Duration of syllable nuclei in Spanish

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 247-280
Author(s):  
Alexander C. Aldrich ◽  
Miquel Simonet
Keyword(s):  
Research Question ◽  
Syllable Structure ◽  
Vowel Duration ◽  
Consonant Cluster ◽  
Articulatory Phonology ◽  
Using Data

AbstractIn many languages, vowel duration is modulated by syllable structure — a phenomenon known asvowel compression— so that vowels are shorter in syllables with more segments than in syllables with fewer segments. Most instrumental evidence to date has reported an effect, in many languages, of the presence (and complexity) of a coda, and some studies have also documented effects of the presence (and complexity) of an onset. However, no prior studies on Spanish vowel duration have captured any effects of syllable structure. Using data from nine speakers and controlled speech materials, the present study addresses the following research question: Does syllable structure modulate vowel duration? The findings are as follows: (a) Relative to simplex onsets (those with a singleton consonant), complex onsets (those with a consonant cluster) trigger vowel compression; and (b) neither simplex nor complex codas consistently drive vowel compression — i.e. codas do not systematically affect vowel duration. Together with the facts for other languages, our findings support a view according to which syllable structure — in particular,onsetcomplexity — modulates acoustic vowel duration. The study discusses the theoretical implications of this finding, which are argued to be in line with some of the principles of the Articulatory Phonology framework or, alternatively, suggest that codas should not be considered part of the articulatory syllable.

scholarly journals Phonological Constraints on the Utterance of L2 Clusters by Saudi ESL Learners

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 551-559
Author(s):  
Abdullah N. Alotaibi
Keyword(s):  
English Learners ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Syllable Structure ◽  
Consonant Clusters ◽  
Consonant Cluster ◽  
Phonological Features ◽  
Arabic And English ◽  
Esl Learners ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Phonological System

The field of L2 phonology did not receive much research compared to the other linguistic domains. To add to the field and expand the current literature, the present paper’s goal was to examine the impact of syllable structure differences between Arabic and English in uttering L2 English consonant clusters. The following research question was aimed to be answered: Do the differences between two languages’ syllable structure cause production difficulties in the consonant cluster to Saudi Arabian learners of English? The subjects of this investigation were L2 English learners from Saudi with intermediate proficiency levels in English. Applying the descriptive correlational type of research model, the results showed that learners’ production is mainly influenced by their native language-specific phonological features. The learners’ production of targeted L2 consonant clusters seemed to mirror their underlying phonological system, and syllables structures were modified to match their native Arabic phonological system as a result of language transfer. These findings should be taken into account by L2 speech educators as such speech difficulty is anticipated.

scholarly journals Syllable weight, vowel length and focus in Lebanese Arabic

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Niamh Kelly
Keyword(s):  
Syllable Structure ◽  
Short Vowel ◽  
Vowel Duration ◽  
Consonant Cluster ◽  
Vowel Length ◽  
Syllable Weight ◽  
Contrastive Focus ◽  
Short Vowels ◽  
Levantine Arabic ◽  
Lebanese Arabic

Research on a variety of languages has shown that vowel duration is influenced by phonological vowel length as well as syllable structure (e.g., Maddieson, 1997). Further, the phonological concept of a mora has been shown to relate to phonetic measurements of duration (Cohn, 2003; Hubbard, 1993; Port, Dalby, & O'Dell, 1987). In Levantine Arabic, non-final closed syllables that contain a long vowel have been described as partaking in mora-sharing (Broselow, Chen, & Huffman, 1997; Khattab & Al-Tamimi, 2014). The current investigation examines the effect of vowel length and syllable structure on vowel duration, as well as how this interacts with durational effects of prosodic focus. Disyllabic words with initial, stressed syllables that were either open or closed and contained either a long or a short vowel wereexamined when non-focused and in contrastive focus. Contrastive focus was associated with longer words and syllables but not vowels. Short vowels were shorter when in a syllable closed by a singleton but not by a geminate consonant, while long vowels were not shortened before coda singletons. An analysis is proposed whereby long vowels followed by an intervocalic consonant cluster are parsed as open syllables, with the first consonant forming a semisyllable (Kiparsky, 2003), while long vowels followed by geminate consonants partake in mora-sharing (Broselow, Huffman, Chen, & Hsieh, 1995). The results also indicate compensatory shortening for short vowels followed by a singleton coda.

scholarly journals Phonological Constraints on the Utterance of L2 Clusters by Saudi ESL Learners

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdullah Nijr Al-Otaibi
Keyword(s):  
English Learners ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Syllable Structure ◽  
Consonant Clusters ◽  
Consonant Cluster ◽  
Phonological Features ◽  
Arabic And English ◽  
Esl Learners ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Phonological System

The field of L2 phonology did not receive much research compared to the other linguistic domains. To add to the field and expand the current literature, the present paper’s goal was to examine the impact of syllable structure differences between Arabic and English in uttering L2 English consonant clusters. The following research question was aimed to be answered: Do the differences between two languages’ syllable structure cause production difficulties in the consonant cluster to Saudi Arabian learners of English? The subjects of this investigation were L2 English learners from Saudi with intermediate proficiency levels in English. Applying the descriptive correlational type of research model, the results showed that learners’ production is mainly influenced by their native language-specific phonological features. The learners’ production of targeted L2 consonant clusters seemed to mirror their underlying phonological system, and syllables structures were modified to match their native Arabic phonological system as a result of language transfer. These findings should be taken into account by L2 speech educators as such speech difficulty is anticipated.

