scholarly journals EU agricultural policy and productivity of soil in countries varying in terms of intensity of agricultural production

Management ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 250-258
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Smędzik-Ambroży ◽  
Adam Majchrzak
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Policy ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Soil Productivity ◽  
Agricultural Activity ◽  
Total Production ◽  
Statistical Assessment ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Productivity Indicators

Summary It was emphasised in the work whether there are differences in soil productivity of FADM farms from countries belonging to EU-15 and EU-12, and whether CAP subsidies impact the degree of these differences. For this purpose, a comparative analysis was conducted for the soil productivity indicators (taking into account the value of CAP subsidies in the value of production from agricultural activity and without such subsidies) as well as a statistical assessment of differences between those indicators in EU-15 and EU-12 countries based on the Mann-Whitney U test. EU-FADN data was used in the work. The timeframe covered the period of 2007-2013, the spatial scope covered EU-27 countries while the subject scope covered farms representative for particular EU-15 and EU-12 countries. A hypothesis was made that including subsidies from the Common Agricultural Policy in the total production generated from farming causes absence of the significance of differences, in the productivity of soils from EU- 15 and EU-12 countries. As a result of the conducted analyses, it was confirmed that CAP subsidies increase the difference in the scope of soil productivity between farms from EU-15 and EU-12 countries. A bigger level of differences occurred between FADN farms from countries composing EU-15.

THE LEVEL OF SUPPORT FOR AGRICULTURE WITHIN THE COMMON AGRICULTURAL POLICY IN LOWER SILESIAN COMMUNITIES WITH DIFFERENT NATURAL CONDITIONS

2018 ◽  
Vol XX (6) ◽  
pp. 154-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara Kutkowska ◽  
Tomasz Berbeka ◽  
Marek Stachowiak
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Policy ◽  
Common Agricultural Policy ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Spatial Diversity ◽  
Agricultural Activity ◽  
Natural Conditions ◽  
Lorenz Curves ◽  
Production Space ◽  
The Common ◽  
Direct Payments

After 2004, income in agricultural farms in Poland was supplemented with a diversified support instruments within the framework of the Common Agricultural Policy. The Lower Silesia region is characterized by favorable natural conditions for conducting agricultural activity - however, they show significant spatial diversity. The study uses ARMA data in Wroclaw Division regarding direct payments and implemented RADP 2014-2020 measures paid to farmers in 2016. The structure of payment of support instruments was analyzed and the correlation ratio between the sum of payments received and the indexation of agricultural production space and between RADP payments and the above index of valorization. The Lorenz concentration ratio indices were used and Lorenz curves were plotted for direct payments and RADP measures depending on the conditions of the agricultural production space. Support for farms under RADP measures is accumulated in municipalities with the weakest natural conditions, whereas direct payments show spatially uniform distribution.

scholarly journals Płatności prośrodowiskowe jako instrument ochrony użytkowej biosfery w rolnictwie

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 37
Author(s):  
Beata Jeżyńska
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Soil Quality ◽  
Agricultural Policy ◽  
Common Agricultural Policy ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Environmental Aspects ◽  
The Common ◽  
New Guidelines ◽  
Quality Assessments ◽  
The Impact

<p>The need to keep the expected level of production in agriculture generates a serious burden on the environment. The most important environmental factors exposed to the impact of agriculture include biodiversity and water, air, and soil quality. Assessments of all these environmental aspects related to agricultural production are negative. The condition of the agricultural environment has been subject to rapid deterioration. In such a situation, environmental instruments have drawn particular attention from the European legislature when developing new guidelines of the Common Agricultural Policy to be applicable after 2020.</p>

THE COMMON AGRICULTURAL POLICY GREENING EFFECTS ON THE EXAMPLE OF FADN FARMS

2017 ◽  
Vol XIX (4) ◽  
pp. 231-237
Author(s):  
Wioletta Wrzaszcz
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Policy ◽  
Common Agricultural Policy ◽  
Organizational Changes ◽  
Research Results ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Common

The aim of the article is to present the organizational changes which have been made on farms after the introduction of the requirement of greening. The subject of the analysis were individual farms covered by the Polish FADN in years 2014-2015. The research results indicated the farms` adaptation to the greening requirements.

