scholarly journals Structural Changes of Farm Size and Labor’s Occupation in Bangladesh- A Markov Chain Analysis

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 609-617
Author(s):  
Shakila Salam ◽  
Siegfried Bauer
Keyword(s):  
Markov Chain ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Transition Probabilities ◽  
Farm Size ◽  
Chain Analysis ◽  
The Future ◽  
Part Time ◽  
Large Farms ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Over the last few decades, Bangladesh has experienced significant structural changes within the agricultural sector. This research estimates the current and forecasts the future changes of farm size and labor occupational mobility over time and across the region. A panel dataset, which is used in this study, was collected in the three different years (1988, 2000 and 2008) from 62 villages across 57 districts. Stationary Markov chain approach was used in this analysis to estimate structural change. The results of this study imply that the agricultural sector is dominated by small farms in past, present and also in the future. The forecasting predicts that the numbers of marginal, medium and large farms are going to decrease in future. Moreover, it indicates that the average farm size of small landholders will slightly increase as the numbers of marginal and large landowners reduces. The analyses of the transition probabilities of labor occupational change show that rural households are gradually shifting to non-farm activities and mostly part-time farming from other income generating activities over time. In general, the forecast also suggests narrowing of agricultural activities and expansion of part-time farming and non-farm activities in future.

scholarly journals A Markov Chain Analysis of Structural Changes in the Texas High Plains Cotton Ginning Industry

1985 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 11-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Don E. Ethridge ◽  
Sujit K. Roy ◽  
David W. Myers
Keyword(s):  
Markov Chain ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Transition Probabilities ◽  
High Plains ◽  
Markov Chain Analysis ◽  
West Texas ◽  
Texas High Plains ◽  
Chain Analysis ◽  
Stationary Transition ◽  
Number Of Firms

AbstractMarkov chain analysis of changes in the number and size of cotton gin firms in West Texas was conducted assuming stationary and non-stationary transition probabilities. Projections of industry structure were made to 1999 with stationary probability assumptions and six sets of assumed conditions for labor and energy costs and technological change in the non-stationary transition model. Results indicate a continued decline in number of firms, but labor, energy, and technology conditions alter the configuration of the structural changes.

scholarly journals Structural Changes in Israeli Family Farms: Long-Run Trends in the Farm Size Distribution and the Role of Part-Time Farming

Agriculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 518
Author(s):  
Ayal Kimhi ◽  
Nitzan Tzur-Ilan
Keyword(s):  
Size Distribution ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Farm Size ◽  
Farm Income ◽  
Higher Moments ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Family Farms ◽  
Income Sources ◽  
Part Time ◽  
The Mean

Israeli agriculture has experienced rapid structural changes in recent decades, including the massive exit of farmers, a resulting increase in average farm size, a higher farm specialization and a higher reliance on non-farm income sources. The higher farm heterogeneity makes it necessary to examine changes in the entire farm size distribution rather than the common practice of analyzing changes in the average farm size alone. This article proposes a nonparametric analysis in which the change in the distribution of farm sizes between two periods is decomposed into several components, and the contributions of subgroups of farms to this change are analyzed. Using data on Israeli family farms, we analyze the changes in the farm size distribution in two separate time periods that are characterized by very different economic environments, focusing on the different contributions of full-time farms and part-time farms to the overall distributional changes. We found that between 1971 and 1981, a period characterized by stability and prosperity, the farm size distribution has shifted to the right with relatively minor changes in higher moments of the distribution. On the other hand, between 1981 and 1995, a largely unfavorable period to Israeli farmers, the change in the distribution was much more complex. While the overall change in the size distribution of farms was smaller in magnitude than in the earlier period, higher moments of the distribution were not less important than the increase in the mean and led to higher dispersion of farm sizes. Between 1971 and 1981, the contributions of full- and part-time farms to the change in the size distribution were quite similar. Between 1981 and 1995, however, full-time farms contributed mostly to the growth in the average farm size, while the average farm size among part-time farms actually decreased, and their contribution to the higher dispersion of farm sizes was quantitatively larger. This highlights the need to analyze the changes in the entire farm size distribution rather than focusing on the mean alone, and to allow for differences between types of farms.

scholarly journals Sectoral Volatility, Development, and Governance: A Case Study of Pakistan

2006 ◽  
Vol 45 (4II) ◽  
pp. 797-817
Author(s):  
Toseef Azid ◽  
Naeem Khaliq ◽  
Muhammad Jamil
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Structural Change ◽  
Service Sector ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Green Revolution ◽  
Rate Of Growth ◽  
Agriculture Industry ◽  
The Future

