Current management of household hazardous waste (HHW) in the Asian region

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 415-426
Author(s):  
Agni Amurbatami Manggali ◽  
Dewi Susanna
Keyword(s):  
Hazardous Waste ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Income Group ◽  
Household Waste ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
Sampling Frame ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Income Groups ◽  
Middle Income Group ◽  
Household Hazardous Waste

Abstract Background This review intends to explore the household hazardous waste (HHW) generation rates, HHW management, and people’s awareness regarding HHW in Asian countries based on the economic levels using the available published articles. Methods This is a systematic review of the scientific literature based on several databases, namely Scopus, ProQuest, PubMed, Sage Journals, and Elsevier’s Science Direct from 2008 to 2018. Results HHW generation rates in various Asian cities do not seem to be influenced by the countries’ financial status, except for e-waste. The variety in HHW generation rates among Asian countries might be due to various reasons, which include differences in (1) sampling frame/locations; (2) sampling size; (3) study duration; (4) seasons; (5) study year; and (6) HHW definition/composition. Governmental intervention programs on HHW management have been implemented in some of the Asian countries, mostly in high and upper-middle income groups although misconducts are still found. There is a tendency for economically developed countries to ship their e-waste to less-developed countries, where the system relies heavily on the informal sectors where unsafe treatments are often discovered. Low level of awareness regarding HHW risks is mostly identified in the lower-middle income group. However, even though high and upper-middle income groups have a better awareness of HHW, many people do not entirely follow the recommended practices. Conclusion The lack of enforced regulation and proper treatment infrastructure may lead to HHW being mixed with general household waste, which is found in many Asian countries, despite their income levels. In addition, a good awareness of HHW does not guarantee proper handling of it.

scholarly journals Ukrainian Middle Class in the New Millennium: Trends and Prospects

2020 ◽  
pp. 71-92
Author(s):  
L. M. CHERENKO
Keyword(s):  
Middle Class ◽  
Income Distribution ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Income Group ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Global Trends ◽  
The Past ◽  
General Decline ◽  
Middle Income Group ◽  
The Impact

Ukrainian society has undergone various transformations over the past twenty years. Adverse economic conditions and ineffi cient income distribution policies deterred the for mation of a large middle-income group, which should become the basis of the middle class. Developed countries, which in the last century reached the peak growth of the number and importance of the middle class, today indicate the process of “blurring” of this social group against the background of growing inequality. Against the background of global trends, Ukraine is facing a double blow — the income distribution, which is already shift ed towards low incomes, leaves no chance for positive changes in the social structure of society. Th e a im of the article is to establish trends in the formation of the middle-income group in Ukraine over a twenty-year period and assess the prospects for the formation of the middle class in the future, taking into account today’s Ukrainian realities and global trends. Th e novelty of the work is the analysis of a long series of dynamics to establish the trends of the middleincome group according to the classical approaches for international comparisons and according to the purely Ukrainian approach. In addition, micromodeling of incomes (expenditures) for 2020, taking into account the macroeconomic situation, allows us to assess the impact of the coronavirus crisis and quarantine measures on changes in the number of middle-income groups and the prospects of the middle class in Ukraine. Within the article classical methods of analysis of long series of data, in particular, the index method (basic and chain indices) are used for studying the dynamic changes in the formation of midd leincome groups. In order to assess the size of the middle-income group in 2020, the method of micromodeling is used: the 2020 microdata is modeled on the basis of the 2019 microdata (microfi le of the household living condition survey) and macro forecast data for the current year. Analysis of the dynamics of incomes, expenditures and various property character istics of the middle-income group over the past twenty years does not show positive trends. Quite the contrary, in Ukraine there is an impact of the global trend of “blurring” of the middle-income group as the basis of the middle class, with its specifi c features in consumer and investment behavior. Th e events of the last year also do not inspire optimism — by the end of the year the general decline in living standards and the growth of poverty is expected. In such conditions, the main burden of the crisis is expected to fall on the middle-income group. Th e article also considers the problem of the importance of forming the middle class for society and the feasibility of forming politics to this goal.

