scholarly journals Geographic-based Routing in Smart Grid’s Neighbor Area Networks

2014 ◽  
Vol 3 (3-4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Quang-Dung Ho ◽  
Gowdemy Rajalingham ◽  
Tho Le-Ngoc
Keyword(s):  
Demand Response ◽  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Information Exchange ◽  
Ieee 802.15.4 ◽  
Packet Transmission ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Area Network ◽  
Smart Meter ◽  
Smart Grid Communications ◽  
Wireless Mesh

Neighbor area network (NAN), also known as smart meter communication network, is one of the most important segments of smart grid communications network (SGCN). This paper studies the performance of greedy perimeter stateless routing (GPSR), a representative implementation of geographic-based routing class, in the NAN scenario and investigates the feasibility of this routing protocol in supporting SG applications. Specifically, packet transmission delay and reliability of GPSR in an IEEE 802.15.4-based wireless mesh NAN with practical system parameters are measured by simulations. The results show that, at the data rate required for conventional SG applications including smart metering, real-time pricing and demand response, the delay can always be maintained below 70 ms (in 95th-percentile perspective) while packet delivery ratio is higher than 90%. However, due to that fact that more advanced applications that require information exchange at higher rates and more stringent delays are emerging in SG, the performance of GPSR in NAN scenarios using radio technologies that can support higher loads and/or larger network scales needs to be studied.

scholarly journals RPL Routing Protocol Performance in Smart Grid Applications Based Wireless Sensors: Experimental and Simulated Analysis

Electronics ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 186 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shimaa Abdel Hakeem ◽  
Anar Hady ◽  
HyungWon Kim
Keyword(s):  
Smart Grid ◽  
Low Power ◽  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Wireless Sensors ◽  
Path Selection ◽  
High Density ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Smart Meter ◽  
Lossy Networks ◽  
Hop Count

The Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) is one of the Smart Grid (SG) applications that used to upgrade the current power system by proposing a two-way communication system to connect the smart meter devices at homes with the electric control company. The design and deployment of an efficient routing protocol solution for AMI systems are considered to be a critical challenge due to the constrained resources of the smart meter nodes. IPv6 Routing Protocol for Low Power and Lossy Networks (RPL) was recently standardized by the IETF and originally designed to satisfy the routing requirements of lossy and low power networks like wireless sensors (WSN). We have two kinds of AMI applications, on one hand AMI based WSN and on the other hand AMI based PLC communication. In this paper, we proposed a real and simulated implementation of RPL behavior with proper modifications to support the AMI based WSN routing requirements. We evaluate RPL performance using 140 nodes from the wireless sensor testbed (IoT-LAB) and 1000 nodes using Cooja simulator measure RPL performance within medium and high-density networks. We adopted two routing metrics for path selection: First one is HOP Count (HC) and the second is Expected Transmission Unit (ETX) to evaluate RPL performance in terms of packet delivery ratio; network latency; control traffic overhead; and power consumption. Our results illustrate that routes with ETX calculations in low and medium network densities outperform routes using HC and the performance decreases as the network becomes dense. However, Cooja implementation results provides an average reasonable performance for AMI with high-density networks; still many RPL nodes suffering from high packet loss rates, network congestion and many retransmissions due to the selection of optimal paths with highly unreliable links.

scholarly journals A Mac Protocol Implementation for Wireless Sensor Network

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jamila Bhar
Keyword(s):  
Ieee 802.15.4 ◽  
Mac Protocol ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Packet Transmission ◽  
Area Network ◽  
Mac Layer ◽  
Good Efficiency ◽  
Protocol Implementation ◽  
Traffic Efficiency ◽  
Traffic Distribution

IEEE 802.15.4 is an important standard for Low Rate Wireless Personal Area Network (LRWPAN). The IEEE 802.15.4 presents a flexible MAC protocol that provides good efficiency for data transmission by adapting its parameters according to characteristics of different applications. In this research work, some restrictions of this standard are explained and an improvement of traffic efficiency by optimizing MAC layer is proposed. Implementation details for several blocks of communication system are carefully modeled. The protocol implementation is done using VHDL language. The analysis gives a full understanding of the behavior of the MAC protocol with regard to backoff delay, data loss probability, congestion probability, slot effectiveness, and traffic distribution for terminals. Two ideas are proposed and tested to improve efficiency of CSMA/CA mechanism for IEEE 802.15.4 MAC Layer. Primarily, we dynamically adjust the backoff exponent (BE) according to queue level of each node. Secondly, we vary the number of consecutive clear channel assessment (CCA) for packet transmission. We demonstrate also that slot compensation provided by the enhanced MAC protocol can greatly avoid unused slots. The results show the significant improvements expected by our approach among the IEEE 802.15.4 MAC standards. Synthesis results show also hardware performances of our proposed architecture.

