Introduction: Martin Wight and the Political Philosophy of International Relations

This volume of Wight’s collected works brings together various writings concerning the political philosophy of international relations. Wight identified three traditions of thinking about international politics since the sixteenth century—Realism, Rationalism, and Revolutionism, which have become well known thanks to his 1991 posthumous volume, International Theory: The Three Traditions. The current volume includes several works on the same ‘international theory’ theme, some previously published and some never-before-published, with ‘Is There a Philosophy of Statesmanship?’ in the latter category. This volume also includes three essays by Wight on the causes and functions of war in international politics. Wight prepared several papers on legitimacy in domestic and international politics, and this volume features five never-before-published papers on this theme. Wight qualified his orderly analyses of traditions of political philosophy, the causes and functions of war, and principles of domestic and international legitimacy by drawing attention to unpredictable ‘wild card’ factors such as fortune and irony in his paper in this collection entitled ‘Fortune’s Banter’. Unintended, unexpected, and ironical consequences abound in international politics, despite efforts to master the dynamics of history. In view of the many factors behind events, including economic and demographic developments, Wight expressed qualifications about the role of ideas. He nonetheless concluded that ‘in historical retrospect, the philosophies of statesmen do seem observably to colour their policies’.

Modernization as a Transition from a “Traditional” to a Postmodern Society

The purpose of the article is to explore the gender aspect of the modernization of Tunisian society from modernism to postmodernism, which defined the cultural concept of the twentieth century. The article conducts a comprehensive study of gender aspects of the modernization of Tunisian society since the beginning of this modernization in 1900 of the XX century. to the beginning of the XXI century; for the first time the periodization of the women's movement in Tunisia in the period of modern history is presented and substantiated; analyzed the history of the impact of political and legal reforms of the Tunisian government on changing the gender situation in society; reflects the specifics of gender ideas and practices of Tunisian society in historical retrospect. The degree of influence of the French colonial regime on the modernization of Tunisian society in a gender context is determined; an analysis of the specifics of gender relations in Islamic society. It is proved that Islamic democracy was presented as a guarantor of the real emancipation of women, provided that she retains the primary status of wife and mother. This principle, due to the socio-cultural traditions of Tunisian society, was in fact basic in gender perceptions and for this period. Biographies of the leaders of the Tunisian movement show that their social self-realization was usually directly ensured by the status of the wife of a politician.

Kumis Holidays, Rituals and Ceremonies in the Context of the Culture of Memories of the Great Steppe

Based on written and field sources, this article examines kumis holidays, rituals and ceremonies in historical retrospect and modern reality. According to Chinese, Armenian, Central Asian sources of the 13th–17th centuries, the ritual significance of kumis is shown which for centuries retained the role of the main ceremonial attribute in the framework of military rituals and sacrifices in the culture of the peoples of Central Asia. Kumis was sprinkled on military standards on the eve of the battle. It acted as a sacrificial libation to Heaven, the cardinal points, and the mountains. Kumis was a prestigious drink and an obligatory treat both in the nomad tent of a simple steppe dweller and at state receptions and festivals of the great steppe empires. This drink served as the main treat at the feast. The order of its distribution semantically designated the hierarchies in the steppe empires. In the Kazakh steppe, the traditions of kumis ceremonies and holidays continue, according to ethnographic sources of the 19th–20th centuries, to maintain stability. In the twentieth century, the prestigious nature of kumis among the Kazakhs is still noted, and the ritual character of kumis treats is indicated. Currently, kumis in Kazakhstan still plays the role of a prestigious drink, which is present not only in calendar rituals but also in feasts organized as part of the rituals of the life cycle. Field studies carried out in July-September 2021 give reason to speak not only about the sustainability of kumis holidays within the framework of the spring and autumn calendar rituals, but also their actualization as an element of intangible cultural heritage and an application for setting a world record. In contrast to the Middle Ages, in the ceremony of treating kumis today, a change in the nature of the religious rite and purpose is noted. The complex of kumis holidays that arose in ancient times is considered today by Kazakhs as a cultural heritage, as a place of memory. It is used as a symbolic capital for organizing and carrying out various kinds of events.