A Study on Affordable Housing Issues Among Middle-Income Groups (M40) in Malaysia

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 73-90
Author(s):  
Muhammad Azwan Sulaiman ◽  
Adilah Binti Yusof ◽  
Muhammad Nazim Alias ◽  
Mohamad Isa Abdullah
Keyword(s):  
Affordable Housing ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Income Group ◽  
Survey Questionnaire ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Housing Systems ◽  
Income Groups ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Middle Income Group ◽  
Fundamental Needs

Owning a house is an essential part of a human’s fundamental needs. The establishment of affordable housing that is adequate in number and fulfills liveable home standards is the major challenge in housing issues. Previous studies have found that the current interventions are insufficient in allowing average Malaysians to buy a home. The affordable housing-related issues that arise in Malaysia are not about the number of affordable houses in the market; however, it is about the availability of these houses for the middle-income groups. This study aims to investigate the issues and challenges faced by the middle-income group in dealing with affordable housing issues. This study is based on data from a survey questionnaire adapted from a past research which was similar in terms of affordable housing issues among middle-income earners. The data were analyzed and evaluated to rank the issues and provide recommendations. The findings suggest the establishment of an affordable housing agency to track and process affordable housing applications and approvals. The study results also suggest revising and improving the current affordable housing systems to help the middle-income groups to eventually own their first home. It is anticipated that the study can unravel the problems with affordable housing in this country.

Does Lottery Advertising Exploit Disadvantaged and Vulnerable Markets?

2005 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary O. Borg ◽  
Harriet A. Stranahan
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Income Group ◽  
Lower Income ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
The Public ◽  
Income Groups ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Education Levels ◽  
Middle Income Group ◽  
Low Income Groups

Abstract:Is it unethical to advertise lotteries? Many citizens think that states should not be actively promoting and encouraging the public to spend hard-earned dollars on a bet that they are virtually guaranteed to lose. Perhaps more importantly, business ethicists are concerned that lottery advertising may be targeting the most vulnerable markets: households with the lowest income and education levels. If this were true, then it would increase the already disproportionately large burden of lottery taxes on the poor. Fortunately, our research finds no evidence to support the contention that advertising is responsible for high rates of lottery participation and expenditures by lower income groups or that low-income groups are more affected by advertising than high-income groups. On the contrary, awareness of lottery advertising seems to be associated with a higher probability to play Lotto only for the middle income group. This means that lottery advertising may actually reduce the regressivity of lottery taxes.

scholarly journals Sustainability of State Budgetary Expenses: Tax Compliance of Low-, Middle-, and High-Income Groups—The Evidence from the Czech Republic

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (16) ◽  
pp. 8966
Author(s):  
Inna Cabelkova
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Tax Compliance ◽  
Income Group ◽  
Linear Quadratic ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Income Groups ◽  
Ethical Acceptability ◽  
Middle Income Group ◽  
Post Hoc

In the aftermath of the COVID pandemic, the long-term sustainability of state budgetary expenses is intimately connected to tax compliance. The new solidarity tax is one of the policies designed to help. In the Czech Republic, solidarity tax, introduced in the aftermath of the financial crisis of 2008–2009, is still levied. This paper studies the tax compliance of different income groups in the presence of solidarity tax. Most existing studies suggest declining tax compliance with income, though others found the opposite. This paper argues that the association of tax compliance with income is more complex. This paper assesses tax compliance as related to income in a continuous setting and by comparing income groups employing a large sample from the Czech Republic (N = 1811, 60.6% female, aged 18–82, M ± SD: 51.3 ± 17.2; 19.3% with higher education). Methodologically we rely on ANOVA analyses with post-hoc tests, correlations, and ordinal regressions. We find that the associations of income and tax compliance of linear, quadratic, shift position, and slope were not statistically significant if controlling for age, gender, and education. The ethical acceptability of cheating on tax is the lowest in the middle-income group, presenting 33% of the sample. The lowest and the highest income group show more ethical flexibility in claiming state benefits if not entitled. The paper presents interesting ideas for policymakers on the tax behavior of different income groups.