Development of overall economy of any country largely depends upon the characteristics of different prominent sectors such as agriculture, industry, services, etc. Sharp structural change in prominent sectors are experienced by the Pakistan’s economy during the last four decades, in which industrial and service sector have exhibited an extra ordinary rate of growth, while the agricultural sector did not shown that rate of growth which was experienced during the time of green revolution. Due to these structural changes in the prominent sectors volatility of growth rate has been experienced by the economy. To the extent that most of the recent volatility in growth rate of GDP can be attributed to the increasing share of the some volatility of the some prominent sectors, the analysis of their volatility can be useful in providing some enlightenment on the factors behind this phenomenon and its implications for the formulation of the policy in the future.

scholarly journals Analisis Rantai Markov untuk Mengetahui Peluang Perpindahan Merek Kartu Seluler Pra Bayar GSM (Studi Kasus Mahasiswa Fakultas Pertanian Unsrat Manado)

Jurnal MIPA ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 17
Author(s):  
Denis G. Allo ◽  
Djoni Hatidja ◽  
Marline Paendong
Keyword(s):  
Markov Chain ◽  
Large Percentage ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Markov Chain Analysis ◽  
A Value ◽  
Chain Analysis ◽  
The Future ◽  
College Population

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui peluang perpindahan konsumen merek kartu seluler GSM ke merek kartu seluler GSM lainnya serta membuat prediksi peluang perpindahan konsumen merek kartu seluler GSM dikalangan mahasiswa pada masa yang akan datang. Data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah data primer yang dikumpulkan melalui penyebaran kuesioner pada mahasiswa Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Sam Ratulangi Manado. Total sampel dalam penelitian ini adalah 87 orang mahasiswa. Berdasarkan hasil analisis Rantai Markov dengan menggunakan software QM 2.2 for window , diperoleh bahwa pada mahasiswa Fakultas Pertanian UNSRAT pengguna GSM untuk merek AS dan Simpati yang pada awal mendominasi persentase pengguna dan bahkan pada tahun-tahun berikutnya cenderung tetap mendominasi jumlah pengguna GSM. Pada tingkat kedua merek GSM IM3 dan GSM Tri yang mendominasi pengguna GSM, dimana keduanya masing-masing mencapai nilai antara 5-10% dari total pengguna.Dan selanjutnya, merek GSM XL, hanya mampu mencapai angka di bawah 5% saja.Sedangkan merek GSM Axis dan Mentari belum mampu untuk masuk pada pasar dalam populasi mahasiswa Fakultas Pertanian UNSRAT Manado.This study aims to determine the changes of consumers switching between brands of GSM and make predictions of consumer migration opportunities of each brand GSM among students in the future. The data used in the study is primary data collected through a questionnaire on the students of the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Sam Ratulangi Manado. The number of samples taken was 87 students. Based on markov chain analysis using QM 2.2 sofware for windows, found that the students of the Faculty of Agriculture UNSRAT brand GSM users AS and Simpati as a large percentage of users in early and even in later years tend to continue to dominate the numbers of GSM users. On the second level brand GSM users IM3 and Tri dominating users, where each of them reaches a value between 5-10% of the total users. The next brand GSM XL, only able to reach below 5%. While the brand GSM Axis and Mentari has not been able to enter the market in the agriculture faculty of the college population University of Sam Ratulangi Manado.

scholarly journals A Markov Chain Analysis of Pork Farm Size Distributions in the South: Reply

1989 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 219-220
Author(s):  
W. Terry Disney ◽  
Patricia A. Duffy ◽  
William E. Hardy
Keyword(s):  
Markov Chain ◽  
Farm Size ◽  
Size Distributions ◽  
Markov Chain Analysis ◽  
The South ◽  
Chain Analysis

scholarly journals A Markov Chain Analysis of Pork Farm Size Distributions in the South

1988 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 57-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Terry Disney ◽  
Patricia A. Duffy ◽  
William E. Hardy
Keyword(s):  
Markov Chain ◽  
Farm Size ◽  
Size Distributions ◽  
Markov Chain Analysis ◽  
Policy Decisions ◽  
The South ◽  
Livestock Farming ◽  
Agricultural Industry ◽  
Livestock Sector ◽  
Chain Analysis

