of a demand response (DR) program as a tool to manage peak-hour electricity consumption by households. Households in these studies respond to the offer of financial rewards or an appeal to the sense of civic duty and significantly reduce electricity consumption during declared peak hours. Due to the small number of peak events included in these studies, however, a question remains whether households will continue to respond to repeated calls to action over a long span of time. We analyze a demand response program of Gangwon Province, South Korea, called “Electricity Piggy Bank” where the incentive offered was in the form of small monetary reward together with an appeal to social consciousness. The program tracked the electricity usage of about 2,000 households over one-year period during which peak events were declared once a week. We find significant reduction in electricity usage during declared peak hours and, more importantly, no decay of effects over time. The magnitude of electricity savings during peak hours is no less than the one reported for the previous financial-incentive-based DR, suggesting that offering small monetary rewards together with pro-social stimuli can be a viable alternative to a financial-reward-oriented scheme.

scholarly journals Demand Response as a Real-Time, Physical Hedge for Retail Electricity Providers: The Electric Reliability Council of Texas Market Case Study

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 808
Author(s):  
Andrew Blohm ◽  
Jaden Crawford ◽  
Steven A. Gabriel
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Demand Response ◽  
Wholesale Price ◽  
Electricity Consumption ◽  
Behavioral Changes ◽  
Electricity Prices ◽  
Reduce Electricity Consumption ◽  
Grid Operators ◽  
Residential Demand

Residential demand response (DR) programs are generally administered through an electricity distribution utility, or an electric grid operator. These programs typically reduce electricity consumption by inducing behavioral changes in the occupants of participating households. We propose implementing a wholesale-price-sensitive residential DR program through the retail electricity provider (REP), who has more naturally aligned incentives to avoid high wholesale electricity prices and maintain customer satisfaction, as compared to distribution utilities, grid operators, and the average residential consumer. Retail electricity providers who serve residential consumers are exposed to substantial price risk as they generally have a portion of their portfolio exposed to variable real-time wholesale electricity prices, despite charging their residential customers a fixed retail electricity price. Using Monte Carlo simulations, we demonstrate that demand response, executed through internet-connected thermostats, to shift real-time residential HVAC load in response to real-time prices, can be used as an effective physical hedge, which is both less costly and more effective than relying solely on financial hedging mechanisms. We find that on average a REP can avoid USD 62.07 annually per household using a load-shifting program. Given that REPs operate in a low margin industry, an annual avoided cost of this magnitude is not trivial.

scholarly journals Online Learning Algorithms for the Real-Time Set-Point Tracking Problem

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (14) ◽  
pp. 6620
Author(s):  
Arman Alahyari ◽  
David Pozo ◽  
Meisam Farrokhifar
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Power Systems ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Demand Response ◽  
Tracking Problem ◽  
Smart Meters ◽  
Set Point ◽  
Point Tracking ◽  
Power Set ◽  
Decision Making Framework

With the recent advent of technology within the smart grid, many conventional concepts of power systems have undergone drastic changes. Owing to technological developments, even small customers can monitor their energy consumption and schedule household applications with the utilization of smart meters and mobile devices. In this paper, we address the power set-point tracking problem for an aggregator that participates in a real-time ancillary program. Fast communication of data and control signal is possible, and the end-user side can exploit the provided signals through demand response programs benefiting both customers and the power grid. However, the existing optimization approaches rely on heavy computation and future parameter predictions, making them ineffective regarding real-time decision-making. As an alternative to the fixed control rules and offline optimization models, we propose the use of an online optimization decision-making framework for the power set-point tracking problem. For the introduced decision-making framework, two types of online algorithms are investigated with and without projections. The former is based on the standard online gradient descent (OGD) algorithm, while the latter is based on the Online Frank–Wolfe (OFW) algorithm. The results demonstrated that both algorithms could achieve sub-linear regret where the OGD approach reached approximately 2.4-times lower average losses. However, the OFW-based demand response algorithm performed up to twenty-nine percent faster when the number of loads increased for each round of optimization.

scholarly journals Geographic-based Routing in Smart Grid’s Neighbor Area Networks

2014 ◽  
Vol 3 (3-4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Quang-Dung Ho ◽  
Gowdemy Rajalingham ◽  
Tho Le-Ngoc
Keyword(s):  
Demand Response ◽  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Information Exchange ◽  
Ieee 802.15.4 ◽  
Packet Transmission ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Area Network ◽  
Smart Meter ◽  
Smart Grid Communications ◽  
Wireless Mesh