scholarly journals Underwater Routing Protocols: Analysis of Intrepid Link Selection Mechanism, Challenges and Strategies

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shahzad Ashraf ◽  
Tauqeer Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Packet Transmission ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Destination Node ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Communication Link ◽  
Routing Mechanism ◽  
Pollution Detection ◽  
Terrestrial Network

Abstract The sensor nodes deployed in underwater environment has different routing mechanism in contrast to the terrestrial network. Getting underwater data on pollution detection, control of the ecosystem, marine mining, catastrophe avoidance and strategic surveillance thereby demands smooth packet transmission from dynamic nodes to base station encounters numerous challenges, out of which selecting best communication link between source and destination node is a key phenomenon of Underwater sensor network. The meticulous research has been conducted to search out the best link selection mythology of bodacious underwater routing protocol EnOR, SURS‐PES and USPF. The performance has been evaluated through NS2 simulation for packet delivery ratio, end-to-end delay, network lifespan and network energy consumption.

scholarly journals Energy-Efficient Check-and-Spray Geocast Routing Protocol for Opportunistic Networks

Information ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 504
Author(s):  
Khuram Khalid ◽  
Isaac Woungang ◽  
Sanjay Kumar Dhurandher ◽  
Jagdeep Singh ◽  
Joel J. P. C. Rodrigues
Keyword(s):  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Network Performance ◽  
Opportunistic Networks ◽  
Packet Transmission ◽  
Superior Performance ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Node Mobility ◽  
Mobile Nodes ◽  
Hop Count

Opportunistic networks (OppNets) are a type of challenged network where there is no guaranteed of end-to-path between the nodes for data delivery because of intermittent connectivity, node mobility and frequent topology changes. In such an environment, the routing of data is a challenge since the battery power of the mobile nodes drains out quickly because of multi-routing activities such as scanning, transmitting, receiving, and computational processing, effecting the overall network performance. In this paper, a novel routing protocol for OppNets called Energy-Efficient Check-and-Spray Geocast Routing (EECSG) is proposed, which introduces an effective way of message distribution in the geocasting region to all residing nodes while saving the energy consumption by restricting the unnecessary packet transmission in that region. A Check-and-Spray technique is also introduced to eliminate the overhead of packets in the geocast region. The proposed EECSG is evaluated by simulations and compared against the Efficient and Flexible Geocasting for Opportunistic Networks (GSAF) and the Centrality- Based Geocasting for Opportunistic networks (CGOPP) routing protocols in terms of average latency, delivery ratio, number of messages forwarded, number of dead nodes, overhead ratio, and hop count, showing superior performance.

scholarly journals An Adaptive Routing in Flying Ad-Hoc Networks using FMCC Protocol

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 2473-2480
Keyword(s):  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Information Exchange ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Cluster Formation ◽  
High Mobility ◽  
Network Evolution ◽  
Packet Transmission ◽  
Clustering Model ◽  
Hoc Networks ◽  
Utilization Time

The increasing need for portable and flexible communication has paves a way for network evolution amongst unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) which is known as FANETs. Moreover, owing to its exclusive features of UAVs like frequency topology, high mobility and 3D movement makes routing most confronting task in FANETs. With these features, designing novel clustering model is quite complex. In general, topology based routing is determined as significant factor for resolving routing crisis. Henceforth, this investigation specifically spotlights on topology based routing protocol termed as Fuzzy based Markov chain Cluster (FMCC) with an objective of enhancing efficiency of networks in terms of resource utilization, time delay, transmission ratio and resource availability. Initially, consider a network model and the problems related in constructing a network without loss of packet transmission, neighbourhood construction and so on. In this work, simulation is done in NS-2 simulator and outcomes are analyzed based on end-to-end delay, throughput, cluster formation, cluster lifetime and so on. This method depicts better trade off in contrast to prevailing techniques. The information associated with the information exchange is considered for renovating the work effectually.