Modern tendencies of development of norms of Ukrainian language

The article contains an overview of new trends in Ukrainian literary and colloquial language development in historical retrospect and dynamics. In particular, changes in the lexical structure of language, new phenomena in word formation, morphology and syntax, innovative shifts in styles, etc., in the context of communicative strategies and tactics, rhetorical, stylistic, and linguistic norms and techniques adopted in various spheres of communication are considered. The article is aimed at forming ideas and gaining knowledge in the field of the theory of the modern Ukrainian language in those sections that are distinguished by the greatest significance of the theoretical approach (grammar, syntax), as well as skills and abilities in those parts that require an applied application (culture of oral and written communication, stylistics, rhetoric, genre studies, the principles of spelling). With the dominant idea of the pluralism of norms and an orientation towards their non-rigid codification, there is also an idea of the loosening of the norms of the literary language, of the grave and even dangerous condition experienced by the modern Ukrainian literary language.

Personality of the Convict in the Penitentiary Process

The article examines the ways of normative response to criminal behavior from the point of view of historical retrospect and the current level of empirical knowledge. The author focuses on some controversial issues of criminal motivation. It is argued that criminal behavior has not only social determinants, but is also based on the existence of psychophysiological features of the individual formed in unfavorable social conditions. The article analyzes the importance of a person-oriented penitentiary process for ensuring the effectiveness of correctional influence on convicts and state coercion. Special attention is paid to educational work in the process of implementing correction tools. It is shown that the criminal law impact has the potential to comprehensively regulate the behavior of convicts in the process of applying a sentence of imprisonment.

Capillary Electrophoresis and its Basic Principles in Historical Retrospect. Part 2. Electrophoresis of Ions: the Period from its Discovery in 1800 till Faraday’s Lines of Electric Force in the 1840s.

This review is the first in a series that deals exclusively with electrophoresis of ions. Since in modern terminology "electrophoresis is the movement of dispersed particles relative to a fluid under the influence of a spatially uniform electric field”, electrophoresis is not limited to colloidal particles, it includes ions as well. The history of electrophoresis of ions therefore begins in 1800 at the same time as that of electrolysis, because the two phenomena are so inextricably linked “that one cannot happen without the other” (Faraday, 1834). Between 1800 and 1805 about half a dozen different theories of electrolytic decomposition and the movement of the particles - for which we coin the term electrophoretic current - were formulated, all contributing to the discourse, but lacking consistency and none fully convincing. They are discussed nonetheless because most of them fell into oblivion, even though they are interesting for historical reasons. However, from 1805/1806 the predominant theory, formulated by Theodor von Grotthuß and independently by Humphry Davy assumed that polarized molecules of water or dissolved ions form chains between the two electrodes. Only the terminal atoms of these chains were in direct contact with the electrodes and were liberated by galvanic action, but are immediately replaced by neighboring atoms of the same type. This decomposition and recombination of the molecules driven by electric forces which follow the “action at a distance” principle like in Coulomb´s law takes place over the entire chains; they represent the electrophoretic current. However, in 1833 Michael Faraday refuted all previous theories. Two of his groundbreaking findings were of particular importance for the electrophoresis of ions: one was that electricity consists of elementary units of charge. The ions thus carry one or a multiple of these units. The other was the revolutionary theory of the electric lines of force in early 1840s, and of what was later called the electric field. With these findings Faraday fundamentally changed the previously prevailing view of the electrophoresis of ions.

composer phenomenon in a historical retrospect of an authorship idea formation in European musical culture of the middle ages