Concentration of entrepreneurs on the pharmaceutical market: selected issues

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 257
Author(s):  
Joanna Magdalena CZESAK-STARŻYK
Keyword(s):  
Consumer Protection ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Design Research ◽  
Pharmaceutical Market ◽  
Consumer Protection Act ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Limited Service ◽  
Selection Of

Aim:The article has been selected due to the need to determine the legal basis for the consolidation of entrepreneurs on the pharmaceutical market and to identify the difference from the common pattern established by the regulations set forth in the Competition and Consumer Protection Act dated 16 February 2007. The selection of an enactment (the Competition and Consumer Protection Act or the Pharmaceutical Law Act) as the appropriate basis for ruling shapes the legal status of an entrepreneur on the pharmaceutical market, in particular with respect to selecting specific remedies. Design / Research methods:The text of enactments was analyzed using mainly the linguistic method. The aim of the analyzed regulations and the system of values protected by law were also investigated. Conclusions / findings:The regulations concerning anti-competition consolidation on the pharmaceutical market set forth in the Pharmaceutical Law Acta are lex specialis with respect to solutions adopted in the Competition and Consumer Protection Act (this applies only to issuing a permit for running a retail pharmacy and a limited service pharmacy). These regulations are related with respect to content but, simultaneously, they differ with respect to the adopted consolidation criteria (qualitative criterion: the Competition and Consumer Protection Act, and quantitative criterion: the Pharmaceutical Law Act). The regulations set forth in the Competition and Consumer Protection Act apply also to consolidation on the pharmaceutical market since the obligation to report a consolidation intent is not specific to the industry in which the consolidation takes place. It means that President of the Office of Competition and Consumer Protection is competent to study the consolidation status and issue decisions related to consolidation on the pharmaceutical market, and entrepreneurs can appeal from the President’s decisions to the Regional Court in Warsaw. Originality / value of the article:The approach presented is not present in the current literature which is the main value of the article. The subject matter of the article can be interesting for entrepreneurs present on the pharmaceutical market and law practitioners.

The Influence of Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) on Development of the Agricultural Production Structures in Romania and EU-28

2015 ◽  
pp. 52-79
Author(s):  
Andrei Jean-Vasile ◽  
Mihai Mieila ◽  
Alexandra Smoleanu
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Cultural Values ◽  
Agricultural Policy ◽  
Common Agricultural Policy ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Agricultural Policies ◽  
Safety Standards ◽  
Agricultural Potential ◽  
The Common ◽  
Agricultural Policy Reform

Agriculture represents without any debate a fundamental economic sector, with significant implication in achieving not only the food safety standards for a growing population, but also in promoting rural communities' cultural values and providing good living standards and revenues for farmers and rural population. In this context the evolution of agricultural production structures represent a major concern for all decision-makers involved in this sector. Achieving competitive results in valuing the agricultural potential impose a great convergence between inland agricultural policies and the Common Agricultural Policy in order to integrate the best measures in designing an economically efficient agricultural structure. The chapter aims to analyze the evolution of some of the agricultural production structures under the Common Agricultural Policy reform and the pressure to adapt and achieve the most functional decision in a better valorization of the inland agricultural potential.

OPPORTUNITIES FOR RESTORATION OF SOIL FERTILITY THROUGH METHODS OF ORGANIC AGRICULTURE IN THE YAMBOL AGROREGION

2018 ◽  
pp. 25-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Violeta Vateva
Keyword(s):  
Soil Fertility ◽  
Organic Agriculture ◽  
Agricultural Policy ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Soil Degradation ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Organic Farmers ◽  
The Common ◽  
Priority Policy

The quality and quantity of agricultural production depend on the fertility of the soil type on which it is grown. Soil fertility is the result of the interaction of multiple mutually merged factors. Loss of soil fertility leads to soil degradation. Subsequently, it gradually becomes unfit for farming activity. Controlling the maintenance and enhancement of soil fertility is the guarantor of sustainable yields and population satisfaction with food resources, protecting land from degradation, and preserving biodiversity of ecosystems. The report examines the opportunities for restoration of the soil fertility of the agricultural lands of the Yambol Agro region. The aim is to analyze and propose for practice the most suitable methods of organic farming, with the application of which to preserve and improve the fertility of soils from the agricultural fund of the region. The proposed options are in line with the requirements of the European Union and the elements of the Common Agricultural Policy for Conservation of Soil Fertility. As a result of analysis and studies found that the preservation and maintenance of soil fertility in agricultural land in Yambol agroregion is recognized and priority policy of the departments of Agriculture and farmers. From soil fertility conservation methods, organic farmers in Yambol Agro region apply a comprehensive approach, focusing primarily on bio-fertilization, crop rotation and sequential soil treatment systems.

scholarly journals Two Mathematical Comments on the Thevenin Theorem: An “Algebraic Ideal” and the “Affine Nonlinearity”

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Emanuel Gluskin
Keyword(s):  
Circuit Theory ◽  
Biological Modeling ◽  
Common Opinion ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Local Intensity ◽  
Algebraic Ideal ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Internal Element

We discuss the most important and simple concept of basic circuit theory—the concept of the unideal source—or the Thevenin circuit. It is explained firstly how the Thevenin circuit can be interpreted in the algebraic sense. Then, we critically consider the common opinion that it is a linear circuit, showing that linearity (or nonlinearity) depends on the use of the port. The difference between the cases of a source being an input or an internal element (as it is in Thevenin’s circuit) is important here. The distinction in the definition of linear operator in algebra (here in system theory) and in geometry is also important for the subject, and we suggest the wide use of the concept of “affine nonlinearity.” This kind of nonlinearity should be relevant for the development of complicated circuitry (perhaps in a biological modeling context) with nonprescribed definition of subsystems, when the interpretation of a port as input or output can become dependent on the local intensity of a process.