Performance Analysis of Hybrid Protocol under Distributed Denial of Service Attack in remote healthcare systems

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashu Gautam ◽  
Rashima Mahajan ◽  
Sherin Zafar
Keyword(s):  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Routing Protocols ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Research Study ◽  
Denial Of Service ◽  
Healthcare Sector ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Ddos Attacks ◽  
Packet Delivery ◽  
Wireless Mesh

Introduction: The future of healthcare systems relies on faster communication between sensors and smart devices, which can assist in taking decisions for betterment of patients. The responsiveness of wireless health care system in case of medical urgencies is crucial factor for survival of patient’s life. The routing protocol of infrastructure less based are playing key role in sending the information in such medical related emergencies. Therefore, it is important to study and identify the best routing protocol in wireless healthcare based system using Mobile Ad-hoc networks (MANETS). Methods: MANET routing protocols such as Ad-hoc On Demand Vector (AODV), Secure AODV (SAODV) and Hybrid Wireless Mesh Protocol (HWMP) through their routing environment are simulated through this research study. It is essential to highlight the effect of various attacks affecting the routing methodology of these protocols. Since Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attack is popularly talked about and is most vulnerable attack present in MANET environment, so this research study analyses AODV, SAODV and HWMP under DDoS attacks through various simulation parameters. Results: In this research study, most suitable routing protocols to handle DDoS attacks are simulated and estimated in terms of delay and packet delivery ratio in the scenario of changing nodes. This aids in providing implications to enhance existing protocols and alleviate the consequences of DDoS investigation by such attacks. Discussion: For ensuring the optimized routing, privacy and security of patient’s data during transmission in healthcare sector, MANET could be used as one of the important technology combined with IoT. For dealing with end to end data transmission of patient's sensitive data, MANET protocol plays a vital role in sending the information securely. Conclusion: The performance of AODV, SAODV and HWMP (Hybrid Wireless Mesh Protocol) are compared and tabularized which are the most popularly utilized protocols in healthcare environment. The simulation results shows that the HWMP out performed than AODV and SAODV routing protocol, in terms of evaluation metrics namely end-to-end delay and Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR) and could be considered as much less vulnerable against DDoS attacks prevailing in wireless healthcare sector using MANET.

scholarly journals An Enhanced OLSR Protocol to Improve Performance of UAV in Wireless Mesh Network

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 3562-3569
Keyword(s):  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Wireless Mesh Network ◽  
Data Encryption ◽  
Packet Delivery Ratio ◽  
Mesh Network ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Healthcare Applications ◽  
Packet Delivery ◽  
Link State ◽  
Wireless Mesh

Over the past few decades, wireless mesh network is the main area of research in small and large sized network structure. Wireless mesh network is a radio based network scheme that needs minimal structure and organisation. It has the capability to integrate the wired system and can be prolonged at minimum cost without losing the mobile nature. Routing protocols mainly affects the performance of the WMN. Some of the advantages of the WMN are cost effective, easy management, robust and reliable service. It is utilised in numerous application areas such as hospitality and healthcare applications, rescue actions and disaster controlling, broadband connection services at home and institutions. In WMN , some challenges faced are, unsuitable number of alternate routes among the pair of the hops, entire capacity decreased due to interference among the multiple connections, effect on security due to complex networks. In a wireless mesh network, described about the optimized link state routing protocol (OLSR) and works on network parameters. In routing protocol, an immediate routing is required so that the change in topology may lead to flooding of data to desirable hosts in the system. After that, routing, performance is evaluated with encryption method using DES. Data encryption standard (DES) is cryptographic method that is applied to block of information. In this research proposed work, developed a novel improved, optimised link state routing method to enhance the network performance end to delay, delivery rate and recover the loss of data from sender to receiver hop. Experimental analysis is done using various parameters metrices as end delay, packet delivery ratio and throughput. In this research, an improvement in discovery delay of PASER and FER is also increased. The frame error rate computed is based on the level ranges range from 0%, 10% and 20%. Moreover, packet delivery ratio is 70% and throughput is 81%.