scholarly journals HOUSING AND TRANSPORT EXPENDITURE: AN ASSESSMENT OF LOCATION HOUSING AFFORDABILITY

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Azren Hassan ◽  
Hazlina Hamdan ◽  
Jamalunlaili Abdullah ◽  
Yusfida Ayu Abdullah
Keyword(s):  
Urban Area ◽  
Housing Prices ◽  
Income Group ◽  
Housing Affordability ◽  
Influential Factor ◽  
Housing Cost ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Income Groups ◽  
Middle Income Group ◽  
Low And Middle Income

In every country, the ability to own a house is vital for the housing market. During the past five years, housing prices in the urban area in Malaysia are becoming severely unaffordable. Housing affordability ensures that housing provided is affordable for every income groups, especially the low and middle income group. The measurement of housing affordability uses household income and housing cost but disregards transportation expenditure which is a substantial amount of household expenditure. Location of housing influences transportation expenditure. The research determines the Location Housing Affordability for the low and middle income group in an urban area. This study quantitatively examines Putra Height as one of the mature residential neighbourhoods in Selangor as well as due to the availability of public transit in the area. Housing affordability and transportation affordability create an integrated Location Housing Affordability Index. Data analysis utilizes the measurement of Location Housing Affordability Index. The findings showed that Location Housing Affordability Index recognizes location as influential factor to housing affordability of 179 respondents from low and middle income group. The findings also suggested that the houses in the urban area were seriously unaffordable for the low and middle income groups. The contribution of the research is the emphasis on location as a part of housing affordability measurement.

scholarly journals HOUSING AND TRANSPORT EXPENDITURE: AN ASSESSMENT OF LOCATION HOUSING AFFORDABILITY

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Azren Hassan ◽  
Hazlina Hamdan ◽  
Jamalunlaili Abdullah ◽  
Yusfida Ayu Abdullah
Keyword(s):  
Urban Area ◽  
Housing Prices ◽  
Income Group ◽  
Housing Affordability ◽  
Influential Factor ◽  
Housing Cost ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Income Groups ◽  
Middle Income Group ◽  
Low And Middle Income

In every country, the ability to own a house is vital for the housing market. During the past five years, housing prices in the urban area in Malaysia are becoming severely unaffordable. Housing affordability ensures that housing provided is affordable for every income groups, especially the low and middle income group. The measurement of housing affordability uses household income and housing cost but disregards transportation expenditure which is a substantial amount of household expenditure. Location of housing influences transportation expenditure. The research determines the Location Housing Affordability for the low and middle income group in an urban area. This study quantitatively examines Putra Height as one of the mature residential neighbourhoods in Selangor as well as due to the availability of public transit in the area. Housing affordability and transportation affordability create an integrated Location Housing Affordability Index. Data analysis utilizes the measurement of Location Housing Affordability Index. The findings showed that Location Housing Affordability Index recognizes location as influential factor to housing affordability of 179 respondents from low and middle income group. The findings also suggested that the houses in the urban area were seriously unaffordable for the low and middle income groups. The contribution of the research is the emphasis on location as a part of housing affordability measurement.

scholarly journals Financial Globalization, Output Gap and Foreign Output Gap on inflation: Evidenced from Developing Economies

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 411-425
Author(s):  
Muhammad Azhar Bhatti ◽  
Imran Sharif Chaudhry ◽  
Hafeez-ur- Rehman ◽  
Furrukh Bashir
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Political Institutions ◽  
Inflation Rate ◽  
Developing Economies ◽  
Income Group ◽  
Output Gap ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Income Groups ◽  
Middle Income Group