V. On the absorption and radiation of heat by gaseous and liquid matter.—Fourth memoir

1864 ◽  
Vol 154 ◽  
pp. 201-225 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Royal Society ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Radiant Heat ◽  
Powerful Source ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Volatile Liquids ◽  
Permanent Gases ◽  
Gaseous Form

The Royal Society has already done me the honour of publishing in the Philosophical Transactions three memoirs on the relations of radiant heat to the gaseous form of matter. In the first of these memoirs* it was shown that for heat emanating from the blackened surface of a cube filled with boiling water, a class of bodies which had been previously regarded as equally, and indeed, as far as laboratory experiments went, perfectly diathermic, exhibited vast differences both as regards radiation and absorption. At the common tension of one atmosphere the absorptive energy of olefiant gas, for example, was found to be 290 times that of air, while when lower pressures were employed the ratio was still greater. The reciprocity of absorption and radiation on the part of gases was also experimentally established in this first investigation. In the second inquiry† I employed a different and more powerful source of heat, my desire being to bring out with still greater decision the differences which revealed themselves in the first investigation. By carefully purifying the transparent elementary gases, and thus reducing the action upon radiant heat, the difference between them and the more strongly acting compound gases was greatly augmented. In this second inquiry, for example, olefiant gas at a pressure of one atmosphere was shown to possess 970 times the absorptive energy of atmospheric air, while it was shown to be probable that when pressures of 1/30th of an atmosphere were compared, the absorption of olefiant gas was nearly 8000 times that of air. A column of ammoniacal gas, moreover, 3 feet long, was found sensibly impervious to the heat employed in the inquiry, while the vapours of many of the volatile liquids were proved to be still more opaque to radiant heat than even the most powerfully acting permanent gases. In this second investigation, the discovery of dynamic radiation and absorption is also announced and illustrated, and the action of odours and of ozone on radiant heat is made the subject of experiment.

scholarly journals ASSESSMENT OF GREENING IN THE CONTEXT OF PROVIDING ENVIRONMENTAL PUBLIC GOODS IN AGRICULTURE

2019 ◽  
pp. 18-27
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Biernat-Jarka
Keyword(s):  
Public Goods ◽  
Agricultural Policy ◽  
Common Agricultural Policy ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Environmental Public Goods ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Common ◽  
Safe Food ◽  
The One ◽  
Source Materials

The article discusses the concept of providing environmental public goods through agriculture. The theoretical goal of the discussion was to present the concept of greening under the EU's Common Agricultural Policy. This concept was developed on the basis of available literature and from EU and Polish documents. The concrete goal is to assess greening instruments in terms of their implementation and compliance by farmers. A review of the available literature on the subject allows the assumption that the greening instrument implemented under the CAP has contributed to an intensification of activities by farmers in the field of environmental protection. The article was prepared based on source materials, monographs and scientific articles as well as Eurostat data. The article also presents the results of Eurobarometer surveys that show the expectations of EU citizens towards the European Union's CAP in the field of environmental and climate protection. Results of surveys have shown that on the one hand, the European Union should be responsible for ensuring healthy and safe food products for consumers, while on the other hand the goal of the Common Agricultural Policy should be to ensure an appropriate standard of living for farmers.

Economic Transformation of Austrian Agriculture since EU Accession

2016 ◽  
pp. 299-329
Author(s):  
Erika Quendler ◽  
Christina Mayer ◽  
Karl Michael Ortner
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Agricultural Policy ◽  
Common Agricultural Policy ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Economic Transformation ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Economic Data ◽  
Eu Accession ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Eu

After joining the European Union (EU) in 1995 Austria adopted the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP). This chapter reviews the changes in agricultural production and the economic situation of agriculture since the accession to the EU. The analysis is primarily based on macro-economic data from the Economic Accounts for Agriculture (EAA) over the period between 1995 and 2014. Select examples identify the developments applicable for Austria – also in comparison to other EU countries and groups of countries as well as to Switzerland. Expectations and forecasts regarding the consequences of integration, e.g. changes in the price levels, have been more or less fulfilled but there is a need for further research on the development of regions and on special issues such as the resilience of Austrian agriculture.

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