The article is devoted to comprehension of specifics and formation prerequisites of composer’s and musical authorship phenomena historical formation in European culture of the Middle Ages. Genesis of composer’s phenomenon and individual musical authorship model is considered on the basis of historical, socio-cultural and aesthetic-artistic transformations, on awareness about their dynamic’s tendencies and general cultural institutionalization of an authorship phenomenon, as well as on an increasing role of individual creativity in an artistic realm. It is stated that multi-ethnic and anonymous culture of oral tradition, folklore and Christian singing practices, as well as instrumental improvisation’s traditions, became spiritual sources of this phenomena and turn into a strong foundation of musical professionalism and creative impulse for European authorial music evolution. It is emphasized that process of composer’s formation as a creativity subject and musical professionalism carrier was stimulated by the necessity of everyday vocal-choral practice, conditioned by the spiritual context of time, by intention on theocentric world’s picture and religious – Christian outlook dominance. Significant role of secular direction development in the context of music-author’s discourse formation and composer’s figure assertion in the late Middle Ages is highlighted.

EXCURSION METHOD OF TEACHING IN EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS OF CHUVASHIA IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE XIX – EARLY XX CENTURY

Active formation of extracurricular education in the post-reform period was due to the fact that the Russian Empire in the second half of the XIX century experienced changes in the political, economic, social and cultural spheres. Studying the history of extracurricular education in the post-reform period is important from the standpoint of a holistic understanding of the Russian post-reform period. To study the state of extracurricular education in Russia taken as a whole, it is necessary to study it in detail on the materials of various regions. In the post-reform period, new teaching methods were developed in Russian educational institutions. The excursion method of teaching became very popular. The initiator of the introducing excursions in the life of Chuvash schools is I.Ya. Yakovlev. The purpose of the work is to study the issue of organizing and implementing the excursion method of teaching in pre-revolutionary Chuvashia. In this article, archival data are introduced into scientific circulation, which enable to examine the process of introducing excursion practices in educational institutions of Chuvashia in the second half of the XIX – early XX century. The main attention is paid to the types of school excursions and their educational potential. The methodological basis of the work is made up of the principles of historicism in combination with a systematic approach, which made it possible to examine the introduction of the excursion teaching method in a historical retrospect. In addition, the article examines the first attempts on the part of the government to regularize schoolchildren excursions in the school, as well as describes the role of the print media in popularizing excursions. The practical significance of the study is to draw the attention of historians to an insufficiently studied issue.

Instrumental and methodological approach to the adaptation of the Triple helix model for the conditions of Russia, taking into account historical retrospect

The monograph presents the results of a scientific study, the novelty of which lies in a meaningful methodological reinterpretation of the Itskovitz triple helix model for Russian conditions and mentality with the filling of economic and mathematical tools. The main three components of the study are: the adaptation of the CU model to Russian conditions, taking into account historical retrospect, and the tasks of the economic environment. It can be used by students, postgraduates, teachers as a textbook; by researchers and specialists of practical economics - to solve complex methodological practice-oriented problems.

The Evolution of Liability Measures Applied in Bankruptcy to Creditors’ Property Rights Violators in Russia

One of the tasks the modern law in the field of insolvency of legal entities pursues is to ensure the maximum balance of the rules governing the measures of liability applied to managers, participants and other entities controlling the debtor. In this regard, the author applies historical and comparative method of studying the measures of responsibility applied during the development of domestic legal regulation of insolvency and the critical assessment method that forms the basis for the analysis of the current Russian legislation. The paper carries out a retrospective analysis of the form and degree of fault as an element of the offense that traditionally acted as one of the criteria for choosing the type of insolvency, as well as for imposing the measures of responsibility. A comparative analysis of the norms of the Russian bankrupt legislation in historical retrospect allowed raising problematic issues of the current legislation and making proposals aimed at their resolution. Currently, the rules of the current domestic insolvency legislation provide an equal amount of responsibility for both bad faith (intentional) and unreasonable (careless) actions of entities controlling the debtor. The normative consolidation of measures of responsibility dependent on the form of fault, namely, the separate qualification of intentional and careless offenses, will secure coherent application of the principle of justice. Modern Russian law contains the concepts of “insolvency” and “bankruptcy”, which in some cases creates legal uncertainty. Therefore, it is proposed to delineate these concepts by law, eliminate the term “objective bankruptcy” from the application, and shift its semantic burden to the concept of “insolvency”. Thereby, a separate category of insolvency will be included in the current legislation.