Acoustic and Kinematic Correlates of Heterosyllabicity in Different Phonological Contexts

2022 ◽  
pp. 002383092110657
Author(s):  
Chiara Celata ◽  
Chiara Meluzzi ◽  
Chiara Bertini
Keyword(s):  
Speech Production ◽  
Structure Data ◽  
Syllable Structure ◽  
Vowel Duration ◽  
Phonological Contrast ◽  
Consonant Gemination ◽  
Production Dynamics ◽  
Kinematic Properties

We investigate the temporal and kinematic properties of consonant gemination and heterosyllabic clusters as opposed to singletons and tautosyllabic clusters in Italian. The data show that the singleton versus geminate contrast is conveyed by specific kinematic properties in addition to systematic durational differences in both the consonantal and vocalic intervals; by contrast, tautosyllabic and heterosyllabic clusters differ significantly for the duration of the consonantal interval but do not vary systematically with respect to the vocalic interval and cannot be consistently differentiated at the kinematic level. We conclude that systematic variations in acoustic vowel duration and the kinematics of tongue tip gestures represent the phonetic correlates of the segmental phonological contrast between short and long consonants, rather than of syllable structure. Data are only partly consistent with the predictions of both moraic and gesture-based models of the syllable about the effects of syllable structure on speech production dynamics and call for a more gradient view of syllabification.

scholarly journals 0854 Exploration Of Sleep Health Among Middle-aged And Older Adults

SLEEP ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 43 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. A325-A325
Author(s):  
R A Lorenz ◽  
S L Auerbach ◽  
C Li ◽  
Y Chang
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Factor Loading ◽  
Dimensional Structure ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Composite Measure ◽  
Middle Aged ◽  
Sleep Health ◽  
Using Data

Abstract Introduction Sleep health, a construct introduced to characterize the multidimensional attributes of sleep, has been explored in a variety of populations; however has not been adequately examined for middle-aged and older adults. As attributes of sleep may change with age, the dimensional structure of sleep health may differ in this population. This study aimed to validate a composite measure of sleep health among middle-aged and older adults using data from the Health and Retirement Survey (HRS). Methods Data from the 2014 Core survey of the HRS was used to create a composite measure of Sleep Health including sleep efficiency, duration, timing, satisfaction, and alertness. We standardized and averaged the original variables before transforming to T scores. Sleep Health T scores (ranging 0-100, higher scores indicating better sleep health) were examined using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis (EFA; CFA). Results Our sample included 6,095 adults with mean age of 68 years (SD=10.1; range 50-99 years). The majority were female (59.7%), white (77%), with high school education (53.9%). Sleep Health T scores ranged from 27-61 (mean=50; SD=6.7). EFA identified one factor. Timing was removed due to low factor loading (<0.4). The revised four-dimension composite Sleep Health measure had acceptable reliability (Cronbach’s alpha 0.6). CFA showed a well-adjusted model (REMSA=0.097; NFI=0.964; RMR=0.035; GFI=0.990; AGFI=0.951). Conclusion These results suggest that the composite measure was valid for assessing sleep health among middle-aged and older adults. Limitations include the use of secondary data, as sleep health dimensions were based on variables not created specifically for our research question. Future research should further examine the role of sleep timing in overall sleep health among middle-aged and older adults. Support This study was supported by the University at Buffalo Clinical and Translational Science Institute (CTSI) funded by the National Institutes of Health (Lorenz, PI).

scholarly journals Learner and Instructor’s Perception on Discussion Technique in ELT

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Mujib Hasib ◽  
Abdul Hakim Yassi ◽  
Nasmilah Nasmilah
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Study ◽  
Learning Styles ◽  
Data Reduction ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Teaching Technique ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Descriptive Qualitative

This study aimed to investigate on how to optimize discussion technique. This is a descriptive qualitative study. The data gained through open ended interview and processed by using data reduction, display data, and conclusion drawing/verification. This study answered two research question. What is the students’ perception on how discussion will be effectively implemented? and What is the teachers’ perception on how discussion will be effectively implemented? The result shows that learning styles in discussion found to be important to consider on how the teacher should treat the students and what teaching technique is best to match their need. The standard of participating in discussion not only when students giving opinion it further whether the students pay attention in discussion. Not only the seating setting is important but also the number of students should be considered on how to implement better discussion class. Learning styles do affect what treatment should be given to the students. Teacher lack affection shows the ineffectiveness of the discussion. Therefore, discussion is considered to be effective if it meets some standards of its effectiveness.

scholarly journals RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN AUDITORS' FEES AND EARNINGS MANAGEMENT

