Establishment of Kogabwilhan in Supporting the Defense Area’s Resilience

In the past, defense in warfare was carried out conventionally by using weapons. Now the defense system has shifted to modern types of warfare, either through culture, diplomacy, technology, and ideology. Kogabwilhan as a unit directly under the President’s command. The TNI’s Kogabwilhan is a representation of the concept of TNI's interoperability capability which is currently a priority policy for TNI Commanders. Kogabwilhan was established as an effort of the TNI to carry out the strengthening of resilience and deterrence against various potential threats, both from outside and within the country. The presence of the Kogabwilhan is a form of TNI's preparedness in handling the crisis. The development of defense areas is directed at maintaining the natural potential and social conditions that exist in the territory of Indonesia. Kogabwilhan is here to coordinate with various parties to maintain all aspects, both disaster mitigation, regional development, welfare, and regional defense. The government determined the domicile of MaKogabwilhan II in Balikpapan, East Kalimantan Province. The determination must have taken into account some aspects of the current command, control, strategy, and infrastructure. Thus, the formation of the Kogabwilhan has a strategic role in maintaining the sovereignty of the Indonesian state. The formation of the Kogabwilhan was carried out as one of the steps taken by the TNI to strengthen Its deterrence against various potential threats from outside and within the country. However, there are three things that have an impact on the resilience of the defense area as a result of the formation of Kogabwilhan II in Balikpapan. First, the military managerial role. The improvement of military managerial capabilities must be based on good planning, organization, implementation arrangements, and supervision, so that they can be controlled optimally. Second, the role of legal policy. Kogabwilhan must be able to enforce the law, both on land, sea, and air. Third, the role of diplomacy. The establishment of Kogabwilhan could reduce existing conflicts, so diplomacy skills are very important to have. Therefore, the development of defense and security in strategic areas is currently increasingly complex and escalating in various parts of the world.

Model of conflict resolution at KHDTK Carita through participatory action research

The Minister of Environment and Forestry has designated 52 units of Special Purpose Forest Areas (KHDTK) in 2015, in which the Research Development and Innovation Agency manages 35 units with an area of 37,569 ha. In fact, almost all of the KHDTK areas are inseparable from land conflicts with local communities, including in KHDTK Carita. More than 600 farmers have encroached 80% of the area by developing non-forestry crops. This study aims to provide a policy recommendation for conflict resolution in KHDTK and encourage the acceleration of implementation and achievement of national priority policy targets for social forestry. For this study, a participatory action research (PAR) approach is used to encourage social change at the local level and policies at national level. The results of the study reveal that there are two types of conflict namely management conflict involving three different institutions, and utilization conflict involving residents who live in two different villages. A combination of a local elite approach and a formal (legality) approach are needed in conflict resolution. Recognition and protection of forestry partnerships (Kulin KK) is also one of the solutions offered in conflict resolution.

Critical Analysis of Indonesia's Global Maritime Fulcrum under Joko Widodo: Problems and Challenges

The vision of the Global Maritime Fulcrum (GMF) for Indonesia not only raises national awareness but also gets international attention. Jokowi in the first term of his administration echoed this vision as the identity of his foreign policy. However, in its implementation, there are various shortcomings. As a result, the vision did not work out well. Especially during his second election as president of Indonesia, Jokowi no longer mentioned GMF as a priority policy. This paper aims to analyze the causes of the failure to implement the GMF vision in Jokowi's first term as president. Several previous studies on GMF were divided into 3 major studies, namely security studies, international cooperation, then regional and geopolitical studies. Most of these studies discuss GMF Indonesia's vision only in the international scope, such as cooperation formed with other countries, its influence on the region, geopolitical implications, and also on the perspective of threats and security. There is no research that specifically addresses the problems and challenges of the GMF. By the governmental and leadership approach in policy studies, this paper identifies the factors that have resulted in the GMF vision's lack of implementation. This article argues that uncoordinated governance, overlapping institutions, and Jokowi's lack of leadership are the main determinants of the success or failure of the GMF vision. The limitations of this study allow for further analysis of the economic perspective of GMF in subsequent studies.