This paper covers previous studies' deficiencies and re-examine the theoretical model using a heterogeneous panel GMM technique, which overcomes cross-section dependency. In the current sample of developing nations, developed two models'; model 1 consists of the domestic output gap, and the second model includes the foreign output gap. According to model 1, foreign globalization and imports boost the inflation level in developing countries and disaggregation analysis (low, lower-middle, and upper-middle-income countries). The output gap impedes inflation in overall, lower-middle, and upper-middle-income countries, while it boosts inflation in low-income nations. And unemployment level increases the inflation rate in the overall and middle-income groups, while in low- and high-income countries, it decreases. According to the second model, foreign globalization and the foreign output gap boost overall low-income, middle-income, and upper-middle-income groups. While import reduces the inflation level globally, while in low-income, middle-income, and upper-middle-income groups, it increases inflation. Finally, the unemployment level boosts the global inflation level and as well as in low income, and it impedes inflation rate in upper-middle-income group. Despite this, there is considerable variation in countries' effect, perhaps due to differences in political institutions' quality, central bank independence, exchange rate systems, financial development, and legal traditions.

scholarly journals Factors Influencing the Purchase Decision of Affordable Housing Among Middle Income Earner: A Case Study of School teachers in Malaysia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shahrina Ismail ◽  
Sharifah Fairuz Syed Mohamad
Keyword(s):  
Affordable Housing ◽  
House Prices ◽  
Income Group ◽  
Purchase Decision ◽  
School Teachers ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Income Groups ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Housing Scheme ◽  
Middle Income Group

Affordable housing is a significant issue that has been a concern among Malaysians nowadays, especially in the middle-income group. The demand for housing has been increasing, and thus, the preferences of this group must be taken into consideration. The focus of this study is to identify the factors influencing house buyers in purchasing affordable housing among middle-income groups. The data was collected through a questionnaire survey distributed among school teachers in Malaysia. Two hundred twenty-five respondents returned the questionnaire, which was used for data analysis. Descriptive and statistical analysis was performed to analyze the data collected using Minitab software, Microsoft Excel, and Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS). It revealed that house prices, location, and structure of housing had a significant relationship with the purchase decision of affordable housing among the middle-income group. In contrast, the neighbourhood factor had an insignificant relationship. It is also found that middle-income groups are aware of Malaysia’s affordable housing scheme and have a chance to be exposed to the scheme. Thus, this research will help the developers in developing housing schemes based on consumer’s orientation for future demand in Malaysia.

Middle Income Group and Debt Fund

2011 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 43-43
Author(s):  
Dr. Shakti Kumar ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Income Group ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Group

scholarly journals An Analysis of Environmental Efficiency and Environmental Pollution Treatment Efficiency in China’s Industrial Sector

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 2579 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiao-Ning Li ◽  
Ying Feng ◽  
Pei-Ying Wu ◽  
Yung-Ho Chiu
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Pollution ◽  
Environmental Governance ◽  
Income Group ◽  
Industrial Sector ◽  
High Income ◽  
Environmental Efficiency ◽  
Technical Level ◽  
High Income Group ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Income Groups

This research adopts the meta Dynamic Directional Distance Functions (DDF) model in order to calculate the environmental efficiency and environmental governance efficiency of China’s industrial sector from 2010 to 2017 from the overall, sub-regional, and sub-provincial perspectives and discusses the technical gaps in regional environmental pollution control and the reasons for ineffective environmental governance. The research results show that the overall level of environmental governance efficiency in China’s industrial sector is relatively high over this time period, and the group frontier calculation results have improved compared to the meta frontier. The actual technical level of the high-income group is closest to the potential technical level, and the upper-middle income group is still far from the potential technical level. The main reason for the ineffective environmental governance of the provinces in the high-income group is ineffective management, while the main reason for ineffective environmental governance of the provinces in the upper-middle-income groups is technical inefficiency. Regardless of high-income groups or upper-middle-income groups, each province’s inefficiency of environmental governance is caused by inefficiency of the input factors.

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