2017 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 148-157 ◽  
Author(s):  
ANTONIO LOPO MARTINEZ ◽  
ARQUIMEDES DE JESUS MORAES
Keyword(s):  
Earnings Management ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Audit Fees ◽  
Perception Of Risk ◽  
Audit Firms ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Relationship

ABSTRACT This study investigates the relationship between audit fees and earnings management in the Brazilian market. In response to the research question, we used a sample of 300 firms listed on the BM&FBovespa for which it was possible to identify the amount paid to the auditors, using data gathered from the Economatica® database and the website of the Brazilian Securities Commission (Comissão Brasileira de Valores Mobiliários [CVM]). We analyzed the regressions with the aim of supporting or refuting the hypothesis that audit firms that charge less for their service tend to be more relaxed regarding earnings management by their client companies. The results support this hypothesis. The main contribution of this study is the possibility of stating that more aggressive earnings management occurs predominantly among firms that pay less than expected for audit services. This study evidences the perception of risk by audit firms and how this is reflected in the audit fees charged.

scholarly journals Sport management in Emerging Economy:

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivan Wallan Tertuliano ◽  
Eric Matheus Rocha Lima ◽  
Vivian Oliveira ◽  
Bruna Alves Santana ◽  
Vladan Pavlović ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sport Management ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Financial Statements ◽  
Cultural Symbol ◽  
Lack Of Information ◽  
Central Hypothesis ◽  
National League ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Determining Factor

Research Question: the paper investigates the influence of the size of the squad and the club's expenditures on football in the final classification in seasons 2008 to 2016 of the first division of the Brazilian Football League (Serie A). Motivation: Considering soccer as the most important sport in Brazil, representing a cultural symbol of the country, it is better to make it necessary. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the influence of the size of the squad on the performance of the teams and, in addition, how much the clubs invest in the formation of these squads. Idea: In this perspective, the central hypothesis of this study is that clubs with the highest number of players will also present the best classifications, and the second central hypothesis is that clubs with more investments in football have the biggest squad. Data: (The study was conducted with data collected over the internet, using data provided by clubs. Only the clubs belonging to the first division were used, being a total of 34 clubs, divided into 2 groups, according to the investment value in Football. Tools: This study presents descriptive and inferential analyses, since the qualitative-quantitative approach was assumed as a way of understanding the data. Assuming the number of clubs participating in the study, we chose non-parametric inferential analyses in the intra- and inter-group evaluations, using the alpha value of 0,05 as criterion. Findings: The results show that the size of the squad is not a determining factor in the ranking of clubs in the National League, but the clubs' spending on football is crucial, since the clubs with the highest spent on football were the clubs with the best safety ratings in 4 of 6 Championships. In addition, the results showed that the size of the squad and spending on Football  are not related, that is, it's not the size of the squad what determines the cost of football and other factors, such as wages of athletes. Contribution: One can conclude that to the first division of the Brazilian championship of professional football, the number of athletes in the squad is not a determining factor for the position taken by the clubs in the competition, but the value invested in wages, corroborating only one of the hypotheses of study. However, this study has some limitations, such as sample size (only 34 teams), the use of clubs from a single country, and the lack of information from other clubs (not all clubs provide their financial statements through the club or federation website). Therefore, we emphasize the need for new studies.

scholarly journals Business Model as a Concept of Sustainability in the Banking Sector

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renata Karkowska
Keyword(s):  
Financial Crises ◽  
Commercial Banks ◽  
Business Models ◽  
Banking Sector ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Macroeconomic Factors ◽  
Sustainable Finance ◽  
Points Of View ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Country Specific

The paper presents the concept of a sustainable bank by developing a framework based on performance of different business models. Traditional banking and investment activities, such as trading in securities or securitization, may reduce the risk of commercial banks and provide an attractive approach to sustainable finance. Using the method of assessing the performance of a bank, the study appraises the degree of sustainability of the bank from different stakeholders’ points of view. The aim of the article is to verify the research question: how does diversification of traditional activities of commercial banks affect their sustainability? The analysis has been extended by the importance of country-specific and macroeconomic factors. The survey was conducted on 368 commercial banks from European countries, using data from the period 1998−2015. The study contributes to the ongoing discussion on the recognized profitability and sustainability nexus as an important part of sustainable finance that may be a powerful solution to financial crises.

Consumer preferences for Internet services over time: initial explorations

2000 ◽  
Vol 17 (5) ◽  
pp. 386-402 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fareena Sultan ◽  
Roy B. Henrichs
Keyword(s):  
Consumer Preferences ◽  
Research Question ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Empirical Examination ◽  
Consumer Durable ◽  
Durable Products ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Primary Contribution ◽  
Technological Service

Investigates time as a factor that influences consumer preferences for innovative technological services such as the Internet. Specifically, the case of consumer adoption of the Internet for home use is explored. Examines the effect of time of adoption of Internet based services on preferences at the individual consumer level. The key research question is “What is the effect of time of adoption on consumer preferences for a technological service such as the Internet?” The primary contribution of this research is to demonstrate that existing time preference frameworks, previously applied to consumer durable products, can also be applied to technological service innovations, such as the Internet. An empirical examination is conducted using data from a survey of consumers in the initial stages of Internet adoption.

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