The Conservation of Historical Documents Carrying Iron Gall Ink by Antioxidants

2007 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bohuslava Havlínová ◽  
Jarmila Mináriková ◽  
Jozef Hanus ◽  
Viera Jančovičová ◽  
Zuzana Szabóová
Keyword(s):  
Historical Documents ◽  
Iron Gall

scholarly journals Mössbauer study of iron gall inks on historical documents

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Lerf ◽  
F. E. Wagner ◽  
M. Dreher ◽  
T. Espejo ◽  
J.-L. Pérez-Rodríguez
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Degradation Products ◽  
Gum Arabic ◽  
Experimental Methods ◽  
Western World ◽  
Historical Documents ◽  
Mössbauer Study ◽  
Mössbauer Data ◽  
Iron Gall ◽  
Forms Of Iron

AbstractIron gall ink was used in the Western world as a permanent writing material already in late Roman times and throughout the Middle Ages, until it became obsolete in the twentieth century. There is much interest in experimental methods to determine the state of the ink and its degradation products on historical documents. Mössbauer spectroscopy with 57Fe is such a method, and it has the particular advantage to be sensitive to the chemical bonding of iron, but this method has only rarely been applied to historical documents. In this paper we present Mössbauer data for two damaged documents from a Library in Granada and a handwritten German book from the eighteenth century. In addition to the inked parts of the manuscripts, ink-free parts were studied to determine the amount and chemical state of the iron in the papers. These new results are discussed in the context of previously published Mössbauer data. In one of the investigated documents Fe(II)-oxalate, FeC2O4·2H2O, was observed. The assignment of the various Fe3+ sites in the different documents is rather difficult and often there is a superposition of various species. Known forms of iron gallate are definitely not present on the inked papers. The observed ferric species can be remains of Fe3+ polyphenol complexes of the ink, complexes of Fe3+ with degradation products of the cellulose of the paper or gum arabic, or very small iron oxide or hydroxide nanoparticles.

scholarly journals Mössbauer Study of Iron Gall Inks on Historical Documents

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anton E. Lerf ◽  
Friedrich E. Wagner ◽  
Monika Dreher ◽  
Teresa Espejo ◽  
Jose-Luis Perez-Rodríguez
Keyword(s):  
Iron Oxide ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Degradation Products ◽  
Experimental Methods ◽  
Historical Documents ◽  
Mössbauer Study ◽  
Mössbauer Data ◽  
Iron Gall ◽  
Non Destructive

Abstract Iron gall ink was used as a permanent writing material already in late Roman times and throughout the Middle Ages, until it became obsolete in the 20th century. There is much interest in non-destructive experimental methods to determine the state of the ink and its degradation products on historical documents. Mössbauer spectroscopy is such a method, and it has the particular advantage to be sensitive to the chemical bonding of iron, but this method has only rarely been applied to historical documents. In this paper we present Mössbauer data for two damaged documents from a Library in Granada and a handwritten German book from the 18th century. These new results are discussed in the context of previously published Mössbauer data. In one of the investigated documents Fe-(II)-oxalate, FeC2O4·2H2O, was observed. The assignment of the various Fe3+ sites in the different documents is rather difficult and often there is a superposition of various species. These species can be remains of the Fe-tannin complexes of the ink, complexes of Fe3+ with the cellulose of the paper and different iron oxide or hydroxide nanoparticles.

Having Their Say, Leaving Their Mark

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 141-153
Author(s):  
Adolphus G. Belk ◽  
Robert C. Smith ◽  
Sherri L. Wallace
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Civic Engagement ◽  
Political Science ◽  
Black People ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Political ◽  
Historical Documents ◽  
Adverse Conditions ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Independent Organization

In general, the founders of the National Conference of Black Political Scientists were “movement people.” Powerful agents of socialization such as the uprisings of the 1960s molded them into scholars with tremendous resolve to tackle systemic inequalities in the political science discipline. In forming NCOBPS as an independent organization, many sought to develop a Black perspective in political science to push the boundaries of knowledge and to use that scholarship to ameliorate the adverse conditions confronting Black people in the United States and around the globe. This paper utilizes historical documents, speeches, interviews, and other scholarly works to detail the lasting contributions of the founders and Black political scientists to the discipline, paying particular attention to their scholarship, teaching, mentoring, and civic engagement. It finds that while political science is much improved as a result of their efforts, there is still work to do if their goals are to be achieved.

Postscript

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 127-132
Author(s):  
Stephen Hugh-Jones
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Recurrent Events ◽  
Historical Documents ◽  
York Academy ◽  
American Museum ◽  
International Conference ◽  
Interdisciplinary Field ◽  
American Tropics ◽  
Academy Of Sciences

The previous paper was first published in 1982, when ethnoastronomy was still in its infancy. It appeared in Ethnoastronomy and Archaeoastronomy in the American Tropics, Tony Aveni and Gary Urton’s edited proceedings of an international conference held at the American Museum of Natural History’s Hayden Planetarium in New York under the auspices of the New York Academy of Sciences. Aveni and Urton were true pioneers who opened up a new interdisciplinary field of research that brought together astronomers, anthropologists, archaeologists, historians and others, all interested in astronomical knowledge amongst contemporary indigenous societies, in how buildings, settlements and archaeological monuments were aligned with recurrent events in the sky, and in how such alignments matched up with astronomical information contained in ancient codices and other historical documents and in contemporary ethnographic accounts.

Corruption and the fight against it in historical retrospect

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (10-4) ◽  
pp. 236-244
Author(s):  
Petr Ivanov ◽  
Artyom Shitov
Keyword(s):  
Historical Documents ◽  
Russian State ◽  
Historical Retrospect ◽  
The Difference

The authors consider the concept of corruption in each stage of the formation of the Russian state. A special attention is paid to the difference between bribery and corruption. On the base of historical documents the origins of corruption and the mechanism for fighting it are disclosed.

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