scholarly journals Fuzzy Logic Based Raodv Routing Protocol

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 7919-7924
Keyword(s):  
Fuzzy Logic ◽  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Packet Transmission ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Fuzzy Variables ◽  
On Demand ◽  
Optimal Paths ◽  
Distance Vector

Fuzzy Logic system comes as a very efficient and important tool that is used to make intelligent decisions when inadequate data is available. This research work is focused on the enhancement of Fuzzy based RAODV routing protocol. It is very efficient to select the optimal paths for data packet transmission between source and desitnation node and also increse the network life time. Fuzzy Logic control is generally designed on three fuzzy variables of energy, hop count and queue length which is also enhance the rule of Fuzzy logic to improve the lifetime of the network. Optimal paths are traced and selected which is depends on these fuzzy variables, used to improvise and enhance the process of Reverse Ad hoc on Demand Distance Vector (RAODV) routing protocol and also helpful to improve the lifetime of the network. NS2 Simulator are used to analyze the concert of RAODV and Fuzzy based Reverse Ad hoc on demand Distance Vector (FRAODV) routing protocol which is based on packet size and round time of network using the parameters of Packet delivery ratio, energy consumption and end to end delay , performance results shows that FRAODV is more accomplished and improves the lifetime of the network.

scholarly journals Multicriteria Parent Selection Using Cognitive Radio for RPL in Smart Grid Network

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adisorn Kheaksong ◽  
Kanabadee Srisomboon ◽  
Akara Prayote ◽  
Wilaiporn Lee
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Radio ◽  
Smart Grid ◽  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Residual Energy ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Smart Meter ◽  
Grid Data ◽  
Workload Balancing ◽  
Parent Selection ◽  
Advanced Metering

To maintain reliability of advanced metering infrastructure network in smart grid, data sent from a smart meter must reach a data concentrator unit efficiently. Parent selecting mechanism in routing protocol for low-power and lossy (RPL) is a key to maintain the reliability by balancing workload of meters in the network. In this paper, a parent selecting mechanism with three criteria including expected transmission count, residual energy, and expected transmission time is proposed to improve workload balancing and lifetime differences of all meters. A meter selects an immediate parent based on three factors. From simulation results, parents’ workload is better balanced and the lifetime of all meters in the network is depleted nearly at the same time. Moreover, a simulation with cognitive radio enabled meters, where data can be transmitted on a licensed channel opportunistically when the channel is not utilized, shows an improvement in the packet delivery ratio.

scholarly journals DiRPL: A RPL-Based Resource and Service Discovery Algorithm for 6LoWPANs

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luca Davoli ◽  
Mattia Antonini ◽  
Gianluigi Ferrari
Keyword(s):  
Low Power ◽  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Smart City ◽  
Service Discovery ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Ieee 802.15.4 ◽  
Resource Discovery ◽  
Area Network ◽  
Lossy Networks ◽  
Smart Lighting

The Internet of Things (IoT) will bring together billions of devices, denoted as Smart Objects (SOs), in an Internet-like architecture. Typically, SOs are embedded devices with severe constraints in terms of processing capabilities, available memory (RAM/ROM), and energy consumption. SOs tend to be deployed in environments in which the human intervention is not suitable or needs to be minimized (e.g., smart city maintenance). They must adapt to the surrounding environment by self-configuring: to this end, several mechanisms have been proposed (e.g., UPnP, ZeroConf, etc.). In this paper, we focus on IEEE 802.15.4 networks with IPv6 over Low-Power Wireless Personal Area Network (6LoWPAN) adaptation layer, where IPv6 Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks (RPL) is the routing protocol of choice. In this context, we propose a lightweight RPL-based mechanism to Resource Discovery (RD) and Service Discovery (SD), denoted as DiRPL. In particular, DiRPL exploits the RPL handshake to detect new nodes in the network; resources are then simply discovered with a Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) request and can thus be published in a local resource directory. A very attractive feature of the proposed DiRPL approach is that it builds on well-defined and well-known standard protocols. The performance of the proposed system is investigated with WisMote nodes deployed inside the Cooja simulator, running the Contiki operating system. Practical application scenarios to large-scale smart city monitoring, such as smart lighting and large-scale water consumption monitoring, are investigated.

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