World trade organization’s export-oriented compulsory licensing mechanism: Foreseen policy concern for Africa to mitigate the COVID-19 pandemic

Africa has a history of grappling with outbreaks and high prevalence of disease. It currently confronts COVID-19 which is escalating because of local community transmission of the disease. Poorly resourced health systems in Africa are ill-prepared for the surging number of COVID-19 cases. This paper emphasizes that in the current battle against COVID-19, policymakers should not lose sight of future policy challenges. COVID-19 vaccine has become available, but patent exclusivities might play a major role in hindering access to it. With little or no indigenous pharmaceutical manufacturing capacity of its own, Africa will almost entirely rely on importing COVID-19 vaccines or treatment from third parties. The World Trade Organization’s (WTO’s) Paragraph 6 System, which relates to export-oriented compulsory licensing, is excessively formal and does not suit a pandemic situation which requires swift action. This paper draws policymakers’ attention of to a high priority policy concern for Africa.

Study on Policy Tasks for Promoting a Business Using Spent Electric Vehicle Batteries

With the rising demand for electric vehicles (EVs), it is also becoming increasingly important for policymakers to devise measures on how best to handle spent EV batteries. Policymakers need to devise a system that ensures the economic efficiency of recycling used EV batteries, and support the effective operation of such a system with legal and policy measures. This study aims to present, in a systematic manner, the policy measures needed to foster an environment that actively makes use of spent EV batteries, based on a review of Korean practices and experiences. Based on in-depth interviews with experts, this study explains why the policy measures it recommends are essential, what obstacles stand in the way of implementing those measures and how we may overcome them, as well as other factors we should consider when implementing these measures. As a result, we identified top-priority policy tasks, such as defining regulatory provisions that apply to each stage using spent batteries, as well as clarifying the cost- and profit-sharing structure. We also explored potential and major obstacles and factors that may stand in the way of the implementation of recommended policy measures.

Factors Shaping Exports of Cultural Goods from Pakistan

In the era of economic globalization, cultural goods trade has assumed a vital role in overall bilateral trade. It has become an emerging and transformative force behind socio-cultural-economic development and an important source of inclusive growth. Once virtually unlocked, trade in cultural goods is now fast growing with world-wide market openings. Trade liberalisation in cultural goods thus needs to be treated as a priority policy issue in multilateral and regional trade negotiations. Despite large potential of exports in cultural goods, Pakistan has been unsuccessful in realizing it. This is mainly because of lack of due attention given to it by the policymakers. In this regard, this paper makes a beginning to investigate the determinants of cultural goods exports from Pakistan for the period 2003-2012 with its 157 trading partner countries. The Gravity model is used to identify factors that determine exports of cultural goods. Six major categories of cultural goods are used for the purpose of estimation. Results indicate that size of Pakistan and its trading partner countries’ markets as well as distance among them are important determinants of exports in cultural goods. Specifically, cultural goods exports are strongly and positively influenced by the growth of the GDP in Pakistan, while the trading partner countries’ GDP growth negatively influence cultural goods’ exports. Distance, representing transaction costs and trade barriers, negatively affect exports of cultural goods; while colonial ties, common language, common border and land area of the trading partners positively influence the export of cultural goods. Exports of cultural goods to landlocked countries are lower than other trading partner countries.

Condition and Prospects of Legal Regulation of the Security of Critical Information Infrastructure in Russia and in Foreign Countries

The article is devoted to an urgent problem related to the security of critical information infrastructure. The introduction of digital technologies in all spheres of society is in line with the priority policy for the development of the digital industry. At the same time, the number and quality of cyberattacks on significant objects of critical information infrastructure is constantly increasing in the world. But not all subjects of information relations, even understanding the presence of threats, are able to adequately assess and organize an effective security system for these objects. In this regard, ensuring the security of significant objects of critical information infrastructure is currently the primary task of the state - both the Russian Federation and other countries. The article provides a comparative analysis of approaches to ensuring the security of critical information infrastructure in Russia and in foreign countries. The problems of legal regulation of critical information infrastructure in Russia are identified and solutions are proposed to overcome them. There are traced the shortcomings associated with the implementation of legislation on the security of critical information infrastructure in Russia: in the digital industry, it becomes difficult to differentiate information infrastructure objects and classify some of them as critical; not all relevant legal entities have provided information on critical information infrastructure facilities, and therefore the register of facilities was not compiled in full, cyberattacks on which would create dangerous consequences for the country; some subjects of the critical information infrastructure deliberately underestimate the importance of their objects.