AbstractConcerns over declining farm numbers, shifts in farm size distribution, and associated infrastructural problems have led to a heightened awareness of structural considerations within policy making circles. Future policy decisions will have substantial structural consequences for the agricultural industry. Often, however, the indirect effects of grain pricing policies on the livestock sector have been overlooked in these policy decisions. The incorporation of price effects into a Markov chain analysis of pork farm size distributions and the simulation of those projections to the year 2000 under various price scenarios should provide some insight into the future structure of livestock farming in the South.

scholarly journals Irrigation, Technical Efficiency, and Farm Size: The Case of Brazil

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 1132
Author(s):  
Gabriel A. Sampaio Morais ◽  
Felipe F. Silva ◽  
Carlos Otávio de Freitas ◽  
Marcelo José Braga
Keyword(s):  
Technical Efficiency ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Farm Size ◽  
Small Farms ◽  
Stochastic Production Frontier ◽  
Farm Productivity ◽  
Agricultural Census ◽  
Large Farms ◽  
On Farm

In developing countries, irrigation can help to decrease poverty in rural areas through increased employment in the agricultural sector. Evidence shows that irrigation may increase farm productivity and technical efficiency. In this paper, we estimate the effect of irrigation on farm technical efficiency in Brazil using the 2006 Agricultural Census dataset on more than 4 million farms. We estimate a stochastic production frontier at farm level, considering potential selection bias in irrigation adoption. We find that farms using irrigation are on average 2.51% more technically efficient compared to rain-fed farms. Our findings also suggest that while small farms are more efficient than medium and large farms, the largest difference in technical efficiency between rain-fed and irrigated farms is among large farms. Our results indicate that policies that seek to support expansion of irrigation adoption has also the potential to achieve greater rural development given the estimated effects estimated in this paper among very small and small farms, which are more than 70% of the farms in Brazil.

scholarly journals Structural change in the Bangladesh economy: An analysis of composition of output

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 141-158
Author(s):  
Tonmoyee H. Ayon
Keyword(s):  
Structural Change ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Industrial Sector ◽  
The Other ◽  
Services Sector ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Sectoral Composition ◽  
Increasing Trends ◽  
Over Time

This paper examines the changes in the sectoral composition of Bangladesh’s GDP over the period 1973 – 2017 both at the aggregated and disaggregated levels. As expected, perceptible changes occurred at the aggregated level with the share of the agricultural sector declining steadily while the relative shares of industry and services showing increasing trends. All three broad sectors of the Bangladesh economy grew over time. It appears from the study that the industrial sector grew the fastest followed by the services sector. The share of agriculture fell from about 39 percent in 1973 to 16 percent in 2017. During the same period, the share of the industrial sector rose from just over 15 percent to more than 31 percent. On the other hand, the share of the services sector increased from 46 percent in 1973 to about 54 percent in 2016. An analysis of the intra-sectoral composition suggests that the production of some commodities grew faster than others, and then over time some new commodities gained prominence thereby causing remarkable structural changes.

scholarly journals Random shuffles on trees using extended promotion

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (03) ◽  
pp. 561-580
Author(s):  
Svetlana Poznanović ◽  
Kara Stasikelis
Keyword(s):  
Markov Chain ◽  
Random Walks ◽  
Transition Matrix ◽  
Transition Probabilities ◽  
Minimal Ideal ◽  
The Self ◽  
Linear Extensions ◽  
Rooted Forest ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Self Organizing

The Tsetlin library is a very well-studied model for the way an arrangement of books on a library shelf evolves over time. One of the most interesting properties of this Markov chain is that its spectrum can be computed exactly and that the eigenvalues are linear in the transition probabilities. In this paper, we consider a generalization which can be interpreted as a self-organizing library in which the arrangements of books on each shelf are restricted to be linear extensions of a fixed poset. The moves on the books are given by the extended promotion operators of Ayyer, Klee and Schilling while the shelves, bookcases, etc. evolve according to the move-to-back moves as in the the self-organizing library of Björner. We show that the eigenvalues of the transition matrix of this Markov chain are [Formula: see text] integer combinations of the transition probabilities if the posets that prescribe the restrictions on the book arrangements are rooted forests or more generally, if they consist of ordinal sums of a rooted forest and so called ladders. For some of the results, we show that the monoids generated by the moves are either [Formula: see text]-trivial or, more generally, in [Formula: see text] and then we use the theory of left random walks on the minimal ideal of such monoids to find the eigenvalues. Moreover, in order to give a combinatorial description of the eigenvalues in the more general case, we relate the eigenvalues when the restrictions on the book arrangements change only by allowing for one additional transposition of two fixed books.

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