Neighbor area network (NAN), also known as smart meter communication network, is one of the most important segments of smart grid communications network (SGCN). This paper studies the performance of greedy perimeter stateless routing (GPSR), a representative implementation of geographic-based routing class, in the NAN scenario and investigates the feasibility of this routing protocol in supporting SG applications. Specifically, packet transmission delay and reliability of GPSR in an IEEE 802.15.4-based wireless mesh NAN with practical system parameters are measured by simulations. The results show that, at the data rate required for conventional SG applications including smart metering, real-time pricing and demand response, the delay can always be maintained below 70 ms (in 95th-percentile perspective) while packet delivery ratio is higher than 90%. However, due to that fact that more advanced applications that require information exchange at higher rates and more stringent delays are emerging in SG, the performance of GPSR in NAN scenarios using radio technologies that can support higher loads and/or larger network scales needs to be studied.

scholarly journals In-situ Desaturation Tests by Electrolysis for Liquefaction Mitigation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Runze Chen ◽  
Yumin Chen ◽  
Hanlong Liu ◽  
Kunxian Zhang ◽  
Ying Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Minimum Degree ◽  
Electricity Consumption ◽  
Potential Method ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Degree Of Saturation ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Liquefaction Resistance ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Maximum And Minimum Degree

Electrolytic desaturation is a potential method for improving the liquefaction resistance of the liquefiable foundation by reducing the soil saturation. In this study, in-situ desaturation tests were performed to investigate the resistivity of soil at different depth and the water level of the foundation under different current. The test results show that at constant currents of 1 A (Ampere, unit of the direct current), 2 A and 3 A, the saturation of the treated foundation reached 87%, 83% and 80%. During the electrolysis process, the generated gas migrates vertically and horizontally under the influence of buoyancy and gas pressure. In the end of electrolysis, the gas inside the sand foundation basically migrates vertically only. The higher current intensity employed for electrolysis will affect the uniformity and stability of the gas. At constant currents of 1 A, 2 A and 3 A, the difference between the maximum and minimum degree of saturation in the treated foundation was 14%, 18% and 19%; and after electrolysis halted for 144 h, the saturation in the treated foundation was 90%, 85% and 87%. The electricity consumption analysis indicates that the desaturation method has excellent economic benefits in the treatment of saturated sand foundations.

scholarly journals Heat pump systems: A mini review

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 73-81
Author(s):  
Mohammad Omar Temori ◽  
František Vranay
Keyword(s):  
Heat Pump ◽  
Electricity Consumption ◽  
Cost Savings ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Primary Energy ◽  
Heat Pumps ◽  
Coefficient Of Performance ◽  
Heating And Cooling ◽  
Ground Source ◽  
Reduce Electricity Consumption

In this work, a mini review of heat pumps is presented. The work is intended to introduce a technology that can be used to income energy from the natural environment and thus reduce electricity consumption for heating and cooling. A heat pump is a mechanical device that transfers heat from one environmental compartment to another, typically against a temperature gradient (i.e. from cool to hot). In order to do this, an energy input is required: this may be mechanical, electrical or thermal energy. In most modern heat pumps, electrical energy powers a compressor, which drives a compression - expansion cycle of refrigerant fluid between two heat exchanges: a cold evaporator and a warm condenser. The efficiency or coefficient of performance (COP), of a heat pump is defined as the thermal output divided by the primary energy (electricity) input. The COP decreases as the temperature difference between the cool heat source and the warm heat sink increases. An efficient ground source heat pump (GSHP) may achieve a COP of around 4. Heat pumps are ideal for exploiting low-temperature environmental heat sources: the air, surface waters or the ground. They can deliver significant environmental (CO2) and cost savings.

scholarly journals Dynamic Autonomous Identification and Intelligent Lighting of Moving Objects with Discomfort Glare Limitation

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (21) ◽  
pp. 7243
Author(s):  
Sebastian Słomiński ◽  
Magdalena Sobaszek
Keyword(s):  
Moving Objects ◽  
Tracking System ◽  
Electricity Consumption ◽  
Computation Time ◽  
Projection Image ◽  
Reduce Electricity Consumption ◽  
Smart Control ◽  
Discomfort Glare ◽  
Lighting Systems ◽  
Dynamic Lighting

The importance of reducing discomfort glare during the dynamic development of high luminance LEDs is growing fast. Smart control systems also offer great opportunities to reduce electricity consumption for lighting purposes. Currently, dynamic “intelligent” lighting systems are a rapidly developing field. These systems, consisting of cameras and lighting units, such as moving heads or multimedia projectors, are powerful tools that provide a lot of opportunities. The aim of this research is to demonstrate the possibilities of using the projection light in dynamic lighting systems that enable the reduction of discomfort glare and the light pollution phenomenon. The proposed system allows darkening or reducing the luminance of some sensitive zones, such as the eyes or the head, in real-time. This paper explores the development of the markerless object tracking system. The precise identification of the position and geometry of objects and the human figure is used for dynamic lighting and mapping with any graphic content. Time measurements for downloading the depth maps, as well as for identifying the human body’s position and pose, have been performed. The analyses of the image transformation times have been carried out in relation to the resolution of the images displayed by the projector. The total computation time related to object detection and image display translates directly into the precision of fitting the projection image to a moving object and has been shown.

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